A cylindrical pin fin with inside fluid is optimized based on fixed fin volume by using the one dimensional analytic method. Heat loss from the fin and the pin fin radius for fixed fin volume is presented as a function of the fin length. Temperature variation of the fin with the variation of ambient and inside fluid convection characteristic numbers and fin base thickness is listed. The maximum heat loss at the practical fin length and corresponding optimum fin length and radius are presented as a function of fin base thickness, inside convection characteristic number, fin volume and ambient convection characteristic number. One of the results shows that the optimum pin fin shape becomes relatively fatter as the fin volume increases.

In the case of traditional binary encoding technique, it takes long time to converge the optimal solutions and brings about complexity of the systems due to encoding and decoding procedures. However, the ROGAs (real-coded genetic algorithms) do not require these procedures, and the k-means clustering algorithm can avoid global searching space. Thus, this paper proposes a new approach by using their advantages. The proposed method constructs the multiple predictors using the optimal differences that can reveal the patterns better and properties concealed in non-stationary time series where the k-means clustering algorithm is used for data classification to each predictor, then selects the best predictor. After selecting the best predictor, the cluster centers of the predictor are tuned finely via RCGKA in secondary tuning procedure. Therefore, performance of the predictor can be more enhanced. Finally, we verifies the prediction performance of the proposed system via simulating typical time series examples.

In many cases, clustering algorithms have been used for extracting and discovering useful information from non-linear data. They have made a great effect on performances of the systems dealing with non-linear data. Thus, this paper presents a new approach called hierarchically structured clustering algorithm, and it is applied to the prediction system for non-linear time series data. The proposed hierarchically structured clustering algorithm (called HCKA: Hierarchical Cross-correlation and K-means clustering Algorithms) in which the cross-correlation and k-means clustering algorithm are combined can accept the correlationship of non-linear time series as well as statistical characteristics. First, the optimal differences of data are generated, which can suitably reveal the characteristics of non-linear time series. Second, the generated differences are classified into the upper clusters for their predictors by the cross-correlation clustering algorithm, and then each classified differences are classified again into the lower fuzzy sets by the k-means clustering algorithm. As a result, the proposed method can give an efficient classification and improve the performance. Finally, we demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed HCKA via typical time series examples.

The necessity of university's educational change is rising up, along with a social environment that keeps changing. This study deals with a newly educational style by recognizing the necessity of variance for engineering education, according to engineers' diversified roles within a company. The study was conducted by 7 members of middle-sized group, replaced from 5 members of small-sized and each was given his task by his job such as CEO, CMO, CSO, CIO, CCO, CQO or Auditor. On the basis of four theoretical backgrounds, this paper investigated students' level of learning satisfaction shown before and after task undertaking through a questionnaire and appraised the result made before and after task undertaking. This study is expected to improve a teaching method of university engineering education.

The need for end-to-end security has been increased with the widespread use of mobile devices in wireless internet access applications such as mobile commerce. The WAP1.x has an end-to-end security problem that the message transmitted between the mobile device and the Web server is decrypted inside the gateway within a short time. To overcome this problem, several protocols including WAP2.0 has been proposed. These protocols require that the heavy modules such as TLS or data compression modules should be installed on the mobile device with limited resources. This paper proposes a new WTLSW(WTLS-TLS at Web server) protocol and a new WAP2.0 proxy model in order to ensure end-to-end security between the mobile device and the Web server and to be appropriate for mobile devices with limited resources.

The new cooling fan for various parts & equipments of KTX is developed and evaluated to improve fan performance and durability. The characteristic curve of the developed fan is obtained according to KSB 6311 of performance test regulation. 70 degree of the installation angle of blade makes the fan to produce a maximum flow rate. This angle is found out through trial-error and is confirmed through the verification test. In order to improve the blade strength, the blade is produced by a draw forming. The adoption of AL50 reduces a fan weight by 6 kg. The new blade makes a static pressure 170 (mmAq), a discharge rate $140(m^3/min)$, a rotational speed 2886 (rpm) at the power 10 kw. which results 54% of the static pressure improvement relative to the original blade.

University is very big scale among urban facilities as for single facilities and there is characteristic that accompany various university support functions in contiguity area. Width that have diverse spatial configuration generally our country university campus around was formed, this does function that connect university and ambit. Specially, formation enables change of spatial configuration that existent width system has if is new around university campus. Also, can form more animate and lively width spatial configuration by forming more various and complex width spatial configuration in width had formed in existing. It is that search special quality of university surrounding width spatial configuration analyzing existing width spatial configuration of Kangwon National University back gate by formation if this study is new in city and forecasts the change, and used space syntax by spatial configuration analysis method.

