A concerted effort has been made to improve safety, assurance, and compatibility of off-site construction in developed countries; in recent years, these countries heavily invested in establishing a holistic legal foundation to support and promote this industry. In Korea, the off-site construction sector is underdeveloped and has lagged behind its competitors, creating industry gaps in the legal support system when it should be providing support for this sector. This study aims to deliver preliminary research material to guide off-site construction in Korea by reviewing and analyzing recent trends in revising existing codes and standards and enacting new ones in developed countries such as Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. The purpose of this study is to establish a need for further research, then compare and analyze BPS 7014 in the UK, ICC 1200 and ICC 1205 in the United States in terms of content structures, hierarchies, and concurrences of texts. Through comparative analysis, the structural similarities and content differences of the two standards were confirmed, and different attitudes in response to the changes of the construction industry were discovered. However, both standards have a strong tendency to guide and support the OSC industry with flexibility as an open standard rather than regulating with absolute standards. Building on these findings, the implications and follow-up of this study was discussed.

Social mix has been adopted into residential developments, especially designating certain duty rates to construct rental units into an apartment complex by regulation. However, substantial consideration toward providing an inclusive or indiscriminative residential environment has been overlooked. This study aims to examine the influence of intensifying difference in terms of residential environment that is respectively applied to sales unit and rental units that are supplied in a single complex. Eighteen social-mix apartment complex cases were selected from two different mixed types of planning technique: (1) parcel-seperated type and (2) parcel-integrated type that accommodates sales and rental units for a comparative analysis. Multiple physical and morphological factors related to complex site planning were analyzed. The results show that the residential environment of rental housing was generally worse in the parcel-integrated type complexes than in the parcel-separated type. Regarding density, the building coverage ratio and the floor area ratio of the rental household area were higher in the parcel-separated type than in the parcel-integrated. The open space ratio(OSR) and livability space ratio(LSR) of rental household area were higher in the parcel-separated type complexes than in the parcel-integrated. Looking into by each complex type, the parcel-separated type complexes showed higher OSR, LSR, and RSR figures in the rental household area than in the sales household area. In parcel-integrated type complexes, all the indices except the RSR were lower in the rental household area than in the sales household area. While all the complexes of both the types had lower communal facility ratio(CFR) in the rental household area than in the sales household area, the gap between the two areas were higher in the parcel-integrated type complexes. Through this study, intensifying social mix is in urgent need of legal support that aims for an indiscriminative and inclusive physical condition.

To better accommodate densely populated areas in Korea, the housing type has gradually developed into high-rise apartment complexes. With the high concentration of households and vehicles, it is common for large-scale parking lots to be built underground. However, navigating through the underground levels has caused a psychological burden for drivers. This study aims to identify the design factors affecting a driver's wayfinding in underground parking facilities of large scale apartment complexes in Korea and to highlight positive aspects derived from virtual reality experiments. The environmental factors for wayfinding were theoretically considered and the experimental variables were set up through literature review and advanced research analysis. There were six design elements applied during a driver's wayfinding test implemented in virtual reality spaces of 12 variation simulation models. Another experiment was conducted in eight different virtual reality spaces to confirm the correlation between three design factors related to the wall, floor level and the main road. The results of these experiments indicated that the load-bearing wall structure, application of the main road, and the floor without level changes were advantageous design factors for a driver's wayfinding in large-scale underground parking facilities. The findings from this study can potentially be utilized as a practical design guideline for underground parking lots within apartment complexes.

This study aims to propose a convertible path through an evacuation route analysis factoring spatial behavior and change of direction. Initially, a site survey was conducted to assess the evacuation routes of the area. The number of routes and change of direction from each unit towards the evacuation destinations were checked. The pedestrian volumes were then analyzed according to the site to propose a convertible path to examine the relationship between spatial behavior and evacuation routes. The results revealed that the evacuation stairs must be easily located for users to recognize. When determining escape routes, route planning should reduce the change of direction and number of routes from each unit towards the emergency exit; the evacuation flow needs to incorporate the pedestrian volume and evacuation level. Lastly, the convertible path must take into consideration the minimum change of direction, shortest distance to escape and a pedestrian route from each unit to the evacuation exit.

