In this paper, compressive strength, bending strength, slump, internal porosity, and permeability coefficient tests were conducted to analyze the basic characteristics of pervious concrete recycled from oyster shells and blast furnace slag fine powder and ferro-nickel slag which are industrial by-products. The compressive strength, internal porosity, and permeability coefficient were tested using 81 specimens of ∅100 × 200mm size. The slump test was conducted 18 times with divided into two parts, immediately after mixing and after 1 hour. As a result of the experiment, the effect of improving long-term strength according to the replacement ratio of blast furnace slag fine powder to the cement weight was small. And the compressive strength and bending strength showed a decrease depending on the replacement ratio of the oyster shell to the weight of fine aggregate, but the internal porosity and permeability coefficient showed an increase. Test results showed that permeable concrete recycled from oyster shells and industrial by-products met the Korea Public Procurement Service's permeable concrete standards of basic properties and the Seoul Metropolitan Government's permeable performance standards. Therefore, industrial by-products and oyster shells in permeable concrete can be an effective way to solve environmental problems and natural aggregate collection problems, but additional research on freeze-thaw resistance and economic feasibility is considered necessary.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for improving patient safety management behavior by identifying the relationship between moral self, empathy, emotional intelligence, and care efficacy for nursing students. This study collected data from April 1 to April 30, 2024 for 1 34 enrolled students from one nursing department located in G-do. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, difference analysis(independent t-test), pearson correlation, and hierarchial regression analysis. As a result of the study, In Model 1, Normal of major satisfaction was found to be a significant predictor of patient safety management behavior. The goodness-of-fit of Model 1 was statistically significant, and the explanatory power was 7.7%. In Model 2, Care efficacy was the best predictor of patient safety management behavior, followed by emotional intelligence. The explanatory power of the model was 27.4%, and it increased by 21.7% compared to Model 1. It is necessary to provide programs with a focus on strengthening the ability of nurses and nursing students to provide safe care.

This study presents the development of a collision avoidance algorithm for two 6-DOF articulated robots operating in a collaborative environment with potential collision risks. Instead of relying on sensors, the algorithm uses Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters to track the coordinates of each joint and calculates the minimum distance between joints. If the minimum distance falls below 0.3m, the algorithm halts the robots to prevent collisions. The robots' movements are controlled using forward and inverse kinematics, and their positional and orientation accuracy were compared between the two approaches to validate the effectiveness of the control method. By implementing the collision avoidance algorithm through the Python API within the Visual Components simulation environment, all potential collision scenarios were successfully prevented in advance, demonstrating the reliability and practicality of the approach.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for improving academic performance by identifying the relationship between college students' e-learning readiness, academic self-efficacy, learning motivation, and academic achievement. This study collected data from May 1 to May 30, 2024, targeting 145 students in G Province. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, difference analysis (t-test, one-way ANOVA), correlation, and regression analysis. As a result of the study, e-learning readiness, academic self-efficacy, and learning motivation, which had significant correlations, were input to identify factors affecting academic achievement. Learning motivation was the best predictor of academic achievement(β=.464, p<.001), followed by e-learning readiness(β=.256, p=.002). The explanatory power of the model was 44.9%. Model fit was also statistically significant. At a time when online education methods are expanding after COVID-19, it is necessary to provide related educational programs that can increase learning motivation and e-learning readiness, and we hope that the results of this study will be used as basic data for preparing program content.

Electronic ink is produced by mixing white charged particles and black charged particles in a red neutral fluid with the same specific gravity, and a sample panel is prepared by injecting electronic ink between the upper substrate on which transparent electrodes are deposited and the lower substrate on which partitions and lower electrodes are formed. The prepared sample panel was subjected to electro-optical evaluation in an analysis and evaluation system that can simultaneously measure microscope observation, driving devices, and reflectance measurement devices. By fabrication of samples with 36 different panel conditions, the optimal conditions for colorization including a single color are studied. The reflectance of white, black, color, and inversion phenomenon according to the distance between the lower electrodes, cell size, and cell gap are evaluated. The observation of the inversion phenomenon is determined by the ratio of the distance between the cell gap and the lower electrodes, and the inversion phenomenon is observed in all cases when this ratio is 1.7 or higher. Although the aperture ratio is disadvantageous when the cell size is small, it is sufficiently advantageous in terms of performance because it is superior. The contrast ratio by white and black particles is also advantageous when the cell size is smaller, and it has a positive effect on the reflectance of the color image along with the inversion phenomenon, and the strong adhesion between the electrodes and the charged particles improves the colored image. Considering the optical measurement results for all samples, when the basic elements for colorization are no inversion phenomenon, CR is 3.0 or higher, and color reflectance is 10.0% or higher, the sample with a cell size of 100×100㎛² corresponds to a sample with an electrode spacing of 15㎛ and a cell gap of 25㎛ and 30㎛, and the sample with a cell size of 150×150㎛² corresponds to a sample with an electrode spacing of 20㎛ and a cell gap of 20㎛.

