With the growing population of elders, examining residential spaces in neighborhoods where elders engage in daily activities has gained significance. Identifying essential neighborhood facilities and their impact on physical activity is crucial. Although daily activities of elders vary based on their expenditures, there is a lack of understanding of neighborhood facility uses connected with living expense. Existing studies on elders' neighborhood facility use often overlook reduced income and living expense of elders, emphasizing the need for a balanced explanation that compares purchasing and non-purchasing behavior. This study aims to offer a more comprehensive understanding of elderly walking behaviors related to neighborhood facility use. It analyzes three key aspects: walking or walking combined with other transportation modes, purchasing or non-purchasing activity, and single destination or multiple destination walking. Utilizing empirical travel data from 56 individuals in Mangwon-dong, Seoul, the frequency of weekly visit as well as the frequency of purchasing and non-purchasing activity were measured. Results indicated that elderly individuals preferred walking over walking with other transportation modes. Moreover, non-purchasing activities were notably more frequent, constituting up to 57% of daily activities through walking. Furthermore, non-purchasing activity was more common in single destination walking, while purchasing activity was frequent in multiple destination walking. The study underscores the importance of traditional markets and open spaces where various walking behaviors and activities intersect. This knowledge lays a foundation for future neighborhood planning that encourages walking among the elderly.

The rise of new digital technologies significantly impacts existing industries, particularly in design and architecture. The active use of digital tools fosters creativity and has become integral to architectural design education. Virtual Reality(VR) emerges as a powerful tool, garnering increasing interest in design fields. However, research on VR in design education is still in its early stages, lacking exploration of its impact on space design elements. Given VR's transformative potential beyond visual presentation, it's crucial to examine its influence on creative space design. This study investigates key elements shaping space design in architectural education using VR and creates main student activities based on key elements and Student Performance Criteria(SPC). Findings from this research can establish standards to gauge learning efficiency in architectural design using VR. In the future, key elements and main student activities are expected to be used as major factors in the presentation and verification of space design analysis in various ways.

This study traces Busan's apartment complex changes from the 1990s to the 2020s, emphasizing shifts from topographical features to economic factors. The results revealed economic data's influence on complex characteristics since the 2000s, notably the correlation between small and large complexes and price fluctuations. To explore this, the study suggests examining mandatory and non-mandatory management complexes separately. Economic aspects prioritize maximum impact relative to investment, evidenced by interconnected data. Notably, a ratio based solely on floor count correlates closely with household numbers, posing challenges in regulating apartment supply. Post-2000s, there's not only quantitative expansion but also qualitative shifts in apartment complexes, reflecting a focus on economic and social aspects beyond physical conditions. This highlights the growing need for interdisciplinary research beyond architecture and urban planning.

The study of the West Kowloon Cultural District development area, secured through large-scale reclamation projects around Hong Kong's West Kowloon Station, reflects a commitment to promoting sustainable development while capturing the essence of cultural identity and memories within the context of Hong Kong's unique street lifestyle, humanities, and social fabric. Specialized strategies have been introduced in the West Kowloon District to address urban challenges comprehensively and function as part of an integrated circulation system. These strategies encompass four main types: urban density reduction, achieved through a zoning plan emphasizing low-density development; traffic congestion alleviation, utilizing a triple node system accommodating both powered and non-powered means of transportation; air pollution reduction, with a focus on establishing a green axis through an ecological passageway in the city center; and economic revitalization, realized through mixed-use development integrated into urban and ecological circulation, resembling a vast ultra-organism reliant on the transportation network. In conclusion, guided by this development strategy, the initiative stands as a crucial instrument for advancing sustainable development and preparing measures to enhance its trajectory.

In the field of human-computer interaction, the role of sensor technology is critical in enhancing this interactivity. This study proposes a process for creating a personalized environmental setting using EEG-based emotional performance metrics. The experimental and methodology implemented in this study are of considerable importance in creating an environment tailored to the user's comfort. By utilizing various sensor technologies within a spatial, the study effectively visualizes and analyzes both humidity, temperature, and EEG data in real-time. This has resulted in the development of a real-time monitoring platform designed to effectively visualize the comfort of the space and the user's emotional state, as well as to compare and analyze integrated sensor data. The suggested real-time monitoring platform presents an effective alternative for providing an optimized environmental setting tailored to individual needs. Furthermore, it also creates a framework for practical approaches to improve user comfort and overall human experience.

