2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) ligands suppress 17${\beta}$-estradiol (E)-induced responses in the rodent uterus and mammary tumors and in human breast cancer cells. Treatment of ZR-75, T47D and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with TCDD induces proteasome-dependent degradation of endogenous estrogen receptor ${\alpha}$ (ER${\alpha}$).(omitted)

Genotoxicity plays an important role for the safety evaluation of chemicals. When the carcinogenicity is evident on a chemical, the threshold can be estimated only when genotoxic mechanism does not operate for carcinogenesis otherwise threshold cannot be set. Without genotoxic mechanism- non-genotoxic carcinogen-threshold can be estimated but with genotoxic mechanism-genotoxic- carcinogen-it cannot be estimated.(omitted)

The whole genome sequences, mapped for humans and rodents, and technical capability of monitoring whole genome expression in a high throughput fashion enable us to perform the "whole genome profiling". The major characteristics of this profiling from the toxicological point of view are that the overt phenotypes are not the essential factors for the construction of toxicity database/informatics.(omitted)

Magic technologies and smart biomarkers at the Omics Age！ This slogan is not only for the pharmaceutical companies as the speedy and cost-reduced development of global drug, but for all of the toxicologists and biologist. Biomarker refers to a variety of physiologic, pathologic, or anatomic measurements that are thought to relate to some aspect of normal or pathological processes (Temple 1995; Lesko and Atkinson 2001).(omitted)

Recent, a problem about an animal-experimentation were seriously stated with bright development of human science. Safety of chemical materials is evaluated on the basis of the various toxicity data that used an animal-experimentation. However, an toxicity test used by animal is covered with limit and criticism. A problem of toxicity test by animal can try to approach in ethic a few side and usefulness.(omitted)

Organisms have evolved to use metal ions as cofactors for many proteins involved in critical biological processes. However, these metals are highly toxic when present in excess or if released in its free reactive form, and environmental contamination by non-physiological metals has been a concern for public health.(omitted)

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) represents a common neurodegenerative disorder. While epidemiological studies have suggested a number of risk factors including age, gender, race, and inherited disorder, the cumulative evidence supports the view that environmental or occupational exposure to certain chemicals may contribute to the initiation and progress of Parkinsonism.(omitted)

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) including TCDD and PCBs are known to cause neurotoxic effects in both man and animals such as cognitive impairment and motor dysfunctions. While theses chemicals may lead to neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral deficit, structural activity relationship and molecular targets for these chemicals are not elucidated.(omitted)

Welders working in a confined space, like in the shipbuilding industry, are at risk of being exposed to high concentrations of welding fumes and developing pneumoconiosis or other welding-fume exposure related diseases. Among such diseases, manganism resulting from welding-fume exposure remains a controversial issue, as the movement of manganese into specific brain regions has not been clearly established.(omitted)

The process of drug development has seen major changes over the last two decades with the movement away from standard small molecule drug discovery programs, through computer-assisted drug design methodologies towards biotechnologically derived products. The aim of duplication of endogenously active materials to be administered exogenously has enormous impact on development practices and evaluation of safety.(omitted)

Gene therapy is a medical intervention based on modification of the genetic material of living cells. Gene transfer usually conducted using bacterial plasmid DNA and/or virus vector to express a specific protein. Gene transfer medicinal products classified as naked nucleic acid, complexed nucleic acid or non-viral vectors, viral vector, and genetically modified cells according to biological origin.(omitted)

PegIntron is the pegylated form of human recombinant interferon alfa-2b (IFN${\alpha}$2b). IFN ${\alpha}$2b, known as Intron A, has been in approved clinical use since the 1980's for various cancer indications, and for the treatment of Hepatitis C. In the mid 1990's, several clinical investigators reported that combination therapy with ribavirin and Intron A dramatically increased the therapeutic efficacy for treatment of Hepatitis C.(omitted)

Biological products are composed of vaccines, antitoxin, blood products, DNA recombinant protein drugs, monoclonal antibody, cell therapy and gene therapy. Biological products are divided into traditional (i.e. recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies) and novel biological products (gene and cell therapy) and will require a similar re-evaluation of the approaches taken during each development program.(omitted)

