In Architecture, biophilic design is known as the theory that human health and efficiency are improved by creating built environments through natural elements, and it mainly focuses on comfortable indoor activities for humans. However, most of them were applied and used in indoor spaces in a built environment, and the scope of their application was narrow. Therefore, this paper analyzes the biophilic design theory by dividing it into sensuous design and technical design through prior research, and applies it to the external environment of architecture through parametric design. The exterior of architecture is the primary boundary between the exterior and interior, and is important because it exerts a strong sensual and environmental influence on the interior environment. In addition, buildings have a large impact on environmental issues, a global issue, and one of the biggest causes of energy load is the curtain-wall-type envelope. Many office architectures have this problem. Therefore, by implementing a biophilic design on the outer skin and outer space of a high-rise building, the effect of stimulating both human senses and functions is expected not only inside the building but also outside. In addition, based on the biophilic design theory, we hope to contribute to the natural environment by analyzing the theories of existing researchers and reinterpreting them based on senses and experiences to suggest ways to apply biophilic design to the external environment of buildings.

An intelligent system that takes into consideration both rational and emotional needs has the potential to create an optimized environment for specific conditions and enhance the understanding of the characteristics of diverse users. In this study, a sustainable lighting process is proposed that employs emotional lighting to sustain the user's focused state by analyzing real-time biometric data acquired through EEG and considering the correlation between illumination and concentration(ENG, engagement). Additionally, the user-centered emotional lighting process, which integrates EEG and lighting sensor technology, was analyzed and compared to the prevailing lighting standards by means of experiments. This research is significant as it offers a new analytical approach to sustainable design research that is customized to the requirements of architectural space users.

The purpose of this study is to present a methodology that can systematically evaluate whether there are morphological similarities commonly found in the works of a specific architect. This work notes that the magnitude of the final output layer value of CNN applied to a particular image implies the likelihood that the image can be classified into a particular category. To explore the morphological similarity or the possibility of determining the existence of a style, the following process was performed. This was demonstrated through analysis of CNN structures and empirical experiments that can evaluate the presence and strength of styles by the magnitude and deviation of the final output values. A classifier model that distinguishes certain architect's works from those of other architects was created. The classifier model was applied to the work of a specific architect to obtain the final output value for each work. The possibility of style evaluation using CNN by comparing two architects who are often evaluated as strong in style and those who are not was confirmed. In this study, Frank Gehry, who is evaluated as strong in style, and MVRDV, which is evaluated as weak in style were compared. In the case of Frank Gehry, it was confirmed that the magnitude of the final output layer of the CNN model was larger and the deviation was smaller than those of the MVRDV. Accordingly, it was proved that it is possible to evaluate the existence and strength of a style using the final output layer value of the CNN model.

Nine years have passed since the implementation of urban regeneration projects, but studies verifying the effectiveness of these projects in terms of revitalizing a neighborhood have been insufficient. This study aims to analyze the effect on the number of start-ups, closures, and stores where urban regeneration projects were implemented and its surrounding areas. To analyze the effectiveness of these projects, difference-in-difference methods were performed using commercial area information data. The results of this study revealed the number of start-ups in the 100m×100m grid increased by 0.507 as an urban regeneration project was implemented. On the other hand, an average of 0.901 business closures occurred in the areas where such a project was implemented after the completion of it. As a result, after the implementation and completion of an urban regeneration project, -2.35 stores decreased in the area.

In modern cities, public libraries serve as a cultural infrastructure centered on living areas as regional bases and are changing to improve exchanges between local residents. This study aims to find out the effect of public library satisfaction in terms of publicness on residential environment satisfaction and its sense of community. A survey was conducted on 200 people who had experience using public libraries, and a structural equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the relationship between various factors. The results confirmed that satisfaction with public libraries in terms of publicness had a positive effect on satisfaction with a residential environment. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the results of this study in terms of finding ways to improve public library users' awareness as it relates to the overall residential environment. Satisfaction in the residential environment had a positive effect on the sense of community. The possibility of activities in a region increased through satisfaction with a residential environment and can strengthen the positive perception of a community, representing the relationship with the human environment beyond the physical environment of a region. Satisfaction with public libraries not only had a direct positive effect on a sense of community but also through the mediation of satisfaction in a residential environment. In terms of publicness, the degree of public library satisfaction improved the perception of a residential environment of local residents living in the area and affected the level of community awareness based on their relationships.