To enhance leisure activities for healthy elderly individuals anticipating a super-aged society, a detailed plan reflecting local user characteristics becomes essential. This study zeroes in on leisure welfare facilities for the elderly in Incheon, analyzing the current status, location specifics, and space composition. The aim is to suggest improvement directions and implications for creating spaces responsive to the diverse needs of healthy elderly people. This study comprehensively surveyed leisure welfare facilities for the elderly in Incheon, conducting location and architectural characteristics analysis through literature review, field observation, and in-depth interviews targeting facilities meeting the research criteria. Findings from this study revealed that facilities in demand for elderly walking activities, such as clinics, parks, and senior citizen centers, were prevalent. It was confirmed that public transportation, especially buses, had higher accessibility than subways. Sidewalk environments near the facilities commonly featured mixed-car roads, posing inconvenience for the elderly in walking and vehicle use. The functional arrangement, most frequently identified as mixed type, necessitates a plan to simultaneously address the mixing of traffic lines and noise. Confirmation emerged on the necessity to arrange a rest area for convenience near spaces with high indoor utilization rates. Improving space composition in rest areas and parking spaces for facility users and employees is crucial. The significance of this study lies in revealing the current status and characteristics of leisure welfare facilities for the elderly in Incheon. It will be utilized to present a future design plan suitable for leisure welfare facilities for the elderly in Incheon.

This study delves into the use of generative AI, specifically ChatGPT and DALL.E, in architectural design, focusing on their abilities to comprehend architectural blueprints, interpret sketches, and generate 3D images. It represents pioneering research in integrating ChatGPT into architecture, offering fresh insights. The methodology consists of two phases: the first phase assessed ChatGPT's capacity to interpret and provide feedback on architectural sketches, revealing its potential for creative input but limitations in understanding complex designs; the second phase examined DALL.E's effectiveness in generating 3D images from textual descriptions, where it showed promise in producing contextually relevant images, albeit with some challenges in detailed architectural understanding. This study finds that while these AI tools can enhance initial design stages with innovative suggestions and preliminary analyses, they cannot fully replace the nuanced judgment and expertise of professional architects. However, this research highlights ChatGPT's relevance for specific architectural tasks, enhancing their efficiency. One limitation is the reliance on a single building design, potentially limiting the scope of architectural challenges examined. Future studies should incorporate diverse designs for broader validation. In summary, integrating generative AI into architectural design shows promise for boosting creativity and efficiency, although these tools are not yet equipped for complex architectural planning. They lay a valuable foundation for future advancements in this field.

This study aims to explore the emergence of the British New Town model in 1962, analyze its application in the context of Seoul's urban growth during the 1960s and 1970s, and clarify the unique characteristics of each developmental entity. In 1963, as Seoul extended its city boundaries, the outskirts primarily comprised open fields and forests. This expansion, marked by undeveloped land, was perceived as a form of suburbanization stemming from the city center. To support this expansion and suburbanization, land readjustment projects facilitated residential land development, implementing urbanization within the framework of a new town concept. Unlike the United Kingdom, Seoul's New Town didn't start as an independent city entity from the beginning. Consequently, unlike the UK, there was no immediate need to establish a self-sufficient urban economy or enact a green belt to counter urban sprawl in Seoul. Ultimately, the New Town concept, initially conceived by the Seoul City administration in the 1960s and influenced by the UK model, became intricately linked with Seoul's expansion and was implemented in a manner distinct from its British counterpart.

This study examined existing research on Hanyang, specifically its T-shaped road structure. The focus was on the formation and role of intersections in Hanyang, particularly in the district boundaries of Hanseongbu 5. This study explored the possibility that, during the early planning stages, a north-south axis connected the Sejong-daero intersection and Gyeongbokgung Palace with Namdaemun. The Bell Tower Intersection emerged as a crucial transportation hub and the center of Hanyang, linking Jongno, Namdaemun-ro, and Jeondong-ro. Analysis of old maps and literature confirmed the presence of crossroads throughout Hanyang, with Sageori serving as the name for administrative districts. These intersections held significance for both security management and military purposes, making the Bell Tower Cross a representative element of Hanyang's urban landscape during the late Joseon Dynasty.