Colon cancer is one of the most common malignancies in humans, and the search for effective chemopreventive agents is an important and urgent task. Expression levels of inflammation-related enzymes, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are elevated in colon cancers, and their products, prostaglandins and nitric oxide, are suggested to be involved in colon carcinogenesis.(omitted)

Chemoprevention refers to the use of agents to inhibit, reverse, or retard tumorigenesis. Numerous phytochemicals present in edible plants have been reported to interfere with a specific stage of the carcinogenic process. Some antioxidative and anti-inflammatory substances derived from dietary or medicinal plants exert chemopreventive properties by targeting intracellular signaling molecules or events.(omitted)

Tea is the most popular beverage in the world, especially green tea (Camellia sinensis) is daily taken by Asian people including Japanese. In last two decades, a variety of biological effects of tea components such as antioxidative, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial and radical scavenging activities on bacteria, cultured cells and mammals have been elucidated.(omitted)

The comet assay has been recently validated as a sensitive and specific test system for the quantification of DNA damage. with 11 substances that demonstrated positive results in at least one test among 4 standard short-term genotoxicity tests, and to evaluate its ability to predict rodent carcinogenicity.(omitted)

Benzene is an environmental pollutant that is present in mineral oil, natural gas, coal tar, gasoline, motor vehicle emissions, and tobacco smoke. The importance of benzene resides in the fact that it can induce hematotoxicity and leukemia in human and mice. However, the underlying mechanism of benzene hematotoxicity and leukemogenicity is still not fully understood.(omitted)

Malignant lymphoma cells are considered to develop through a multi-step genetic processed and to be efficiently induced by genetic events brought about by irradiation. In an epidemiology study, few events are supposed to be directly involved in the leukemogenesis compared with those which occur in solid tumors.(omitted)

Cancer has been important cause of human mortality. It was known that about one third of all deaths from cancer may be ascribed to diet habits. To identify food and drinks which could protect against cancer is important. Antimutagenicity and anticarcinogenicity of dietary components are being studied extensively.(omitted)

Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are acutely toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms in the presence of environmentally realistic intensities of solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR). The phototoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurs through photodynamic activation of PAH compounds. Oxygen molecules react as quenchers with excited triplet states of PAHs producing reactive oxygen species (ROS).(omitted)

To validate a novel mouse model, gpt delta, for in vivo mutagenesis, the Mammalian Mutagenesis Society (MMS), a subgroup of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan (JEMS) (JEMS/MMS), performed a collaborative study as the third trial for transgenic animal assay. In this mouse model, point mutations and deletions re separately identified by gpt (6-thioguanine-resistant) and Spi- (sensitive to P2 interference) selections, respectively.(omitted)

Recently, cancer chemoprevention with strategies using foods and medicinal herbs has been regarded as one of the most visible fields for cancer control. The genistein in soy, the American ginseng and the resveratrol in a grape are well known as that has antiproliferative properties in human breast cancer.(omitted)

Air pollution is made up by complex mixture exhausted from cars, industries and incinerators etc. Those pollutants come from everywhere without border and contain phototoxic and photogenotoxic chemicals including PAHs exhausted in the air. We have published that the chemicals which show phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity are closely related in mechanistic and the PAHs react as a strong photocatalyzer by radical productions under UV exposure.(omitted)

Recently, selenium has been reported to have cancer-preventive properties, although the mechanism is little known. To elucidate the mechanism, we examined the effect of selenomethionine (SeMet) on the functional status of p53. Here we show the activation of p53 tumor suppressor in the presence of SeMet without DNA damage. (omitted)

p53 has identified as a tumor suppressor protein to protect cells from DNA damage. p53, also well known for a transcription factor, can activate genes such as p21, bax, gadd45 and induce a number of the responses such as differentiation, senescence, DNA repair, apoptosis and the inhibition of angiogenesis to protect cells. Many mechanisms of p53 activation have been studied.(omitted)

The chloromethyl-2-dihydroxyphosphinyl-6, 7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro isoquino- line (CDDT) is a newly synthesized agent which is derivated from 1,2,3,4- Tetrahydroiso- quinoline (TIQ). The TIQs include potent cytotoxic agents that display a range of antitumor activities, antimicrobial activity, and other biological properties. (omitted)