The field of natural language processing (NLP) has made remarkable progress with the development of Transformer-based deep learning models. This study examines the applicability of NLP models, including RNN, LSTM, and Transformer, for predicting financial time series using KOSPI200 and S&P500 data. The findings indicate that greater model complexity does not necessarily lead to better predictive performance. Complex models, such as Transformers, often overfit noise, resulting in unstable training and higher prediction errors. Furthermore, financial time series possess unique characteristics, such as continuous values, high volatility, and nonlinear dependencies, which distinguish them from natural language data. This study underscores the importance of selecting models that are specifically tailored to the unique attributes of financial data.

Objectives: This study examines the relationship between nursing students' patient safety management activities and patient safety competencies. The study aims to recognise the important role of patient safety in healthcare and to understand how nursing students can be better prepared to uphold and enhance safety standards. Methods: The study involved 151 nursing students who had completed at least 10 weeks of clinical practice in a 700 bed accredited hospital. Data were collected from 17 August to 18 October 2023, and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analysis were used to identify key factors influencing patient safety competencies. Results: The results showed a significant positive correlation between patient safety management activities and overall patient safety competence. Specifically, preventive nursing activities, clinical practice satisfaction, and gender influenced safety management performance, with females scoring higher on patient safety competence than males. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of systematic patient safety education and ongoing training during clinical practice to enhance nursing students' patient safety competence. It also contributes to the development of educational programmes that prioritise patient safety, helping to lay the foundation for a safer healthcare environment.

In Suezmax-class ships, LNG is transported in cryogenic storage tanks. When the storage tanks are exposed to heat, Boil-Off Gas (BOG) is generated, which reduces the storage efficiency of natural gas and increases pressure, posing safety risks to the tanks. Therefore, in LNG-fueled vessels where BOG is used as fuel, it is necessary to establish a Fuel Gas Supply System (FGSS) utilizing a regasification process to manage BOG. In this study, a regasification process using steam as a heat source was simulated with Aspen Hysys. Process design parameters, such as the required heat to raise LNG temperature to the main engine operating temperature, steam inlet/outlet temperatures, and LNG split ratio, temperature, pressure, and flow conditions, were proposed.

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, large-scale time series data are being generated in real time in various areas such as manufacturing, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnosis. This time series data can be used for analysis and prediction algorithms to detect anomalies early and make accurate future predictions. However, traditional time series data analysis and prediction methods often pose problems for inefficient analysis and prediction as various preprocessing requirements and the selection of appropriate deep learning algorithms are difficult. To address these limitations, this study aims to develop a web-based platform called Time Series Data Analysis Pipeline (TAP). TAP integrates exploratory data analysis (EDA), data preprocessing, and deep learning based prediction modeling into one pipeline function, enabling users to efficiently preprocess and model time series data for a specific environment. This approach simplifies complex workflows and improves the accuracy of analysis and prediction in various domains. In this study, it is expected that multiple users will be able to easily analyze, preprocess, and predict time series data according to each user’s environment using TAP.

This study attempted to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment of police official. In order to conduct the study, a survey was conducted on police official, and the questionnaire data answered by a total of 260 police officials were used to analyze the final results. The questionnaire of the study consisted of a total of 15 questions, referring to previous studies that investigated job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Data processing was analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 statistical program. The overall level of job satisfaction and organizational commitment was 3.78 points and 3.43 points(5 points only), respectively. As for the difference in organizational commitment according to general characteristics, the higher the age(p<0.01), class(p<0.01), and the number of working years(p<0.01), the higher the job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and there was a statistically significant difference. Based on this study, it is considered that expansion and repetitive studies are needed to generalize the results of the effect of job satisfaction of police official on organizational commitment.