This study has analysed actual overbreak, shotcrete rebound and the ratio between the actual quantity of shotcrete to designed shotcrete measured during a NATM tunnel construction. The measured shotcrete rebound was about 7.2% in average which was about half the allowable rebound (15%), showing shotcrete spraying was performed well. Based on the measurement of excavated tunnel shape, average overbreak was about 28.5cm after tunnel excavation by drill and blasting method. This was about 260% of allowable overbreak. In addition, due to the rebound and overbreak actual amount of shotcrete used in the tunnelling work was about 116.5 % of the designed value. According to the field measurement the ratio of actual shotcrete to designed value showed some relation with standard support pattern, but the size of overbreak did not show the correlation with standard support pattern. Hence current design specifications stating the size of overbreak based entirely on standard support pattern should perhaps be reestablished. The insight into the design guideline regarding overbreak and shotcrete.

In this paper centrifuge model tests and numerical analysis on the coastal structure on the marine deposits of sand were performed to investigate the behavior of structure and foundation under the condition of wave action in field. In centrifuge model experiments, construction sequence of coastal structure such as preparation of sand deposit, excavation replacement, rubble mound with crushed stones and installment of coastal structure was reconstructed and the behavior of ground settlement during stage of construction was observed during tests. For the final stage of simulating the horizontal movement of coastal structure due to wave force, horizontal load was applied by horizontal loading apparatus being specially designed so that horizontal displacement of structure could be observed. Numerical analysis were also carried out and its results were compared with test results to assess the property of centrifuge mode experiments with respect to the behavior of structure as well as ground.

This paper is to investigate effect of B.G.I (Best Grouting Innovation) method on reinforcing ground. In this thesis, extensive literature review was performed to summarize theoretical backgrounds of grouting and to compare the applicability of different grouting methods. Unconfined compression test with specimen prepared by injecting different grouts of B.G.I, S.G.R and L.W methods and by changing the curing time were carried out to figure out characteristics of initial unconfined compression strength mobilized in the early stage. As results of test, the compression strength increases with curing times and specimen prepared with grouts of B.G.I method show greater values than others. On the other hands, the measured values of pH are in the range of 7-10 during tests. In field, preliminary construction to main construction at several sites were performed to confirm the effect of reinforcing the ground by application of B.G.I method. From the results of permeability test in field, SPT test and phenol reaction test, it was found that N values after grouting are greater than those before grouting and values of permeability in grouted ground is reduced significantly.

The main purpose of this work is to determine characteristics of undrained shear strength of remolded marine clay at Incheon. Laboratory vane tests with remolded marine clay sampled from west coast at Incheon were performed to investigate the undrained shear strength of them being dumped for reclamation after dredging from the sea bottom. Test results were compared with the predicted values of undrained shear strength proposed by many researchers. It was found that measured results about undrained shear strength with water content was in good agreements with values proposed by Mikasa and Modified Mikasa's empirical formula.

The dyeing sludge is the major waste generated in Banwol & Sihwa Industrial Complex. The Purpose of this study is to develop BAT (Best available technique) for the treatment and recycling of dyeing sludge. The dyeing sludge was carbonized and the product was tested physical properties and chemical chracterizations and also analyzed chemical compositions. From the test results we expect that the products can be used as adsorbent for the removal of order in the poultry farm and cattle shed. The feasibility of other methods such as manufature of RDF and cement etc. were also studied.

Recently, SID (Sustainable Industrial Development) or green growth is the major concern of industries. EIP (Eco Industrial Park) is one of the important part of SID which aims to improve eco-efficiency of resources such as material, energy and water. In this study, current status of Banwol & Sihwa industrial complex relating EIP was investigated and the plan to design of Banwol & Sihwa EIP was suggested.

A 1.571GHz LC VCO with optimized spiral inductor for GPS receiver is designed in 130nm CMOS process. The phase noise of the VCO has been reduced the use of high Q inductor and on chip filter. It has phase noise of -91dBc/Hz, -111dBc/Hz, and -131dBc/Hz at 10kHz, 100kHz, and 1MHz offset frequencies from the carrier, respectively. This VCO consumes 2mA from a 0.6V supply.

For the environmental safety of the operating room and patient healthcare, the closed type rebreathing system is widely adopted. In order to reduce the anesthesia gas during surgery, the mixing ratio of anesthesia gas with breathing air should be precisely controlled. Generally, the breathing air passes through the vaporizer to mix the anesthesia gas, but there is a difficulty in controlling the mixing ratio precisely. In this paper, the stand-alone style vaporizer is designed and the operating characteristics are investigated. The vaporizer measures the temperature and pressure in the vaporizing chamber and chamber temperature is precisely controlled by proportional controlled heater. Exact quantity of anesthesia media is feeded by PID controlled peristaltic pump and vaporized gas is mixed with breathing air flow by PWM controlled solenoid valve. The experimental result shows that the vaporizer has an excellent command following performances that it can be applied to the low flow anesthesia system.