2-Bromopropane (2-BP), a halogenated propane analogue, is a substitute for chlorofluorocarbones (CFCs) which have a great potential to destroy the ozone layer and to warm the earth's environment. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential adverse effects of 2-BP on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development after maternal exposure during the gestational days (GO) 6 through 17 in ICR mice.(omitted)

Bee Venom (BV) has been treated in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Bee venom contains several biologically active non-peptide substances as well as two major known peptides; the hemolytic peptide melittin (50%) and the neurotoxic peptide apamin, and a number of minor peptides.(omitted)

The influence of dietary supplementation with dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) at 0.6% was investigated in male Syrian golden hamsters initiated by treatments with azoxymethane(AOM), and dihydroxy-di-n-propyl nitrosamine (DHPN), timed after transfer from a choline-deficient to a normal diet.(omitted)

The objective of this study was to determine genotoxic potential of Sophora Japonica Linne Seed Extract(SE). The bacterial reverse mutation test set the treatment levels of SE at 0, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate using Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100) and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA(pKM101). (omitted)

Synthesis and distribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) components are dynamically altered in response to the pathophysiological processes including infection, inflammation and apoptosis. In particular, the levels of hyaluronan (HA) change with concomitant increases in the levels of collagen (e.g. type I collagen) and fibronectin in chronic liver diseases.(omitted)

Cricket (Gryllus bimacutus) is mass-bred in 6 cycles per one year in insect farms. They are used as dry or live foods for animals, tropical fish, reptile and amphibians. Therefore, it is necessary to study the genotoxicity of whole bodies of G. bimaculatus.(omitted)

Endometrial tissue is an interesting model for intrinsic and extrinsic factors, ie hormones and growth factors, involved in its normal pathologic development and its cyclic growth. The endometrial cells were isolated from endometrial tissue of the proliferative phase obtained by hysterectomy and separated stromal and epithelial cells.(omitted)

Primary cultures of rat fetus brain exhibit phenotypes of neuron, oligodendrocyte, and astrocyte from "neurospheres". To understand the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the differentiation of neurosphere-derived astrocyte, we investigated the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the cultured astrocyte morphology.(omitted)

A murine local lymph node assay(LLNA) has been developed as an alternative method to guinea pig maximization test for contact sensitization potential. This study was carried out to investigate the potential use of cytokine producing cells to discriminate between allergens and irritant in the LLNA.(omitted)

Respiratory effects in full time welders include bronchitis, airway irritation, lung function changes, and lung fibrosis. Welder's pneumoconiosis has been generally determined to be benign and not associated with respiratory symptoms based on the absence of pulmonary function abnormalities in welders with marked radiographic abnormalities.(omitted)

Welding fume (WF) induces pulmonary disease including pneumoconiosis. To investigate whether reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative DNA damage occurs during welding fume exposure and the upregulation of DNA repair mechanisms is accompanied, SPF SD rats were exposed to welding fumes with the concentrations of 65.6${\pm}$2.9 mg/㎥(low dose) and 116.8${\pm}$3.9 mg/㎥ (high dose) of total suspended particulate for 2 hrs per day in an inhalation chamber for a total of 2hrs, 15 or 30 days.(omitted)

Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) are a class of the broader group of compounds known as alkylphenol. These phenolic compounds are used in a number of commercial products and have been reported to be weakly estrogenic in previous studies. BPA, used as coating material for food cans and dental sealants, is relatively more estrogenic than other phenolic compounds.(omitted)

There are many synthetic chemicals, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), used in chemical reaction processes in industry. The establishment of toxicity and detection of synthetic chemicals that may pose a genetic hazard in our enviornment is subjects of great concern at present.(omitted)

Methylmercury is known to have devastating effects on the mammalian nervous system. When human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with MeHg at sublethal concentrations (6.25 uM), up-regulated genes (39) ＆ Down-regulated genes (19) were identified by microarray.(omitted)

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known neurotoxicant that causes severe damage to the central nervous system in humans. Many reports have shown that MeHg is poisonous to human body through contaminated foods and has released into the environment. Despite many studies on the pathogenesis of MeHg-induced central neuropathy, no useful mechanism of toxicity has been established so far.(omitted)

