HubWA 단백질을 모델로 삼아 소수성 아미노산이 folding 반응에 끼치는 영향을 탐색하기 위하여 HubWA에 있는 I와 L을 V로 치환한 변이 단백질의 folding kinetics를 측정하였다. 변이 단백질의 folding kinetics는 HubWA 단백질과 마찬가지로 three-state on-pathway mechanism(U ⇌ I ⇌ N, U는 unfolded 상태, I는 중간단계, N은 native 상태를 의미한다)을 따르는 것으로 나타났다. Folding kinetics 분석을 통하여 three-state 반응의 elementary 반응과 전체 반응의 자유에너지인 ΔG^o_UI, ΔG^o_IN, ΔG^o_UN을 얻었고, 변이 단백질의 자유에너지와 HubWA 단백질의 자유에너지의 차(ΔΔG^o_UI = ΔG^o_UI(변이 단백질) - ΔG^o_UI(HubWA), ΔΔG^o_UN = ΔG^o_UN(변이 단백질) - ΔG^o_UN(HubWA))의 비인 ΔΔG^o_UI/ΔΔG^o_UN를 통하여 중간단계가 전체 folding 반응에 끼치는 영향을 각 소수성 잔기 별로 알아볼 수 있었다. HubWA의 입체구조에서 α-helix와 β-sheet가 상호작용하는 소수성 코어에 위치하는 아미노산인 I3, I13, L15, I30, L43, I61, L67을 V로 치환한 변이 단백질의 ΔΔG^o_UI/ΔΔG^o_UN 값이 ~0.5로 나타난 점은 이들 아미노산이 중간단계에서 native 상태보다는 느슨하지만 비교적 견고한 구조를 이루는 것으로 해석되었다. HubWA 입체구조에서 α-helix의 아미노말단에 위치하는 I23, 특정 이차구조가 없는 부위에 위치하는 I36, β-strand 5의 카복실말단에 위치하는 L69를 V로 치환한 변이 단백질의 ΔΔG^o_UI/ΔΔG^o_UN 값이 0.4 이하로 나타난 것은 이들 아미노산 잔기가 중간단계에서는 비교적 느슨한 구조를 이루다 중간단계에서 native 단계로 진행하는 folding 과정의 후반부에 HubWA의 입체구조에 견고하게 편입되는 것으로 해석되었다. HubWA의 입체구조에서 두 번째 β-strand의 카복실말단에 위치한 V17, 짧은 네 번째 β-strand의 카복실말단에 위치한 L50, 짧은 3₁₀-helix의 아미노말단에 위치한 L56이 중간단계에서 서로 상호작용을 하는 점은 이들 아미노산을 V로 치환한 변이 단백질의 ΔΔG^o_UI/ΔΔG^o_UN값이 0.8 이상으로 나타난 점을 통하여 알 수 있었다. L50과 L56은 짧은 β-strand와 3₁₀-helix를 제외하고 특별한 이차구조가 존재하지 않는 부위(46번째 아미노산 잔기부터 62번째 아미노산 잔기 까지)에 위치하는데, 이들 아미노산이 V17과 더불어 folding 반응의 초기에 견고하게 상호작용을 하는 것은 HubWA단백질이 folding 과정의 초기에 응집체를 형성하는 것을 막아주는 역할을하는 것으로 생각되었다.

The cell membrane, also known as the biological membrane, surrounds every living cell. The main components of cell membranes are lipids and therefore called as lipid membranes. These membranes are mainly made up of a two-dimensional lipid bilayer along with integral and peripheral proteins. The complex nature of lipid membranes makes it difficult to study and hence artificial lipid membranes are prepared which mimic the original lipid membranes. These artificial lipid membranes are prepared from phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). The liposomes are formed when self-forming phospholipid bilayer comes in contact with water. Liposomes can be unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which comprises of phospholipids that can be produced naturally or synthetically. The phospholipids are non-toxic, biodegradable and are readily produced on a large scale. These liposomes are mostly used in the drug delivery systems. This paper offers comprehensive literature with insights on developing basic understanding of lipid membranes from its structure, organization, and phase behavior to its potential use in biomedical applications. The progress in the field of artificial membrane models considering methods of preparation of liposomes for mimicking lipid membranes, interactions between the lipid membranes, and characterizing techniques such as UV-visible, FTIR, Calorimetry and X-ray diffraction are explained in a concise manner.

Here we present how a supramolecular complex of Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) with Menthol (Mt) affects the blood glucose levels and glycogen synthesis in the liver of rats in in-vivo experiments with diabetes caused by alloxan. We have shown that Menthol, Glycyrrhizic acid and GA:Mt supramolecular complexes can restore functional dysfunction of the liver mitochondria in alloxan diabetes, i.e., inhibit lipid peroxidation. The hypoglycemic activity and mitochondrial membrane stabilizing properties of the supramolecular complex GA:Mt (4:1) in alloxan diabetes were more pronounced than those of menthol, GA and its GA:Mt (2:1) and GA: Mt (9:1) supramolecular complexes.