Green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) was displayed on the surface of ethanol-producing bacteria Zymomonas mobilis using N-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein (INP) as an anchoring motif. To evaluate the ice nucleation protein as plausible anchor motif in Z. mobilis, GFPuv gene was subcloned into Zymomonas expression vector yielding pBBR1MCS-3/pPDC/INPN/GFPuv plasmid., INP-GFPuv fusion protein was expressed in Z. mobilis and its fluorescence was verified by confocal microscopy. The successful display of GFPuv on Zymomonas mobilis suggest that INP anchor motif could be used for future fusion partner in Z. mobilis strain improvement.

New cellulase genes, named as CelV2 and CelN1, respectively, were isolated from Erwinia carotovora ATCC15713 and expressed in E. coli. The CelV2 and CelN1 gene were PCR amplified with degenerated primers and PCR products were sequenced and expressed in E. coli. Two new cellulase genes showed 97% homologies with previously reported Erwinia cellulase genes. The recombinant cellulase were purified with Ni-NTA column chromatography and its enzymatic properties were characterized. The optimum temperature of two enzymes were about $50^{\circ}C$ degree and optimum pH were around pH7.0. The newly isolated celluase genes could be used for enhancing substrate range of alcohol-producing bacteria such as Zymomonas mobilis.

This paper presents the development of smart counting system that is proper for grains with uneven unit weight or shape. This device can detect the small differences of a light beam and count the pulse from wave shape control, when the grain is going on the light screen, which is made by the light beam screen sensor. It can, different from the former conventional device, distinct the uneven grains for counting detect, by using the dedicated hardware and the software algorithm of the light sensor.

This paper presents the development of smart road line lamp system consisting light control device. It can perform the individual power control or partial on/off control of a LED lamp by control center and can detect the error of the LEDs by current sensing. Also, the ability to control the brightness and period of on/off by detecting the car's existence. This light control circuit consists of road line lamp unit device. It can give a lot of solutions when the server, which controls the whole system, is operated through CDMA(Code-Division Multiple Access) network.

A Doppler radar is a radar using the doppler effect of the returned echoes from targets to measure their radial velocity. To be more specific the microwave signal sent by the radar antenna's directional beam is reflected toward the radar and compared in frequency, up or down from the original signal, allowing for the direct and highly accurate measurement of target velocity component in the direction of the beam. In this paper, we designed the doppler radar composed of 10.5 GHz band DROs(Dielectric Resonator Oscillator), $90^{\circ}C$ branch line coupler, single balanced mixer and $4{\times}4$ array antenna of high gain, high directivity, for non-contact type hydrometer. Fabricated Doppler radar can detect slow moving objects.

A RF-DC converter is one of the most important components for a wireless power transmission. It has been developed for many applications such as space solar power system, and Radio Frequency Identification(RFID). In this paper, we designed three types of RF-DC converter and compare the performance of each. All types RF-DC convertoer have a maximum conversion efficiency at input power level of 0 dBm~5 dBm and RF-DC converter of third type was the best performance that has a 21.9% of conversion efficiency.

In this paper, we implement a spatial data management system which is based on GIS technology. GIS technology is tightly related with spatial information and will be important method for future information-oriented society. The implemented system collects and manages spatial data. In the implementation, we use PostgreSQL DBMS. We also implement magnification, reduction, movement and search functions in the system.

In this paper, we implement a place information system for missing children using embedded board. In the implementation, the embedded board receives location information from GPS satellites, parsing GGA information which includes current time and location coordinates from the satellite information and sends them to the location management server. The server locates a missing child using the location information from embedded board together with server database. We implement an application program for the system. The program shows current location of a child and its moving path and browses the corresponding map from coordinates mapping.

This paper proposes a sensorless control method of BLDC motors using line-to-line back-EMFs. Typical sensorless control methods have various problems such as the difficulty in operation at low speed and difficulties in application and so forth. However, the control method using line-to-line back-EMFs that this paper proposes solved not only such problems but also problems of noise and difficulty of commutation detection. The method is to divide line-to-line back EMF into the constant. With 550[W] BLDC motor driving system, simulations and experiments have been carried out for the verification of the proposed control method.