Benzophenone is an UV-absorbing agent that has been used in industry and medicine for more than 30 years. Its twelve derivatives, designated benzophenone-1 through benzophenone-12, are widely used today in cosmetic products as a photostabilizer, a sunscreen in lotions, and hair sprays to protect the skin and hair from UV irradiation.(omitted)

In this GLP study, 4 study groups of 12 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats/sex were given vehicle, or 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 mg/kg/day Sophora Japonica Linne Seed Extract (SE) for 13 weeks. Standard endpoints in this study included mortality, clinical observations, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weights, gross anatomic pathology and histopathology.(omitted)

In recent years. attention has focused on the application of the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE or Comet) assay in environmental mutagenesis. To evaluate the suitability of the assay as a monitoring. technique, the DNA damages in liver cells and erythrocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene (B[${\alpha}$]P) were estimated comparatively with the in vivo Comet assay and the micronucleus test (MNT).(omitted)

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and neurodegenerative disorders. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a representative ROI which is produced during the cellular redox process, can cause cell death via apoptosis and/or necrosis depending on its concentrations.(omitted)

Bisphenol A (BPA) mimics estrogen and its activity is one third to one quarter that of estradiol. BPA, an ubiquitous environmental contaminent has been shown to cause development reproductive toxicity and carcinogenic effect. BPA may do physiological action through ER${\alpha}$ and ER${\beta}$ which are expressed in central nerve system.(omitted)

Exposure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes a variety of biological and toxicology effects, most of which are mediated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The ligand-bound AhR as a heterodimer with AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) binds to its specific DNA recognition site, the dioxin-responsive element (DRE), and it results in increased transcription of CVP1A1 gene.(omitted)

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a widespread environmental pollutant. Earlier reports have demonstrated that DDT is an endocrine-active compound capable of affecting early-stage sexual differentiation in male rats. Experiments based on receptor binding affinity and receptor-mediated transcriptional activation have identified DDE as an androgen receptor antagonist.(omitted)

Tributyltin (TBT) is also recognized as an endocrine disrupter. Organotin compounds such as TBT are widely used as agricultural biocides, and for antifouling paint of ship bottoms and of fishing nets. In this study, we investigated the role of nur 77 in induction of apoptosis in TBT-induced leydig cells.(omitted)

Inflammatory as well as oxidative tissue damage has been implicated in pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported to have beneficial effects in the treatment or prevention of AD. In the present study, we investigated the effect of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, on inflammatory cell death induced by beta-amyloid, a neurotoxic peptide associated with senile plaques formed in the brains of patients with AD.(omitted)

Ras expression has been suggested as a marker for tumor aggressiveness of breast cancer, including the degrees of invasion and tumor recurrence. We previously showed that p38 MAPK is a key signaling molecule differentially regulated by H-ras and N-ras, leading to H-ras-specific cell invasive and migrative phenotypes in human breast epithelial cells (Cancer Res.: 63, 5454-5461, 2003).(omitted)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$, a hormonally active polypeptide found in normal and transformed tissue, is a potent regulator of cell growth and differentiation. In this study, we examined the effect of TGF-${\beta}$ on invasion and motility of MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. TGF-${\beta}$ induced migration and invasive phenotype of the parental MCF10A cells in a dose-dependent manner.(omitted)

The matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) play important roles in invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis in various cell types. An endogenous inhibitor of MMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 (TIMP-2), has high specificity for MMP-2. An imbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 causes the degradation of the extracellular matrix associated with pathological events including invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.(omitted)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Rac play important roles that regulate cellular functions including cell survival and .migration. In the present study, we investigated the functional roles of PI3K and Rac1 pathways in H-ras-induced invasive phenotype and motility of MCF10A cells.(omitted)

Familial form of Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is caused by mutations in presenilin-1 (PS-1) and presenilin-2 (PS-2). PS1 and PS2 mutation are known to similar effects on the production of amyloid ${\beta}$ peptide (A${\beta}$) and cause of neuronal cell death in the brain of patient of AD. The importance of the alternation of cellular calcium homeostasis in the neuronal cell death by PS1 mutation in a variety of experimental systems has been demonstrated.(omitted)

20-O-(${\beta}$-D-Glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (IH901), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng saponins formed from ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2 and Rc, is suggested to be a potential chemopreventive agent. Here we show that IH901 induces apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells.(omitted)