This study attempted to propose practical measures to improve public design by applying public design evaluation criteria to aging parks, and the results are as follows. First, the public design improvement measures were presented in the order of rest area, sanitary space, movement space, convenience space, and entrance space. Second, the rest area was proposed to include galleries, sports facilities, cafes and stores, benches, pergolas, and playgrounds, and the design plan was proposed for rest areas, restrooms, barbed wire and roads for movement spaces, streetlights for convenience spaces, and access roads for entrance spaces. Third, the design details were drawn up for each space in accordance with the seven public design evaluation criteria of publicness, communication, functionality, accessibility, aesthetics, sustainability, and regional identity. Fourth, the gallery was applied to publicness, communication, accessibility, aesthetics, and regional identity, and the sports facilities were applied to publicness, communication, and accessibility. Cafes and stores applied communication, accessibility, aesthetics, and regional identity, benches and pavilions applied functionality, accessibility, and aesthetics, and playgrounds applied publicness, accessibility, and sustainability. Restrooms, which are sanitary spaces, applied functionality, accessibility, and sustainability, wire fences and roads, which are movement spaces, applied functionality, accessibility, and sustainability.

This study aims to optimize the linkage mechanism of an electric wheelchair to enhance user comfort during the transition to the Fowler's position. The Fowler's position requires smooth and precise adjustments to minimize user movement and discomfort. To achieve this, a multibody dynamics model was simplified from a 3D system to a 2D mechanism, enabling efficient analysis and optimization. Design variables, including linkage lengths and positions, were iteratively updated to achieve the desired configuration. The optimization process was conducted using a systematic framework combining MotionSolve simulation software and Python-based algorithms. The objective function minimized the tracking joint trajectory while maintaining structural stability and manufacturability. The iterative optimization reduced the trajectory by over 40%, achieving convergence and significantly improving user comfort by minimizing unnecessary knee movement during the Fowler's position transition.

This study attempted to examine the relationship between job burnout and turnover intention of fire official. In order to conduct the study, a survey was conducted on fire official, and the questionnaire data answered by a total of 214 fire officials were used to analyze the final results. The questionnaire of the study consisted of a total of 21 questions, referring to previous studies that investigated job burnout and turnover intention. Data processing was analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 statistical program. The overall level of job burnout and turnover intention was 2.88 points and 3.26 points(5 points only), respectively. The higher the job burnout and the lower the rank, the higher the turnover intention. This study can provide important implications for the development of organizational management strategies to reduce job burnout and lower turnover intention of fire official. Through this, it will be possible to reinforce work efficiency and organizational stability in the public service sector.

Firefighters are there to serve the public. However, the personal protective equipment that protects firefighters is not enough to protect them. According to data released by the National Fire Agency, 30 to 40 internal and external firefighters suffer burn injuries at fire scenes every year. Firefighters' burn injuries are a huge loss for individuals as well as the country. To solve these real-life problems, this study proposed the application of thermochromic paint, which changes color according to the temperature of the fire space, to various firefighting equipment. Firefighting equipment with thermochromic paint will provide visibly useful information to safety inspectors and firefighters about fire situation, duty rotation, rest.

Many First aider, First rescuer, and Fire fighter suffer from depression due to the stress of working at uncertain disaster sites. Disaster dispatch stress leads to an increase in PTSD and depression in firefighters. It also has a significant negative impact on the personal meaning of life of firefighters. The increase in depression will cause a lot of social opportunity costs due to a decline in the health and job immersion of firefighters. To solve this problem, this study conducted a survey to analyze the level of depression among firefighters. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of factors affecting depression, the F value was 1.848 (P<0.01) and the adjusted R² value was .024. As a factor affecting depression, it was confirmed that the more years of service and the higher the rank, the more depression there was. These results are a challenge that must be resolved quickly in light of the increasing trend of fire, rescue, and emergency response. We hope that policy authorities' efforts and academic efforts to overcome depression among firefighters will be repeated in the future.

This study examined the experiences of social work students encountering ethical conflicts during their practicum and the coping strategies they employed to manage these challenges. The participants consisted of 15 university students from the Jeonbuk area, all majoring or double-majoring in social work. These third- and fourth-year students had completed 160 hours of fieldwork as part of their social work training. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured interview protocol, and qualitative analysis was conducted. The findings identified three main categories: 'Conflicts with peers and supervisors,' 'Ethical conflicts in client intervention processes,' and 'Coping strategies for ethical conflicts.' This study emphasized the critical role of structured supervision meetings in helping students reflect on their experiences, enhance their practical skills, and improve their ability to collaborate with peers and engage with diverse client populations. These findings underscore the importance of integrating ethical conflict resolution training into social work education and developing more structured supervision frameworks to support students in effectively managing ethical conflicts in field settings.