This study aims to seek ways to improve the currently applied minimum housing standard in Korea and prepare to shift to a decent housing standard. A comparative study on the standards and guides of 12 countries with similar living environments were analyzed. The results revealed that for overcrowding, it is necessary to prepare clear guidelines for individual room sizes and recommended number of rooms. For required facilities standards, it is imperative to factor the detailed arrangement of facilities, determine which furniture constitutes as important and assess if privacy is being protected. In terms of housing environment, clear standards or integrated ones are necessary to address lighting, temperature, and pest control scenarios. In terms of housing safety, further developing guidelines that cover natural disasters, fire risk and electricity safety and securing safe evacuation routes is needed. In conclusion, this study has great significance in that it suggests a way to further refine and improve the minimum housing standards.

When disaster strikes, medical institutions play a vital role in protecting the health and life of patients. Prior to a catastrophe, it is necessary to establish a disaster mitigation activity plan to effectively respond during an onset and to quickly secure business continuity to prevent irreversible damage. This study aims to provide direction in the event of a disaster pertaining to risk assessments and business continuity plans by comparing the current tools and guidelines of medical institutions in the United States, Japan, and Korea. Among the hazard vulnerability assessments conducted by medical institutions in the United States, the Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument, Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis by Kaizer Permanente, and the Pennsylvania Public Health Risk Assessment Tool were examined. The medical Business Continuity Plan in Japan, and the National Infrastructure Protection Plan in Korea were also analyzed. The results of this research indicated that according to the Disaster and Safety Act, the preparedness plan should include medical institutions, not just emergency medical services. It is essential for risk vulnerability assessments and business continuity plans to seek varying tactics and approaches. Additionally, major risks and key management risks should be prepared in advance and assessed through data accumulation.

The purpose of this study is to derive architectural weights that enable exploration of evacuation routes reflecting spatial planning aspects when using hybrid spatial representation methods in cellular evacuation cost evaluation method (Cellular ECEM). This study is to apply the architectural planning characteristics of each store type as a weight to the node-link spatial representation method, targeting anchor tenants of the multi-use commercial buildings. Previous studies were used to extract evacuation influencing factors based on the use of space and questionnaires were filled out by architecture and fire safety experts regarding the aforementioned factors and types of tenants in such buildings; an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was conducted to compare the relative difficulty on evacuation between the types of tenants. The result of this research provided the relative weights as a basis for deriving architectural weights of each types of tenants in the multi-use commercial building. Through further experiments applying these results, the architectural weights for each use of space would be able to be derived.

The workplace is a physical environment that stimulates the five senses. The incorporated design elements are contributing factors that can influence employees to become more productive with their work. Although work responsibilities can be clearly defined, the classification and system of design elements in a workspace are unclear. This study aims to analyze the relationship between work commitment and design elements in an office space by systematically deriving design factors that directly affect work commitment through an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Design factors were classified into primary hierarchy involving structural and decorative elements, secondary hierarchy through literature review, and then their importance was evaluated by conducting expert surveys. Upon analyzing these surveys, the factors not related to work commitment were disregarded; there were 15 primary hierarchies and 85 secondary hierarchies of design elements derived. By conducting an AHP survey on the primary hierarchy, experts placed more importance on the structural elements of the workplace than on the decorative elements that contribute to work commitment. Also, the walls among the structural elements and the furniture surrounding the decorative elements were deemed most important. This research proved to be meaningful in providing a framework for classifying design elements while offering evaluation tools especially for workplaces where there is no such system in place. Additionally, through this research expert opinions were identified regarding the priorities placed on design elements in a workplace as it relates to work commitment.