Simulations using two well-known commercial codes, WAsP and WindSIM, were performed to predict the wind resources in complex terrains of Korea. The predictions from the codes were compared with the measured data. Cross predictions were performed for two closely located measurement sites. The results from WindSIM were found to be more accurate than those from WAsP. The predictions for wind velocity and direction in five different sites of complex terrain from WAsP and WindSIM were also compared. It was found that if the self prediction of the wind velocity and direction from WAsP is close to the measured wind data, the discrepancies between WAsP results and WindSIM results are also close.

The wind data measured from automated weather stations (AWS) at complex terrains in Korea was used to predict the wind velocity at nearby sites that are several kilometers away. The ten-minute averaged wind data was measured at a height of 10 meters. A commercial CFD code, WindSIM, based on the weighted averaged Navier-Stokes equation was employed. The results were compared with the data measured using meteorological masts (MM) at a height of 40 meters. The predictions using the AWS data and WindSIM showed good agreements with the measured data.

Recently, we have used LEDs to illumination because it has a high luminous efficiency and prolong lifespan. However the light power and lifetime is reduced by junction temperature increment of LED. So it is important to measure the junction temperature accurately. In case of using a electrical method measuring junction temperature of LED. Temperature measurement errors are spontaneously generated because of a parasitic capacitances in LED. In this paper, we proposed a method that reducing LED's parasitic capacitance effects for electrical measurement. It was demonstrated by the experimental result that is more correct than established method.

In this paper, we developed remote dimming control system of electronic ballast for 400W metal halide lamp. This ballast could limit ignition current and soft start-up technique by the inverter with LCsCp resonance tank. The dimming circuit can dim from 400W to 200W by varying of the inverter switching frequency. The PLM consists of coupling circuit, BPF(Band-Pass Filter), FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) Modem and ${\mu}$-controller(Micro Controller). By coupling electronic ballast with PLM, the system that able to dimming the lamp through PLM is demonstrated by experimental results.

This study selected Naerin Stream, Inbuk Stream and Buk Stream, branch rivers of Soyang Dam, also area of highland agriculture as test sites and measured flow and water quality, particularly eutrophication factors (BOD, COD, T-N, and T-P) in precipitation season and non precipitation season for a year, 2008. Based on the result, the study examined the change in water quality in relation to flow, and created flow discharged - pollution loads regression line by estimating pollution loads flowed from each branch river. And the study calculated annual pollution discharge loads for unit area and proposed regression equation on it by using regression analysis.

The propose of this study is to survey the revetments installed in Gangwon Province for identifying their characteristics. The survey showed that in eastern Gangwon Province, gabion, retaining wall and concrete blocks took about 63% or more, and in western Gangwon Province, dry wall, gabion and retaining wall, 68% or more. Gabion and dry wall had better vegetation coverage in western Gangwon Province than in eastern Gangwon Province. That is thought to be due to slope of river and under-water frequency.

Based on the data interpretation on an artificial marsh built in Chun-cheon Lake, the study analyzed flow characteristics and found that flow was unstable due to sediment of natural river but the effect of artificial marsh was similar with that of river improvement works. Flow velocity in the section of artificial marsh was found to be 1m/sec. Therefore flow velocity was stable, which could contribute to improving water quality. A flow velocity as well as stream vector was improved.

For a stable supply of electric power, periodical inspection of the electric facilities and repair of the distribution lines are required. In case of any unexpected accidents, looped operation among distribution lines may be necessary in order to supply electricity through the sound lines, separating the faulted lines. As a result of this study, it was found that normal looped operation became impossible when phase difference of the looped distribution lines is more than 3 degrees compared with the voltage supply of the distribution lines. Therefore, for a stable supply of electric power to Chuncheon, it is judged to be desirable that looped operation of the distribution lines coming from the same substation M. Tr Bank shall be performed in principle and in case of looped operation with the substation of different system, looped operation among the lines shall be performed after voltage regulation of the substation M. Tr Bank, maintaining similar voltages and load supply volume in order to avoid phase difference through checking the operation conditions of each substation M. Tr Banks. And when looped operation among the distribution lines is scheduled, voltage regulation schedule has been established so far by calculating maximum supply volume through the transformer of the substation and the maximum load volume through the distribution lines but in the future, looped operation of the distribution lines shall be carried out by removing voltage difference with regulating tap or load of the surrounding transformers, with giving prior notice to the substation operators.

We prepared gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) by reduction-oxidation reaction between $HAuCl_4$ and trisodium citrate and measured the size and morphology of Au NPs by TEM for various molar ratios of $HAuCl_4$ to citrate and for various concentrations of $HAuCl_4$. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterize the optical properties of Au NPs. Au NPs in the size range from 14.3 nm to 20.3 nm were prepared with monodisperse distribution.