In this study, a deserted house exhibition was held in an urban regeneration activation area of Junghwa 2-dong. A survey was conducted on visitors regarding the deserted house and the exhibition to investigate and analyze the ranking of elements that made people recognize the value of conserving and utilizing such a house. A total of 58 people participated in the survey, and the research results were derived using the method of ranked multiple response analysis that assigned weight to the frequency by rank of the factors from the responses of the collected questionnaires. As a result, it was found that the building itself was important as a physical factor. The importance of external spaces such as courtyard and fence were relatively low. As for the psychological factor, most of the respondents answered that it was because of the recollection felt in a deserted house. Among the exhibits, the importance ratio was high in the order of intuitive understanding such as photos, videos, and architectural models.

The purpose of this study is to find out subway station users' preferences regarding interior landscaping plans in subway stations. A survey was conducted online for about a week from November 11, 2022 to November 18, 2022 on 124 adult men and women in their 20s and 50s residing in Busan with experience using subways. The 124 questionnaires collected were subjected to frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, x2 -test, and multiple response frequency analysis using the program SPSS Statistics 27. The analysis results revealed that the satisfaction level of subway station users was average. It was found that the environment of the subway station space needs improvement due to the subway station image being recognized as clean, modern yet complex, confused, hard, and uniform. There was a high demand for environmental, psychological, decorative, and healing effects through the introduction of interior landscaping. In this regard, it was identified that harmony with the surrounding environment, management status and planning, and overall landscape design should be centrally considered when planning interior landscapes. As a result of examining the preferred planting techniques according to the spatial composition of a subway station space, green wall or pillar style and garden style were preferred at the entrance, garden style and tree planting style for the concourse or hall, green wall or pillar style was preferred at the passageway, and green wall or pillar style, container or pot style for the fare gate and platform. For plants, plants with wide leaves and various leaf shapes were mainly planted. In the case of the greenness index range, it was calculated by including containers or pot. The preferred plant introduction form was mixed plants consisting of natural and artificial, and the preferred landscaping constituent method was mixed of plants and ornaments. This study is expected to help expand the method and scope of subway station interior landscaping by using it as basic data for a healthy and pleasant subway station interior landscaping plan that users can be satisfied with.

This study was conducted to find-out to improve and utilize the CPTED certification criteria of community welfare centers from the perspective of the necessity of crime prevention and the expansion of the scope of CPTED research. As a result of the literature review, the CPTED certification of the community welfare center currently applies the criteria of apartment complexes, and the weight of each item was arbitrarily set, which caused a problem. In order to solve these problems, the certification criteria were revised to 42 items in 4 areas by reflecting the characteristics of the community welfare center and users. And, the importance of areas and detailed items was calculated through expert surveys in the architecture and police administration fields. As a result of AHP analysis, it was found that "safety facilities and buildings" are important, and "outdoor space and boundary of site" are relatively less important. Among the 42 detailed items, the importance of surveillance principle was very high, such as CCTV and lighting installation in underground parking lots, visual contact underground parking lots, and in childcare facilities and playground. In addition, the importance of items reflecting the principle of access control was high in the vehicle entry space at the site boundary, work space (including cores), low-use rooftop floors, basement and connection points, and exterior walls of the building.