Liu Ren-Yuan's Memorial Monument, situated in the monument house at Buyeo National Museum, is Korea's designated stone cultural heritage and a national treasure. The monument, engraving the achievements of Tang Dynasty general Liu Ren-Yuan, is the oldest surviving Tang Dynasty-style stone monument in Korea. Literary records from the Joseon Dynasty describe it as originally a three-part stone stele with a dragon-shaped stele top, monument body, and turtle base, akin to King Taejong Muyeol's tombstone. Tadashi Sekino's investigation during the early Japanese colonial period accurately grasped the monument's nature based on local testimonies. Considered crucial for understanding and preserving Tang dynasty-style stone monuments related to the fall of Baekje, the monument underwent heritage maintenance projects. These included registration as a historical site and treasure designation by the Japanese Government-General of Korea, repair work, and the construction of the monument house. After liberation from the Japanese colony, Liu's Monument was relocated to Buyeo National Museum's front yard. In 1954, corner pillars made of cement were installed to erect the monument. Concerns persisted about its conservation, exposed to the outside environment and with incomplete repairs. Not until 1978 were repairs made, enhancing structural stability and removing cement using epoxy in the construction of the Monument House.

In 1916, the Japanese Government General of Korea initiated the construction of a new government building and concurrently released 'The Site and Layout of the Official Residence in Gyeongbokgung Palace.' This announcement, part of a broader new building development plan, outlined a long-term master plan for the complete transformation of Gyeongbokgung Palace into the Japanese Government General Building over the following 30 years. The plan notably proposed the development of Gyeongbokgung Palace as a multifunctional site, encompassing a government building, park, and official residence. This study compares and analyzes various layout drawings to investigate the effectiveness of the master plan's characteristics. Findings reveal that these characteristics were effectively implemented through the destruction of Gyeongbokgung buildings, the Joseon Product Evaluation Expo in 1915, and the Joseon Expo in 1929. The following chapters examines the implementation of the Gyeongbokgung Palace under the influence of this master plan.

Jixiao-Xinshu (紀效新書), a New Treatise on Military Efficiency as a military manual written by a general Qi Jiguang (戚繼光) during the 1560s and 1580s by the Ming dynasty, was introduced to Joseon during the Imjin War in the late 16th century. Jixiao-Xinshu has great value because it had much influence on the military system in the late Joseon Dynasty. In this study, the application of the norm was confirmed by analyzing Ganghwa Dondae Forts based on the construction principles in Jixiao-Xinshu. First of all, the study proposed the introduction process of Jixiao-Xinshu and looked at the main contents related to the construction of the maritime defense forts. Next, this study identified the structural characteristics of Ganghwa Dondae as a building. Based on these two contents, the close relationship between Jixiao-Xinshu and Ganghwa Dondae was proved as structural standards and construction models. As a result, this paper confirmed that Jixiao-Xinshu became an important criterion for the construction of Ganghwa Dondae. In addition, it was confirmed that it was not applied as a strict rule, but applied flexibly in accordance with the reality of Joseon, and that the Ganghwa Dondae had a more advanced direction.

This study aims to offer an insight into Joh Sung-yong's architectural philosophy through an analysis of his language and its correlation with weathering. Initially, three key concepts of landscape, urban architecture, and history of site were identified from his descriptions of project cores or concepts. The concept of landscape evolved from visual scenery to encompass sensory experiences, culture, and tradition rooted in climate. Urban architecture underscores the symbiotic relationship between architecture and the city, enriching public spaces like streets and fostering communal expressions to build communities. Additionally, history of site underscores the temporal and historical aspects of places, maintaining continuity while addressing contemporary issues to shape future directions. Thus, landscape encapsulates Joh Sung-yong's architectural philosophy, embodying both urban architecture and history of site. Meanwhile, Joh Sung-yong perceived weathering as the natural aging process of buildings, symbolizing the passage of time and eventual transformation into waste. It served as evidence of a site's history and contributes to the landscape. An analysis of weathering in Joh Sung-yong's regeneration projects and cultural facilities revealed its ambivalence, with its acceptable range varying depending on the project context and surrounding environment. Despite limitations, such as not covering Joh Sung-yong's background and interests in film, the study reevaluates his relatively under-explored contributions, providing a foundational understanding of his architectural philosophy for future research.