This study proposes a method to understand the dynamic characteristics of the rotating body of a high-speed centrifugal pump for cryogenic liquids. First, a simulation model experiment facility of a centrifugal pump that can be tested in a cryogenic environment was designed and manufactured, and a room temperature environment, an acetone environment, and a cryogenic environment were constructed, respectively, and an experiment was conducted to understand the dynamic characteristics. As a result of the experiment, the first natural frequencies were 31.25 Hz, 30.55 Hz, and 34.38 Hz, respectively. Next, the analysis was conducted using ARMD S/W. As a result of the analysis, the first natural frequencies were 31.4 Hz, 30.3 Hz, and 34.0 Hz, respectively. The comparison between the experimental results and the analysis results showed that they were close to each other. Therefore, it is judged that the reliability of the method for analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the rotating body of the high-speed centrifugal pump for cryogenic liquids conducted in this study was verified.

This study aims on predicting the dynamic characteristics of the shaft system in a cryogenic centrifugal pump using a Magnet Coupling, distinct from conventional products, as part of efforts to develop an indigenized design. First, the 1st natural frequency of the rotor system with the Magnet Coupling was identified as 886 Hz through an Impact Hammer test. Subsequently, rotor dynamic analysis was conducted using ARMD, modeling the entire shaft system, including the Magnet Coupling, as a single entity without considering the coupling separately. The analysis revealed a 1st natural frequency of 880.8 Hz. A comparison of experimental and analytical results indicates that the impact of the Magnet Coupling on the overall natural frequency is negligible, suggesting it can be omitted in future analyses. Therefore, for dynamic analysis of the rotor system under cryogenic conditions, it is reasonable to assume the rotor system with the Magnet Coupling as a single unified structure. Future research will incorporate cryogenic material properties to further validate the operational stability of the entire rotor system.

This study includes an optimal design for spoilers that can achieve the target flow uniformity for wide area distribution of concentrated exhaust gas using a deep learning-based inverse design process. First, in order to collect data for the inverse design, the spoiler shape and variables were selected, modeled, and then CFD analysis was performed. The flow uniformity of the model to which no spoiler was attached was found to be about 0.6626. The algorithm of inverse design for optimal design used a stacking ensemble learning model that combines the DNN model of deep learning and the random forest and XGBoost of machine learning, and the learning model's coefficient of determination was 0.9518, ensuring reliability. A value whose predicted flow uniformity for the design variable set is close to the target flow uniformity of 0.9 was selected as the optimal design variable set, and the flow uniformity when the optimal variable model through actual analysis was used was 0.916 and increased by about 38.24% compared to 0.6626, which is the flow uniformity of the model without spoilers, so the optimal design is considered to have been completed.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the formative characteristics of Ddeoljam, a traditional Korean accessory, and to present the possibility of its use through the nail accessory manufacturing process by reinterpreting it in a modern way. The design was conceived by applying the SCAMPER technique to develop a creative design, and the design was derived using the Adobe Photoshop 2022 program. The derived designs were divided into basic and applied types and manufactured. A total of eight nail accessories were completed by reducing the size and recombining them, and the names of the works were given in pure Korean. This study is a study on the development of nail accessory designs. It is regrettable that research on rings that can be used in various forms was not conducted and that the gorgeous colors of Ddeoljam could not be expressed in various ways. Therefore, it is believed that additional research on this area is necessary in the future. In addition, it is hoped that this study will serve as basic data for another sales increase, and it is expected that measures to improve the nail industry in various ways can be derived through this.

This study analyzes the changes in perceptions of Wanju-gun following its designation as a cultural city and the enactment of the "Ordinance on the Creation and Support of Cultural Cities" in 2020. A cultural city leverages its unique cultural resources to create economic and social value, and Wanju-gun's ordinance has been instrumental in revitalizing local culture. Using text mining, word cloud analysis, LDA topic modeling, TF-IDF, and CONCOR analysis of blog data from before and after the ordinance, the study identifies key shifts in public discourse and sentiment. Before the ordinance, keywords such as "Wanju," "culture," "cultural city," and nearby regions like "Jeonju" and "Gunsan" were prominent, reflecting general expectations about cultural development. After the ordinance, terms like "support," "center," and "tourism" became more frequent, signaling an increase in visitors and recognition of Wanju-gun as a legally designated cultural city. The analysis highlights a positive transformation in public perceptions, with increased interest from both residents and tourists, underscoring the role of cultural cities in promoting regional identity and development. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating culture and tourism while fostering resident participation to ensure sustainable growth. This research provides a valuable foundation for other municipalities planning to develop cultural cities, offering insights into policy effectiveness and the broader impacts of cultural city designation on local communities.