Human exposure to benzene is derived occupationally from the petrochemical and petroleum refining industries. This study was carried out to find whether the frequencies of chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to low level benzene in a petroleum factory were elevated compared to non-exposed workers.(omitted)

The cynomolgus monkey(Macaca fascicularis) is used widely in efficacy and safety assessment of new drugs. The ranges of physiological variables are important end points in the toxicological study. Both the basic physiological variables such as body weight, body temperature, blood pressure, urine pH and blood variables such as biochemical and hematological variables were determined in nineteen male and sixteen female monkey prior to treatment.(omitted)

It is well known that many pesticides possess hormonal activity, and thus have been classified as endocrine disruptors. Currently, pyrethroid insecticides are in worldwide use to control in door pests, providing potential for environmental exposure. A few studies of hormonal activities of these pyrethroid insecticides, however, have been reported, and are controversial between studies.(omitted)

Botulinum toxin type A was intramuscularly administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in both single and 28-day repeated dose toxicity studies. In the single dose toxicity study performed at 25, 50, 100, and 200 ng/kg, LD50 was estimated to be 70.71 ng/kg for males and 97.63 ng/kg for females.(omitted)

The ethanol extracts of mixed vegetables (Bioactive V, BV), mixed fruits (Bioactive F, BF) and their liquid formulation (Chungpae Plus(R)) were evaluated for antioxidative and antigenotoxic activity. They were shown to possess the significant free radical scavenging effect against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical generation and were revealed to show the inhibitory effect of lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) formation.(omitted)

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is constitutively and inducibly expressed preferentially in liver of mice, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the expression of CYP1A2 have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, CpG sites of the Cyp1a2 promoter in liver were found to be hypomethylated in a site-specific pattern compared to those in lung and kidney.(omitted)

It has been reported that exposure to particulate matter is linked to increase lung cancer risk. Recently it is confirmed that diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEP), which derives from diesel powered vehicles, is contributed as a major pollutant in urban air-borne particulate matter.(omitted)

The primary routes of drug administration include oral, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous dosing for toxicological risk assessment purpose in dog. There has been an increase applying transdermal patches as an alternate method for systemic delivery. The present study was performed to establish the transdermal delivery method of medicated ointment, liquid and powder material to beagle dog.(omitted)

RNA was isolated from mucosal tissue of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon after perfusion. The gene expression profiles were measured using Affymetrix GeneChip(R) analysis. Prodrug valacyclovir permeability was 5-fold and 2-fold higher than the parent drug acyclovir in the jejunum and ileum, respectively.(omitted)

Recently we have demonstrated that a 12-day s.c. dose of 2-Bromopropane(2-BP) to pregnant mice during pregnancy resulted in significant developmental toxicity at dose levels of above 1250 mg/kg/day. However, the cause and effect relationship between maternal and developmental toxicities could not be elucidated in the previous study.(omitted)

We have cloned and functionally expressed a sodium dependent human nucleoside transporter, hCNT2, from a CNS cancer cell line U251. Our cDNA clone of hCNT2 had the same predicted amino acid sequence as the previously cloned hCNT2 transporter. Of the several cell lines studied, the best hCNT2 transport function was obtained when transiently expressed in U251 cells.(omitted)

Antioxidative potentials of estrogen and genistein were compared by measuring the degree of protection against plasmid DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl free radicals using the DNA strand scission assay with pBR322 DNA. Genistein decreased DNA strand breakage by AAPH radical treatment at the all of three concentrations tested (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) with the range of 89.5% to 99.6%.(omitted)

Different circling preference of mice is a reference of inter-individual differences in their endogenous neuroimmune circuits. I have investigated relationship between differential immune responses in mice, who have same age, gender, and genetic background, and circling behavior preference.(omitted)

The psychological and biochemical stress responses of healthy men and women were measured under the normal situation. Experimental subjects, who were cadets of the Korea Air Force Academy, were selected by the random sampling. Quantitative scaling of the psychological stress was obtained by life stress test(Cheon et al, 2000) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI).(omitted)