This study aims to compare and analyze facility elements and user satisfaction regarding the before and after remodeling of the underground public pedestrian facility (UPPF) in Changwon Masan Habseong-dong. The purpose of this is to extract and present a remodeling effect that combines the physical and psychological aspects. An analysis framework was set up through literature surveys and field trips to research the physical factors in identifying the facility status while comparing the status and legal standards prior to and post remodeling accordingly. User consciousness research was also conducted through questionnaires involving complaints and facility improvement priority factors pre and post renovation. The results of this research indicated that 9 of the 17 criteria of the 'rules' were met before remodeling whereas 14 criteria were met after remodeling. Physical improvements such as light environment, thermal environment, toilet hygiene, construction, fire safety, accessibility, maintenance, sign system, and amenities were proven to have significantly enhanced user satisfaction. Remodeling also substantially improved walkways and shop elements. Elevators and escalators were installed at the entrances to improve access convenience, and walkways and square areas increased by 8.4 percent and 44.4 percent, respectively. The total area of shops decreased by 4.8 percent, and the number of shops decreased by 42.9 percent, resulting in a decrease in the proportion of shops in the net area from 45 percent to 40.9 percent. Comparing user satisfaction revealed the items with a satisfaction average of 0.5 or higher post remodeling were light environment, thermal environment, hygiene, fire safety, maintenance, sign system, amenities, sense of time, and beauty. On the other hand, mobility was the only item whose satisfaction average decreased by 0.5 or more after remodeling. Due to the improvements of facility elements through remodeling, technical performance satisfaction improved from 3.05 to 3.48, functional performance satisfaction from 3.38 to 3.73, behavioral performance satisfaction from 3.05 to 3.23, and overall satisfaction average increased from 3.14 to 3.44.

This study analyzes the characteristics and types of public parking facilities in central business districts of Seoul and proposes regeneration concept for each type in accordance with parking demand changes in the era of autonomous vehicles. The characteristic index of space, structure, scale, use, accessibility, and publicness derived from literature review and the result of expert interview were utilized for a field survey and cluster analysis of the parking facilities. There were 139 public parking facilities examined and classified into four types of indoor mixed-use, park side street, low-rise civic, and commercial street based on their characteristics. The regeneration concepts of smart parking, adaptive reuse, mixed-use, and redevelopment were then suggested for each type of parking facility. The findings from this study will further contribute to the growing body of research on the effective demand management of public parking facilities in urban core areas and implementation of their regeneration design in the era of autonomous vehicles.

Shifting from a reliance on traditional developmental paradigms, infilling urban voids has emerged as a valid regeneration intervention for social reorganization and spatial restructuring of the existing urban fabric in a sustainable way. Urban void spaces such as underused urban planning facilities or abandoned open space possess multi-dimensional potentials to be developed by reutilizing existing resources and infilling further sociocultural infrastructural programs. Among various underused urban planning facilities, rainwater pump stations are particularly located among the Han-River in Seoul, for flood disaster prevention since the last half-century during the drastic urbanization. The deteriorating Heukseok Rainwater Pumping Station is situated within a great potential in terms of geographical, transportational and residential pivotal center. However, a comprehensive redevelopment plan to integrate mixed-use, sustainable, and socio-communal infrastructure is lacking. The national award-winning design project proposes reutilizing water resources of the existing rainwater pump station with hydroponics facility and smart farming techniques through folding the urban plate as ramping floors that is inspired by the Roman aqueduct. The architectural design project presents new multipurpose infrastructures that integrate environmental, social, and physical resolutions for generating sustainable communities in the Heukseok District and the Dongjak-gu region. There is an urgent need to counteract constant development in the vicinity, implement infilling strategies to support urban citizens through multiple services, and thus, overcome an underused single function in a space that occupies a vast urban domain. The utilization of urban voids is not only cost-effective compared to the search for new development property but also, they are more accessible and available as most of these spaces can be rediscovered within existing neighborhoods. In addition, regarding future urban redevelopments, social and environmental sustainability can be secured by infilling underused interstitial spaces and utilizing existing neighborhood resources.

The architectural design methods associated with the architectural works of Manuel and Francisco Aires Mateus were analyzed to understand the process of its form formation and spatial configuration; there were 22 projects examined and categorized by the types of patterns with spatial configuration. The results indicated that the basic concepts of Aires Mateus design entailed geometric abstraction, white, natural, and mass colors, phenomenological atmosphere with natural factors, regionalism, and placeness based on Minimalism. The main design method of Aires Mateus involved subtraction by trying to develop a solid or void relationship through connecting voids into a complex architectural pattern with unit formation, repetition, and diverse design factors. The patterns were usually used in elevation and in some cases during plan design; they were formed with louver, surface, and mass unit. Overall, the architectural design of Aires Mateus can be comprehended through a multidisciplinary combination of subtraction, connection of voids, and pattern formation. The application of the patternization principle related to unit formation in the complexity theory reflects a cutting-edge approach in contemporary architecture.