In this study, two types of autonomous driving robots were developed using Raspberry Pi and Navio2. First, in addition to the Raspberry Pi, the company developed its own servo motor and used it as a power source for indoor autonomous driving robots. At the same time, it was confirmed that the robot developed through indoor driving of the autonomous driving robot developed in this study works stably. On the other hand, after combining Navio 2 and Raspberry Pi 4, it was applied to the Traxxas Max race car, and the autonomous driving test of the robot developed along a prescribed driving route outdoors was successfully carried out. In the future, we plan to develop autonomous driving robots that can be applied industrially by improving the stable driving of the two types of autonomous driving robots developed above and the driving performance of the accumulated autonomous driving robots.

Recently, with the increasing prominence of electric vehicles and renewable energy, the demand for secondary batteries, which serve as energy storage devices, has also risen. To maintain battery efficiency and prevent performance degradation, various battery balancing techniques have been proposed. However, these existing techniques face technical limitations when the number of batteries is significantly expanded. To address these issues, this paper proposes a new battery balancing topology using a voltage-sharing method for modular batteries. The proposed topology is based on the principle of balancing battery voltages by sharing voltage through a single transformer that connects multiple battery modules in a flux-sharing active topology, ensuring that voltages converge to the same value. The characteristics of the proposed circuit were analyzed using PSIM simulations, and the results were verified through experiments.

In this study, we investigate the earth pressure reduction effects of camber-applied reinforcements attached to wales. Utilizing nonlinear finite element analysis, the research analyzes the elastic restoration forces of the reinforcements and their potential to counteract earth pressure, thereby enhancing structural integrity. The methodology involves a comparative study using both Abaqus software for finite element analysis and traditional calculation formulas to validate the reliability of the results. The findings indicate a significant potential for camber-applied reinforcements to mitigate earth pressures, suggesting a promising application in geotechnical and structural engineering practices. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behavior of camber-applied reinforcements and offers a robust framework for future research in earth pressure reduction techniques.

This study aims to improve practice artificial hands used for acquiring the National Nail Technician License. The content and methodology of the study are as follows: First, for theoretical research, the definition of nail technician certification and the types and characteristics of nail training tools were examined. Second, the inconveniences of artificial hands used as practice tools for nail beauty training were surveyed, and 36 responses were analyzed. Third, based on the survey results, measures to address the inconveniences of existing artificial hands were explored, focusing on functionality and convenience. Fourth, five prototypes of improved artificial hands were produced, and satisfaction surveys were conducted with students enrolled in the National Nail Technician License course. The results are as follows: First, 91.7% of the existing tools for practicing the National Nail Technician License used artificial hands, with the main complaints being difficulty in moving the fingers freely (50%) and challenges with fixation (33%). Second, to address these issues, an artificial hand with flexible joints that allows easy bending and adjustment of finger angles was developed. Fixation issues were resolved using gel pads and suction rubber bases. Third, based on additional feedback from prototype users, wrist joint movement was further improved. Five improved artificial hands were produced, and satisfaction surveys showed that 43% of respondents were very satisfied, while another 43% were satisfied. Reasons for satisfaction included ease of fixation (21%), freedom of finger joint movement (57%), and flexibility in adjusting finger angles (21%).These findings suggest that the newly developed artificial hands have high utility and are expected to serve as foundational data for future research on the development of nail beauty training tools.

Plywood is widely used in construction and various industrial fields due to its excellent mechanical performance relative to its cost. However, since plywood is made from wood, its mechanical properties are significantly affected by moisture content. In this study, we investigated the moisture content of plywood using the gravimetric method, electrical resistance moisture measurement, and dielectric moisture measurement. Additionally, through the development of the dielectric moisture measurement method, we analyzed the relationship between the moisture content and the dielectric constant of plywood within the range of 4% to 12%. The electrical resistance measurement method showed varying results depending on the measurement location, while the reliability of the dielectric moisture measurement device was lower compared to the oven-drying method. Although the developed dielectric measurement device has limitations in its measurement range, it was found to enable effective dielectric measurements in industrial settings without damaging test specimens.