This study aimed to explore the evolution of the metabolic cycle concept within Japanese Metabolism's architectural and urban planning frameworks. Chapter 2 delved into the theoretical underpinnings of the Metabolism movement and the metabolic cycle concept, while Chapter 3 examined the contextual factors shaping this concept. In Chapter 4, an analysis was conducted on the integration of the metabolic cycle concept into Japanese Metabolism's architectural and urban planning endeavors. Ultimately, Japanese Metabolism sought to address the dynamic challenges of design and post-construction changes by combining permanent structures and units with diverse metabolic cycles, drawing from traditional Japanese thought and architecture to achieve a harmonious overall composition.

After the Jeju 4.3 incident until the 1960s, the mid-mountain area of Jeju remained deserted. In the 1960s and 1970s, efforts were made to revitalize this region through the establishment of pilot complexes and pioneer complexes, aiming to encourage resident return and foster economic independence. These complexes exhibited distinctive geometric shapes, such as circles and rhombuses, designed with the intention of functioning as cooperative farms. Interestingly, parallels could be drawn with the Ideal City theory. This study examined the morphological features and land use plans of these complexes, revealing noteworthy findings. All pilot complexes implemented a consistent annular radial road system, while being designated for specific purposes like silkworms, hemp, and livestock. This suggests a deliberate matching of industries with the respective forms. Furthermore, the complexes were subdivided into various districts, where tenants collaboratively managed operations. Pioneering complexes, in contrast, featured diverse road systems tailored to their specific industries. For instance, the livestock complex utilized square and elongated parcels with a grid-type road system, while the silkworm complex took on a circular and rhombus form based on an annular radial road system. Additionally, a connection with the previously promoted pioneering farm complex by I.D.A. was also confirmed.

This study examines the compactness of small and medium-sized local cities in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea, utilizing Japan's urban structure evaluation indices. These indices, drawn from Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's urban structure evaluation handbook, Japan's analytical case studies, and available domestic statistical data, were applied to evaluate the compactness of 15 cities with populations under 100,000. The findings pointed to high compactness in Yeongju-si, Yeongcheon-si, and Mungyeong-si, contrasting with low compactness in Cheongsong-gun, Yeongyang-gun, and Bonghwa-gun. This suggests a necessity for compact city policies in these areas. This research underscores the need and potential direction for compact city policies in smaller cities across South Korea.

This study explores thermal sensation and compares it with PMV prediction across different metabolic rate activities in an air-conditioned environment. The experiments, conducted in a climate chamber, simulated various metabolic rates and temperatures for each condition. Twelve subjects, comprising six males and six females, participated, and environmental parameters and skin temperature were measured. Subjects assessed their thermal sensation, comfort, and preference every three minutes. Results revealed differences between PMV values and actual thermal sensations, with the gap widening as the metabolic rate increased. Additionally, the time for thermal sensation to reach neutrality, the duration of maintaining a neutral thermal sensation, and subsequent changes in sensation varied among metabolic rates and individuals. These findings highlighted limitations in the existing PMV model and offer insights into areas needing improvement for predicting thermal sensations in environments with diverse metabolic rates and temperature fluctuations.

This study explored methods to enhance the balance between the orchestra pit's loudness and the singer on stage in a medium-sized multipurpose hall lacking a regular orchestra pit. Computer simulation techniques estimated acoustical parameters. Three approaches were identified for improvement: incorporating sound-absorbing materials, raising the pit rail, and installing ceiling reflectors. The optimal strategy involved adjusting the height, angle, and combination of ceiling reflectors. These methods improved balance and decreased the orchestra pit's volume simultaneously. Notably, installing ceiling reflectors in the orchestra pit had the most significant impact, expanding the area meeting the desired balance criteria. Additionally, placing ceiling reflectors in the center and rear of the orchestra improved the balance for the majority of seats.