Difficulties of long-tenn survival of lung cancer patients treated with conventional therapies require the need for novel approaches and gene therapy holds promise in this area. Several genes are known to have anti-tumor activities and have been used as a gene of delivery, however, a number of problems such as efficiency, specificity of the gene delivery hinder the application of gene therapy.(omitted)

We show that PCSC, a polysaccharide isolated from the sclerotium of Poria cocos with one percent sodium carbonate, significantly induces nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) transcription through the activation of nuclear factor-$\kappa$B/Rel (NF-$\kappa$B/Rel).(omitted)

Phenxoy compounds, 2,4-dichlorophenol acetoxyacid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), are widely used as a hormonal herbicide and intermediate for pesticide manufacturing, respectively. We have previously reported the potential of these compounds as androgenic endocrine disruptors using in vivo Hershberger assay and in vitro reporter gene assay.(omitted)

Cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is major enzyme in human liver, the role of this is detoxification and metabolizing more than 50% clinical drugs in use. The transcription of CYP3A4 is regulated by the Pregnenolone X receptor (PXR),of which human form is Steroid and Xenobiotics receptor (SXR).(omitted)

Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and the derived myofibroblasts are known to playa central role in liver fibrosis. Rhus verniciflua Strokes (RVS) has traditionally been used in Korea herbal medicine for a stomachic tonic. In this study, we observed the effect of RVS acetone extract (Ra) on the proliferation, the collagen synthesis, and hepatic fibrosis related proteins mRNA levels in HSC-T6 cells which is a fully acivated rat hepatic stellate cell line.(omitted)

The acetylation of histone is one of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression and is tightly controlled by two core enzymes, histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and deacetylase (HDAC). There are several reports that imbalance of HAT and HDAC activity is associated with abnormal behavior of the cells in morphology, cell cycle, differentiation, and carcinogenesis.(omitted)

CYP1 enzymes, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, are known to bioactivate procarcinogens particularly polyaromatic compounds. Flavonoids are a class of natural compounds that are present in edible plants. Structurally, these compounds are polyphenols with two aromatic rings (A, B) and a heterocycyclic ring (C).(omitted)

DW -224a is a fluoroquinolone antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In order to clarify toxicokinetic profile of DW-224a, a 4-week repeated dose oral toxicokinetic study (dose level: 0, 63, 250, 1000 mg/kg) was conducted in groups of Sprague-Dawley rats.(omitted)

Asiaticoside, a biologically active triterpenoid present in Centella asicatica, has been known to exert a variety of biological effect such as wound-healing, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory. In this study, we observed the effect of asiatic acid asiaticoside and its 16 derivatives on the cytotoxicity and the content of hydroxyproline in rat hepatic stellate cell line, HSC-T6 cell as a preliminary study for screening the anti-hepatofibrotic effect.(omitted)

There are growing concerns about human health effects of dioxin and dioxin like compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Earlier studies recognized that 2.3.7.8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and structually related dioxin like compounds invoke a number of common toxic responses that are mediated through a high-affinity cytosolic receptor protein, the AhR.(omitted)

The Chinese traditional medicine Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae) has been proven to have a potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic effects. A sesquiterpene, ar-turmerone, is isolated from Curcuma zedoaria. We have investigated the cytotoxic effect of ar-turmerone on K562, L1210, Jurkat, U937, Siha, RBL, and SNU cell lines by MTT assay.(omitted)

In the present study, we show the inhibitory effect of anethole, a substituted alkenylbenzene found in a variety of foods and essential oils, on T lymphocyte functions. Anethole produced an inhibition of concanavalin A-induced lymphoproliferation in B6C3F1 mouse splenocytes.(omitted)

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds, many of which are known or suspected human carcinogens. A preventive effect of the consumption of vegetables or fruits on various types of cancer has been confirmed from numerous studies.(omitted)