Environmental factors such as light, heat, and vision are some examples of the most significant contexts affecting the overall architectural and urban environment. With the recent development in computation, environmental data, which can conveniently be converted into numerical values, has begun to gain attention in the field of architecture. The exclusive technology and specialized knowledge to utilize environmental data are distributed through open sources. As a result, the process of optimizing environmental data is evolving in various forms in academia and professional practices. This research examines the potential applications of methodologies utilizing quantifiable environmental data such as light, heat in architectural practices through multi-staged optimization processes and their uses as a crucial decision-making tool in the design processes. In this research, the quantitatively measurable environmental data such as light, heat, air, and viewing angles are examined in two or more stages of evaluation. The winning design proposal for the New Government Complex in Gangseo-gu (2021) was selected as a case study with a focus on optimizing the workspace, the most affected space by the environment. This research examines the applications of evolutionary computation to analyze building performances and their processes. The size and shape of the building considering the thermal performance and natural light; form, and density of external shading systems for radiant heat mitigation; and privacy control according to the composition and illuminance of the spaces facing the atrium are applied on the case building in professional architectural practice. This research expects to contribute to educators and practitioners in applications of environmental data at various scales in architecture and urban design.

This study aims to disclose the factors that influence and creates an Anheori, which is not strongly reflected in a vertical plane. The Anheori is formed from the difference of chunyeoes protrusion and eaves protrusion, close relativity and a substantial width of change is noticed with the former. The overall height of the Anheori and the eaves height is confirmed with direct proportion. If the eaves height is high, the side part is significantly exposed to oegi. In the jeongkan part, the eaves curve is greatly constructed to protect the side part. In the cross-section part, the eaves curve is placed upward to have chunyeoes protrusion while protecting the side; due to this purpose, it is assumed that the Anheori grew larger. The vertical position percentage of the front Anheori and oegidori is confirmed with inverse proportion. If the vertical distance of the oegidoli and jusimdoli is small, the slope of the chunyeo becomes smaller to reduce a sliding phenomenon. Factoring that chunyeoes protrusion allows for substantial construction, the front Anheori is likely to extend further. The ratio percentage of the Anheori and side jeongkan is confirmed with direct proportion. If the side jeongkan grows larger to enable the jungdori to be closer to the jusimdori, the naemok length of the front seokkalae is shortened to make it more difficult for the front eaves protrusion to be vastly constructed; the chunyeoes protrusion is constructed into a greater size to protect the edge column, therefore causing the Anheori to grow larger. For future reference purposes, further study is needed on this subject due to its current limitations and unintended generalized content.

The free planar composition is one of five principles asserted by Le Corbusier, and the Domino structure allows the composition of the interior space to be free from the structural limitations of a building. To understand the free plan of the architectural space designed by Toyo Ito, it is necessary to analyze his architectural concept pursuits. His outlook is that today's society is constantly changing; these changes along with diversity are resultant phenomena caused by homogenization, and the homogeneity of cities and architecture creates diversity and novelty of space. The architectural space characteristics pertaining to the free layout of Sendai Mediatheque involves a visual sense of space that changes and expands from moment to moment by the element of light rather than a general sense of space. The void penetrated the standardized slab plate up to the roof floor and was irregularly arranged in a free planar composition. This flexible spatial composition of architecture is expressed by the movement of pedestrians, and the composition of the floor, wall, and ceiling; corresponding to these movements forms a free space. The boundary between spaces is weakened when blurring the boundary of internal space by free planar composition. The free plan creates an inhomogeneous space by tubes, which are irregularly arranged structures. Upon analyzing the composition, characteristics, and background of free plans, it provided a new way to understand the architectural space of Sendai Mediatheque, and also confirmed the evolution of the free plan argued by Le Corbusier.