The precast concrete (PC) method involves manufacturing components at the factory and assembling them on-site. Effective application of the PC method requires proper quality management of manufactured PC components. Currently, many PC factories conduct inspections on selected PC components and generate paper-based inspection reports due to time and cost constraints. To enhance both the quality and quantity of inspections without increasing time, this study proposed a quality control system that automatically records data and generates inspection reports for PC components. The system includes recording inspection results based on component specifications, storing comprehensive inspection data, and automatically constructing digital inspection reports. The developed system was tested in a PC factory to validate its efficiency. Additionally, a survey was conducted to enhance the system's usability in the field, and the system was updated based on the survey findings.

This study began as part of a study to evaluate the performance of walls in traditional architecture. The composition of the specimens is as follows. All Inbangs are the same(120×120mm), and the size of Jung-gis was determined to be 1/3(40mm), 1/2(60mm), 2/3(80mm), and 4/5(96mm) of the size of Inbang, with a total of 15 specimens, 3 each. As a result of the experiment conducted through displacement control of 1mm/min, it is divided into an slip section, an elastic section, and a post-yield section, and as the size of Jung-gis increases, the initial stiffness and yield strength increase. The overall load-displacement relationship was mostly due to partial compression deformation between Inbang and Jung-gis. Among them, the specimen(A) with the largest slenderness ratio showed large buckling deformation at large deformation. The fracture shape of the specimen showed more deformation in Inbang than Jung-gis. This is because inbang resists force in the direction perpendicular to the wood fibers. The results of the experimental specimen show similar results to the Korean and Japanese construction design code. Even if it is within the range of the standard, further consideration of the analysis method is needed regarding the slenderness ratio.

The present study examined the seismic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls strengthened with a damper performance-based steel-bar truss system featuring springs in the diagonal elements. The stiffness constant of the utilized springs hovered around 1,220 N/mm. Test results showed that the URM walls strengthened with this technique exhibited a peak strength approximately 1.5 times higher than the counterpart unstrengthened wall. Additionally, the proposed technique proved beneficial in enhancing the ductility of URM walls, resulting in 1.6 to 1.7 times higher energy dissipation capacity and 1.2 to 1.3 times higher equivalent damping ratio compared to the unstrengthened URM wall. Consequently, the damper performance-based steel-bar truss system holds promise for seismic strengthening of URM walls.

The wind pressure characteristics of open large-span roofs under various boundary layer flow variations were investigated based on wind tunnel tests, and a peak pressure coefficient model was derived for cladding design. First, the characteristics of wind pressure under smooth flow and various turbulent boundary layer flows were analyzed in detail. It was found that the wind loads acting on the roof increased with the increase in turbulence intensity under various flow conditions. Then the changes in peak pressure coefficients were carefully checked with variations in turbulence intensity, and comparisons were made with the proposed values from previous study. Finally, based on turbulence intensity, a model for peak pressure coefficients was proposed, it can be applied to the cladding design of open large-span roofs

According to the standard specifications for repairing cultural heritage, the initial layer of Korean traditional walls requires aging before application. However, as the detailed method is not specified, craftsmen employ individual approaches, raising concerns about technique transformation and quality variations. Against this backdrop, this study compares aging methods used in the field to derive an optimal approach. Four aging methods were employed, including three field methods and one accelerated aging method developed in this study. Wall specimens were manufactured using these methods, and their attributes were compared through experiments on workability, length change, crack occurrence, and compressive and bending strength. Results indicate that aging straw with soil decreases wall specimen flowability but increases adhesion, improving workability. Using aged raw materials alters drying shrinkage and crack patterns without negative effects on wall performance; compressive strength tends to increase. Overall, aging raw materials effectively enhances traditional wall workability and strength. Among the aging methods tested, the most effective was the most labor-intensive involving aging soil and straw with water for 3 days, then mixing and aging for 4 days, while the simplest involving boiling straw in water for 30 minutes proved least effective.

This study aims to enhance both the material properties and geometric design of cement roof tiles. While Korean traditional roof tiles have a long history, they've often lacked academic input for material enhancement and geometric refinement. This research unfolds in two parts: an experimental phase focusing on boosting the strength and strain capacity of high-performance lightweight concrete (HPLWC) tiles using industrial byproducts like silica fume and recycled powder, and a finite element phase dedicated to optimizing tile geometry for improved resistance against external loads. The experimental phase involved density tests to optimize material packing and the use of air-entraining admixture to reduce self-weight. Results from the experimental phase yielded high-strength concrete (HSC) with recycled powder and high-performance lightweight concrete (MPEWC) using substantial air-entraining admixture and recycled powder. The analytical phase concentrated on reducing overall thickness and optimizing cross-sectional shape with green HPLWC.