This paper analyzes noise signals generated by intrinsic factors and reconstructs the noise signal model based on the angular velocity of a LiDAR and measurement distance to an object using stochastic techniques. The analysis results show that the distributions of the noise signals have unique patterns, independent of the measurement distance to the object. These unique patterns are reconstructed as a multinomial distribution using the empiricial cumulative distribution, mean squre error-based estimation, and maximum likelihood estiamtion methods, respectively. The reconstructed distributions of the noise signals exhibit minimal shape variation across measurement distances while satisfying the Cramer-Rao bound. The stochastic models of the LiDAR noise reconstruct the realistic LiDAR signals, which can be applied to facilitate precise LiDAR signal processing or implement virtual sensing scenarios to validate the LiDAR-related technologies.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for improving academic completion and major competency by identifying the relationship between intrinsic motivation, self-control, self-leadership, and academic self-efficacy for nursing students. This study collected data from May 15 to May 30, 2024 for 142 enrolled students from one nursing department located in G-do. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, difference analysis(t-test, one-way ANOVA), pearson correlation. As a result of the study, intrinsic motivation was positively correlated with self-control and self-efficacy in learning, and negative correlation with self-leadership. Self-control was negatively correlated with self-leadership, and positively correlated with learning self-efficacy. Self-leadership didn 't have a significant relationship with self-efficacy in learning. Nursing departments have a large amount of theoretical and practical classes due to the nature of the department. In order to safely complete the curriculum and demonstrate nursing competencies in the clinical field, preparation and education for academic completion and major competency improvement are necessary.It is necessary to provide related educational programs to nursing students, and the results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for preparing the contents of the program.

본 연구에서는 동물성 식품인 버터를 대체하기 위해 시판 식물성 유지(캐놀라유, 포도씨유, 올리브유)와 부재료(아몬드 음료, 양조식초)를 활용한 버터 대체재를 사용하여 비건 식빵을 제조하고, 발효팽창력, 반죽 수율, 굽기 손실률, 부피, 비용적, 일반성분 등을 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 발효팽창력의 경우 30분 발효 후 버터를 사용한 대조군이 148.20%로 가장 높았으며, 캐놀라유 대체재(BC), 포도씨유 대체재(BG), 올리브유 대체재(BO) 순으로 유사한 발효팽창력을 나타냈다. 60분 발효 후에도 대조군은 199.00%로 가장 높은 값을 기록했으며, 실험군(BC: 194.00%, BG: 192.80%, BO: 191.20%) 간 유의미한 차이는 없었다. 굽기 손실률은 대조군이 12.17%로 가장 높았고, 실험군(BC, BG, BO)은 대조군보다 낮은 값을 보였다. 식빵 부피와 비용적(mL/g) 역시 대조군이 가장 높은 값을 기록했으나, 실험군 간에는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 일반성분 분석 결과, 수분 함량은 대조군(35.52%)보다 실험군(BC: 36.44%, BO: 36.11%, BG: 36.02%)에서 더 높았다. 조단백질 함량은 대조군이 9.92%로 가장 높았고, 실험군은 평균 8.75%로 상대적으로 낮았다. 조지방 함량 또한 대조군(3.51%)이 가장 높았으며, 실험군(2.66~2.72%)은 대조군보다 낮았다. 이는 식물성 유지 사용량이 상대적으로 적었기 때문으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 식물성 유지와 부재료를 활용하여 버터를 대체한 비건 식빵을 제조한 결과, 발효팽창력, 부피, 비용적이 다소 감소했으나 굽기 손실률 감소와 같은 품질 유지 측면에서 긍정적인 효과가 확인되었다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 유지 종류에 따른 반죽의 탄력성과 가스 보유력에 대한 명확한 평가가 이루어지지 않았으며, 장기 저장 중 품질 안정성 분석이 부족한 한계가 있었다. 따라서 향후 연구에서는 식물성 유지가 반죽의 구조적 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 저장 중 품질 변화에 대한 연구를 통해 비건 식빵의 품질 개선 및 산업적 활용 가능성을 높이는 방안이 필요하다. 또한, 유지 종류뿐만 아니라 가수분해된 식물성 전분, 유화제, 단백질 첨가제, 식물성 우유분말(두유, 귀리 우유, 코코넛 밀크) 등의 활용을 통해 반죽의 구조적 안정성을 개선하고, 가스 보유력과 팽창력을 향상시키는 방안에 대한 추가 연구가 요구된다.