Autonomous architecture focuses on the system of formal elements that are essential in architecture. Both Peter Eisenman and Valerio Olgiati treat the physical and functional elements in architecture such as columns, slabs, walls as the basic materials in architectural design; the architectural idea, or internal logic of design, governs the shape and the arrangement of elements. Both architects refuse to adopt extra-architectural discourses as it relates to social, economic, and political approaches. Even if arguments in philosophy and art are accommodated, they are retranslated into architectural rhetoric where formal and spatial analysis override historical or theoretical ideas. Here are the differences between the two architects: Peter Eisenman pursues the completeness of the formalistic system of the project itself whereas the existential sense-making experience of the beholder that provokes the imagination and metaphysical thinking is of paramount importance to Valerio Olgiati. Peter Eisenman produces architectural meaning by adding or duplicating unfunctional, but still fundamental elements; and the axonometric format that shows the process of transformation of architectural elements is preferred. However, Valerio Olgiati designs buildings by dividing one entity with one idea, and the design process is concealed to intrigue the beholders. Plans, sections, and elevations stimulate the intellectual imagination, and realistic renderings with a poetic atmosphere are favored. Lastly, Peter Eisenman is relatively indifferent to physical buildings since his true architecture is already completed in the drawings. But Valerio Olgiati concentrates on the physicality and construction since it determines the success of the project. Their approaches of reserving the architectural territory by concentrating on the essential aspects of architecture makes one question the way of doing architecture in practice and within academia in today's ever-changing world.

This study focuses on the architectural features and layout of Changgyeonggung Palace, which was built in 1483 on the eastern part of the old capital city Hanyang. Particularly, this study focuses on the Binyangmun Gate located between the official area and the inner court. Binyangmun was regarded as hapmun and divided into two areas. The eastern small yard of the gate was appointed as the official area and the western yard was the center of the inner court designated as the chambers for the royal family. For ritual purposes, movement from the inner court toward the official or outer areas of the palace was clearly stated to be via this gate. Among official pavilions of Myeongjeongjeon, Munjeongjeon and Sungmundang movement was regulated to only use the eastern small yard of the gate. These movements were once covered with a roof corridor that has mostly disappeared in other palaces such as Gyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung. Binyangmun was part of the early Joseon Palace, which helps to understand not only Changgyeonggung Palace, but also the wider palatial culture of that dynasty and the old way of spatial use in Joseon Palace.

The shape of land parcels greatly affects land value, the density of buildings, and the shape of a building. Although the Korean system classifies parcel shapes into 6 types, there are irregularly shaped land parcels that cannot be classified. Irregular shaped land parcels impose many restrictions on the arrangement and form of buildings, and these restrictions are even more severe with small parcels. Until now, studies on the shape of parcels have been conducted, but studies on irregularly shaped land parcels have been insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to typify irregular shaped land parcels that are difficult for humans to distinguish by applying machine learning methodology and to identify the characteristics of each type. The subject of this study is irregular shaped land parcels in the class-II general residential areas of Seoul; there were 500 sample parcels extracted and used for analysis. Irregular shaped land parcels were typified using K-means clustering, which is a representative method of unsupervised learning to solve classification problems. Afterwards, the values of Shape Index (SI), STandard Index (STI), and With-depth Ratio (WR), which are indices related to parcel shape, were compared by type. Upon analysis, the types of irregular parcels could be divided into avocado type, potato type, corner type, bell type, stick type, and L-shaped type. The stick type and L-shaped type reflected small SI values. The avocado type, corner type, and L-shaped type revealed small STI values. Lastly, the WR value was substantial for the stick type and L-shaped type.

In recent decades, addressing the issue of crime prevention has led to the application of CPTED in many industrialized counties. In Korea and in major cities throughout Asia, high-rise apartments have become the main form of housing, making crime prevention by Natural Surveillance extremely challenging. Currently, crime prevention measures are at a crossroad between CPTED based on community involvement and gated community based on an exclusionary system. This study examines the effectiveness of Natural Surveillance methods in high-rise apartments in Korea over time as apartment typology changes occur from land use intensification. The objective is to understand why Natural Surveillance methods are being replaced by other technological solutions such as CCTV in high-rise apartment complexes. This research examines the historical trend in apartment designs, identifies evolving surveillance issues, and analyzes Natural Surveillance coverage in housing complexes with various layouts and building forms. Comparisons were made with international examples to further assess the differences in layout planning and effectiveness of Natural Surveillance along with other aspects such as territoriality. This analysis indicated that most Korean high-rise apartment complexes are designed without considering Natural Surveillance at the design stage due to the pressures of maximizing profits.