이 연구의 목적은 전국과학전람회에서 장려상을 수상한 학생의 과학탐구 연구보고서 오류를 조사하고, 학교급별 오류 유형 빈도를 분석하는 것이다. 학생 과학탐구 연구보고서 목차를 바탕으로 분석틀을 구성하고 연구 문제/가설, 선행연구, 실험 수행, 결과, 결론, 참고문헌 6단계로 나누어 오류를 분석하였다. 연구 문제/가설에서 '잘못된 연구 문제 설정', '잘못된 가설' 실험 수행에서 '변인 설정 오류', '제한된 조건만 고려', '측정의 오류', '실험기구 부정확한 사용', '기구 및 재료 선택의 오류', '불충분한 실험 회수'등 각 단계별로 여러 유형의 오류를 확인하였다. 연구결과, 실험 수행은 모든 학교급에서 오류 비율이 가장 높았으며, 실험 수행을 제외한 오류 유형의 비율은 학교급별로 차이가 있었다. 학교급별 오류 유형 비율은 초등학생은 실험 수행(36.88%), 선행연구(17.02%), 결론(16.31%), 연구 문제/가설(13.48%), 중학생은 실험 수행(42.86%), 결론(20.00%), 선행연구(14.28%), 결과(11.43%), 연구 문제/가설(10.01%), 고등학생은 실험 수행(45.16%), 연구 문제/가설(16.13%), 결론(16.13%), 선행연구(11.83%) 순으로 나타났다. 이 연구 결과는 교사가 학생 과학탐구 연구 및 보고서 작성을 지도할 때 지도계획을 수립하는데 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Osteoporosis is a disease that causes the weakening of bone by increasing porosity, which often results in fractures. Osteoporosis treatment measures include the use of Bisphosphonates and estrogen. However, these treatments cannot be used in the long term as these treatments have adverse side effects. Therefore, there is a need to identify better and safer treatment options. For this, 63 plant extracts were screened and among them, six extracts showed high anti-osteoclastic activity with low cytotoxicity. Of these six extracts, three extracts, Cudrania tricuspidata (P371), Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (P401), and Torilis japonica (P411), showed more than 50 percent osteoclast inhibition. While the remaining, Stewartia pseudocamellia extracts I and II (P370, P397) and Cuscuta chinensis (P418), showed moderate or between 40-50 percent osteoclast inhibition. Among all the extracts, Torilis japonica (P411) showed the highest inhibitory action against osteoclast development. Torilis japonica (P411) primary components include Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Luteolin, all proven to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Stewartia pseudocamellia extracts I and II (P370 and P397) showed moderate or 44% osteoclast inhibition. Stewartia pseudocamellia extract II (P397) enhanced the growth of RAW 264.7 cells by 19%. Torilis japonica (P411) and Stewartia pseudocamellia extract II (P397) suppressed the expression of osteoclast-specific genes in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW 246.7 cells. Torilis japonica (P411) extracts even increased osteoblast-specific RUNX2 gene expression. This results provide that six extracts could be used as a potential treatment option for osteoporosis disease with the extracts of Torilis japonica (P411) and Stewartia pseudocamellia (P397) as an ideal candidates. However, the combination of the extract with higher osteoclastic inhibition and less toxic effects with further analysis should be recommended.

Osteoarthritis is to the abnormality of the inflammatory response of joint tissue caused by various causes such as aging, and muscle loss. In this study, the activity in joint inflammation was verified using SKBE, a plant extract, and the expression levels of arthritis-inducing proteins including MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and collagen type II in vitro were compared and analyzed. Furthermore, we synthesized α-spinasterol, an active ingredient of SKBE, by the previously reported synthesis method and these findings could provide a new starting point for the development of treatments for osteoarthritis.

In this study were evaluated the whitening and anti-oxidative activities from the extracts of Sorbus alnifolia branches, and identified the chemical structures of the active ingredients. In the whitening tests using α-MSH stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells, the 70% ethanol extract and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions concentration-dependently inhibited cellular melanogenesis and intracellular tyrosinase activities without causing cell toxicity. The total polyphenol content of n-BuOH and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions were measured to be respectively 241.1 ± 1.1 and 222.9 ± 2.4 (mg/g GAE), and the total flavonoid content of EtOAc fraction was 75.3 ± 2.0 (mg/g QE). Upon anti-oxidant studies with DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals, potent radical scavenging activities were observed in the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions. Moreover, in the study of cell protection efficacy using HaCaT keratinocytes damaged by H₂O₂, the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions showed a very positive results on prevention of oxidative stress. Phytochemical studies for this extract resulted in the isolation of four compounds; 2-oxopomolic acid (1), euscaphic acid (2), epi-catechin (3), prunasin (4). These results suggested that the extract of S. alnifolia branches containing compounds 1-4 as natural ingredients could be used as whitening and anti-oxidant ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

Talipariti hamabo is a plant growing around salt marshes in the Lava Coast region of Jeju Island, Korea. In this study, the extract of T. hamabo leaves was investigated for the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-bacterial activities and their active constituents were identified. In the anti-inflammatory tests using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction inhibited the nitric oxide production without causing cell toxicity. Moreover, the EtOAc fraction reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6) as well as prostaglandin E₂. In the anti-oxidative studies with DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals, potent scavenging activities were observed in the EtOAc and n-butanol fractions. Upon the anti-bacterial tests using Staphylococcus epidermidis, EtOAc and n-butanol fractions exhibited good activities. Through the phytochemical studies on EtOAc fraction, three components were isolated by repeated column chromatography; oleic acid (1), p-hydroxyphenethyl-trans-ferulate (2), nicotiflorine (3). Based on these results, the extract of T. hamabo leaves can be developed as natural resources for cosmetic applications.

Eurya emarginata is an evergreen tree growing in the southern regions of Korea including Jeju Island. In this study, antioxidant and anti-photoaging effects were investigated with the extracts of E. emarginata leaves. As comparative studies with the extract and five solvent fractions, the EtOAc fraction showed the most effective DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities. The EtOAc fraction also inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production most effectively. Phytochemical study on the EtOAC fraction resulted in the isolation of three compounds; eutigoside C (1), eutigoside B (2) and quercitrin (3). Among the isolates (1-3), quercitrin (3) showed excellent antioxidant activities and inhibitory properties on MMP-1 production. Based on these results, it was suggested that extracts of E. emarginata leaves could be developed as natural anti-photoaging agents in cosmetic formulations.