In October 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended limiting global warming to 1.5C and proposed achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Since then, many countries have declared their commitment to achieving net-zero emissions. Korean government has set a national greenhouse gas reduction target of 40% by 2030 from 2018 levels. Construction companies in Korea are making efforts to calculate their carbon emissions internally for this purpose. However, they are not sufficiently accounting and reporting carbon emissions related to Scope 3 within the construction industry value chain. This research analyzes sustainable management reports of construction companies to identify case studies of Scope 3 carbon reduction and to derive the Scope 3 categories currently being presented. Next, based on survey data provided by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), criteria are established for 1)Amount of emissions, 2) Relevance of data, and 3)Ease of calculation and reliability. The collected data is used to calculate scores for each Scope 3 categories based on the three criteria, and suggest five categories that had highest total score among categories. Using these recommended categories, carbon emissions of over 90% in the construction project value chain are expected to be calculated. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into Scope 3 emissions reduction strategies in the construction industry, with a focus on domestic companies. A guideline from scope 3 categories selected by three different evaluations will help companies that evaluate environmental performance and impact investors to have a more objective standard compared to existing methods.

This study aims to assess the 3-hour fire resistance capabilities of a beam-to-beam combination structure, mirroring the on-site assembly features of the modular construction method. A specific detail for the 3-hour fire resistance of the beam-to-beam combination structure was put forth, followed by a non-load heating test utilizing a horizontal heating furnace. In this proposed detail, fireproof gypsum boards cover the beams of individual modular units, the linear joint between on-site installed beams is filled with fireproof insulation or ceramic wool, and a fireproof sealant is applied for non-flammability assurance. The results from two rounds of 3-hour fireproof tests demonstrated satisfactory fireproof performance.

In construction projects, the timeframe often relies on the project manager's experience or past construction records rather than a quantitative workload analysis. Accurate predictions necessitate estimating based on actual construction duration data, factoring in the workload. However, integrating construction duration predictions into machine learning models requires extensive big data, and missing data is a common challenge. This study aims to enhance the learning performance of construction duration prediction models by employing and comparing various imputation methods in the data preprocessing stage. Suitable imputation methods were proposed for machine learning model training based on the average error rate. Results showed that the median imputation method was the most fitting single imputation method, while the random forest regression imputation method stood out among multiple imputation methods. Additionally, with an increasing volume of data, regression imputation methods within multiple imputation proved more suitable than single imputation methods.

This study systematically measured and analyzed job stress among construction engineers in construction companies, differentiating between those based at headquarters and those at construction sites. The aim is to propose a plan to alleviate job stress and enhance the work efficiency of construction engineers in the future. The findings indicated elevated job stress levels for most construction engineers, regardless of their location. Notably, on-site construction engineers with suboptimal working conditions experienced comparatively higher job stress than their counterparts at headquarters. To effectively address job stress in the company, it is essential to allocate financial resources for stress relief activities. Simultaneously, a well-considered preliminary plan should be established to consistently identify stress-relieving activities with significant impact and tailor them to the specific needs of the construction engineers. These study results provide practical foundational data for addressing job stress among construction engineers in construction companies. However, it is important to acknowledge the study's limitations, as it does not present specific plans for job stress relief activities. Therefore, efforts are underway to address this limitation in subsequent studies.

In the construction industry, modular construction methods are acknowledged as having significant potential both domestically and internationally. To invest in modular construction, acquiring technological capabilities and policy support is deemed necessary. This study examines certification systems and regulations for modular construction in domestic and international contexts. By reviewing previous studies, this research categorizes the modular construction process into four stages of planning and design, transportation, construction, final completion and inspection and identifies factors to manage at each stage. In conclusion, obtaining reference materials and prioritizing key management factors in domestic modular construction certification systems and regulations is essential. Moreover, minimizing unnecessary management factors across each stage, from planning to inspection, is crucial for effectively utilizing information in the future development of the modular construction industry.