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are a complex multistep process that involves the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) acts as a negative regulator of matrix metalloproteinase and thus prevents tumor cell invasion and metastasis by preserving extracellular matrix integrity.(omitted)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a prototype of many halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, is a ubiquitous, persistent environmental contaminant and the most powerful carcinogen categorized by IARC. It is display high toxicity in animals and is associated with several cancers in human. Although the mechanism of carcinogenesis by TCDD is unclear, it is considered to be a non-genotoxic and rumor promoter.(omitted)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-$\rho$-dioxin (TCDD) displays high toxicity in animals and has been implicated in human carcinogenesis. Although the mechanisms of TCDD-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood, it considered to be non-genotoxic and tumor promoter. In this study, we investigated the tumor promotion effect of TCDD on the two-stage skin chemical carcinogenesis using hairless mouse (SKH1).(omitted)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is involved in the suppression of growth of several types of tumors such as liposarcoma, cancers of breast, prostate, and colon, possibly through induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis.(omitted)

The aims of present study were to compare the effects of in utero exposure of several chemicals which have antiandrogenic characteristics on the development of reproductive organs and to investigate the specific mechanisms related to the abnormalities observed in the male reproductive system.(omitted)

cResveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), a naturally occurring phytoalexin present in grapes and other foods, has been well documented for chemopreventive effects in different systems based on its striking inhibition of diverse cellular events associated with tumor initiation, promotion and progression.(omitted)

In recent years, organophosphorous (OP) pesticides have largely replaced the use of organochlorine pesticides and have been widely used in agriculture because of their rapid breakdown in water and their low environmental persistence. Consumers are directly or indirectly exposed to organophosphorous pesticides through several food groups in which a significant amount of pesticide residues have been found.(omitted)

ENU(ethylnitrosourea) mutagenesis has been carrying out since 1999 in Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Korea Research Institute Chemical of Technology (KRlCT). We have chosen BALB/c and C57BL/6 and screened for dominant and recessive mutants. Four hundred and twenty one males(GO) have been injected with ENU, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg/kg body weight, twice, one week apart.(omitted)

In-vitro expanded CNS precursors provide a potentially unlimited source of dopamine (DA) neurons for the experimental treatment in Parkinson's disease. An efficient dopaminergic differentiation from CNS precursors in vitro is limited to mesencephalic precursors isolated from early embryonic ages (embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5)-E12.5).(omitted)

The aim of the study was to see if there is any differences in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) levels in children (9-15 years old) living three cities in South Korea (Seoul, Incheon and Pohang) and three in China (Changchun, Datong and Kunming), where the levels of particulate air pollution varies.(omitted)

This study evaluated the potential usefulness of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as biomarkers of the Asian Dust event. Urine samples were collected from 224 subjects (112 children and 112 their mothers) from Seoul (n=60), Inchon (n=104) and Pohang (n=60) in South Korea. (omitted)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a prototype of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, is a persistent environmental contaminant and one of the most powerful tumor promoters. The molecular mechanism underlying induction of tumor promotion by TCDD has not been elucidated.(omitted)

Recent studies suggest that inflammatory events are implicated in a variety of human diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been reported that expression of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX) and nitric oxide (NO) synthase and subsequent production of prostaglandins (PG)s and NO, respectively are elevated in many inflammatory disorders.(omitted)

We investigated the effects of gestational and lactational exposures to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the differential induction of CYP1A1 in the levels of protein and gene expression in the liver and brain regions of offspring rats. For this study, pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were orally exposed to TCDD (1 or 10 ng/kg body weight/day) starting at Day 1 of gestation up to Day 20 of postpartum. (omitted)

In previous study, we demonstrated tilianin inhibits tumor necrotic factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In this study, we demonstrate inhibition of the production of atherogenic cytokines and the anti-atherogenic effects of tilianin in Ldlr-/- mice.(omitted)

Certain chlorinated propanols occur as contaminants in hydrolysed vegetable proteins. Processing of defatted vegetable proteins by traditional hydrochloric acid hydrolysis leads to the formation of 3-MCPD. The objective of this study was to determine the nephrotoxicity of 3-MCPD.(omitted)

The recruitment and infiltration of monocytes into the artery wall is a crucial early step in atherogenesis. KR-31378 has been shown to be a neuroprotective agent in rat brain via its potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions. Here, we report the effects of this compound on atherogenesis, and some possible mechanisms of action.(omitted)

Food is a significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to which humans are exposed. In this study, we are analysed 14 PAHs in baked and smoked meats known as major source of PAHs, and defined a correlation between benzo(a)pyrene and pyrene to compare estimating risk from human exposure to PAHs with urinary1-hydroxypyrene.(omitted)