This study developed structured probabilistic statistical models to systematically reflect individual variations in the domestic hot water load factoring household characteristics and temporal variations in the hourly pattern of consumption. The hourly domestic hot water data of 15 households derived from the Korea Energy Agency's public data were used. Models 1 and 2 were based on bilinear regression models to predict the daily average domestic hot water load based on the household characteristics and daily variations. Model 3 was based on the multivariate normal distribution to generate the average hourly domestic hot water load profile which varied per household. Model 4 used the beta distribution probability density function to randomly generate hourly variations from the average load profiles reflecting temporal variation. As a result of applying these four models, individual and temporal variations were reflected in the whole year hourly load prediction. The resulting probabilistic domestic hot water loads were compared with those determined using the deterministic method of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), ECO2 criteria and the single multivariate distribution model derived during the entire set of hourly load data across the 15 households. This comparison reflected that the structured probabilistic models predicted individual and temporal variations with sufficient accuracy.

The purpose of this study is to develop a moment frame system of a mixed structure consisting of a beam-column connection made of timber and a filling wall while verifying the structural performance of the beam-column connection using steel. The reinforcing rebar embedded on the inside of the timber beam consisted of an internal and external connection. Two connections were fabricated for each shape, and a lateral loading test was performed. The results of this experiment indicated that as the deformation of the inner and outer connections increased, repeated attachment and bearing failure occurred on the part embedded at the end of the timber beam. In addition, the fracture phenomenon of slipping was observed on the contact surface between the upper and lower flange plates of joined steel and the timber beam. While comparing the experimental behavior and the allowable bending moment of the timber beam, it was revealed that the intermediate moment frame (0.02 rad) performance of the internal connection was sufficiently secured. However, the external connection was found to be inadequate to secure the performance of the intermediate moment frame. For the beam-column connection using steel to exhibit special moment framing performance, the embedded length of the reinforcing bar embedded in the cross section of the timber beam needs to be sufficient.

The seismic retrofit method for reinforced concrete (RC) column using steel rod is proposed to resist combined load including torsion and to enhance constructability. The proposed method involves the installation of steel rods on the RC column externally to improve seismic capacity when subjected to seismic load. To investigate seismic performance, three RC columns with non-seismic detail were manufactured and a cyclic loading test was conducted. To evaluate the seismic performance of retrofitted column in practical, the eccentricity of both axial and lateral load was applied on control specimen and on one retrofitted column; to compare the effect of eccentricity of axial load, the other retrofitted column was subjected to no eccentricity on axial load. The experiment results indicated that the proposed steel rod retrofit method effectively resisted seismic load by enhancing the maximum load about 61% compared to the control specimen. Similar to the result of maximum load, retrofitted column showed improvement in twist response, effective stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity. Additionally, since torsion is applied by eccentric lateral load on RC column, the concentric axial load caused the reduction of seismic capacity compared to eccentric axial load.

This study attempts to find a correlation between the hardness of the set meter and from analyzing the field applicability, to propose a scientific setting time determination method when working on concrete surface finishing. The results indicated that surface finish time management is possible if the concrete surface finish work at the site manages to start at the initial time before and after 45HD of the set meter hardness. Further analysis is needed to collect enough data to statistically process at more work sites to prove its effectiveness. Overall, if the concrete surface finishing work hours reach a consensus in practical application, it could contribute to the transformation of quality scientific management.

Recent economic growth and improvements in the domestic leisure culture have placed a demand on the development of extensive recreational facilities. Depending on the geographical conditions and large-scale capital investments, in the early planning stages these facilities carry many risk factors. This study aims to uncover resort development project risk factors and assess each risk based on the level of importance. Analysis was performed on six large-scale resort development projects to extract risk factors and a focus group interview (FGI) to group risk factors was conducted. Through expert workshops the risk factor system was reestablished, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis was performed to evaluate the relative importance of each risk factor. The research results revealed high importance in the four categories of legal, location, business and investment while prioritizing the importance level of all factors. The outcome of this research has the potential to be used as a guideline in the initial planning phase of future large-scale resort development projects.