The aging rate of Korea is currently 15.7% in 2020 and is expected to exceed 34.4% in 2040. The use of welfare services for the elderly shows a tendency to shift from facility services to home healthcare services. Prior to 2008, nursing facilities were divided into paid care facilities, actual cost care facilities, and free care facilities. However, with the introduction of the long-term care insurance system for the elderly in 2008, it seems that facilities for the elderly and health and medical policies have been operated in a more comprehensive manner. But there is a part where more functional differentiation needs to be made in welfare facilities for the elderly. In this way, proper medical treatment is provided and excessive services are not implemented, so insurance premiums are claimed properly, and thus long-term care insurance for the elderly and medical insurance finances are strengthened. Ultimately, it will reduce the burden of medical expenses for the elderly and increase the quality of services. Currently, the legal boundary between nursing homes for the elderly, elderly hospitals, and general hospitals is ambiguous, and it is difficult for the elderly to select appropriate facilities. The facilities to be investigated in this study are facilities that can be used by the elderly with severe disabilities at level 2 or higher for long-term care in Korea and abroad. Through this study, we found the following facts. The current spatial composition of the medical welfare facilities for the elderly is still insufficient to practically realize the principle of respect for human beings, the principle of home protection, and the principle of professional protection development, which are the ideologies of welfare facilities for the elderly. It is being built to the extent that it barely meets the legal standard of 23.6m² of gross floor area per resident and the legal standard of bedroom area per resident of elderly care facilities. As a result, Currently, the medical welfare facilities are insufficient to secure the private life area of the elderly, and it is difficult to secure sufficient space for privacy in accordance with the principle of respect for human beings.

Summarizing the characteristics of the movement lines, the center is the location of the king, the center is the location of the king, the east side is the king, the crown prince, the crown prince, and the royal family, and the west side is the seat of the subjects. The detailed hierarchical division between each position was divided between the king and the successor, between the royal family, and between the king and subject. If the characteristics of the movement line are summarized as gates, Jeongmun is the movement line of the king and his successors. The east-west side gates located on the left and right sides of the hall were used by the royal family and ministers, and the hierarchy between the royal family and subjects was also divided into gates. Analyzing the characteristics of jinchan by external and internal circumstance, the king waits in the outer court, passes through the center of the front gate, and finally ascends to the ceremonial hall of the ceremonial hall. The crown prince mainly used the east gate of the main gate and performed the ceremonies in the eastern position, and the crown prince's son was located below and behind the crown prince in the eastern area. In the inner palace, the king's movement becomes concise, and in the daily meeting led by the crown prince, a central movement line appears in which the crown prince passes through the middle gate of the front gate. In the inner court, the movement of the king becomes concise, and in the following day's meeting led by the crown prince, the pattern of the movement of the center appears as the crown prince passes through the central gate. The crown prince's movement shows a complex movement and a mixed pattern of the center and the east to perform various ceremonies appropriate to the procedure at the banquet. The location of the crown prince was divided into the east, which was separated from the king's straight line of movement, and royal women such as the crown princess mainly used the west area. From the external and internal courts during the reign of King Sunjo, the position and movement of the king and crown prince can give a glimpse of the kingship that was passed on to the successor who had actual authority, and it can be confirmed that the will of King Sunjo's gyejisul is being passed on to Crown Prince Hyomyeong. In other words, in the inner circle, the middle, straight line is the king's hierarchy, the east is the hierarchy of the successor who inherits the kingship, and the complex aspect of the center and the east is the hierarchy of the successor who carries out the kingship by proxy.

This research explores diverse meanings of buildings in the Kumoh National Institute of Technology (KIT) that embody the image of cutting-edge technology. During the late 1970s, the construction of the campus was led by the state and completed quickly; it could be assumed that the buildings on the campus reflected the image of technology, which was one of the nation's goals at the time. This research suggests multiple symbolic meanings related to its campus buildings; they range from the layout of buildings to finishing materials. For instance, the glass curtain walls of the main building visualized progress and technology that produced a collective memory for those who experienced these campus buildings. Simultaneously, the school pursued energy-saving tactics through the glass curtain walls due to the two times of oil shocks that took place throughout the 1970s. Drawing on historical documents and interviews with alumni and faculties, this school seemed to have visualized the image of technology by pursuing symbolism and pragmatism through the buildings on the KIT campus producing collective memories.

In exploring the modernity of modern architecture, this study attempts an integrated analysis ranging from simple architectural facts to the architectural concepts of a specific architect. The integration of verticality and horizontality through oblique movements and compositions in Le Corbusier's works that focused on early house projects was analyzed. This study includes masonry structure and reinforced concrete structure, the examination of Le Corbusier and Perret's horizontal window-vertical window debates, the two prototypes of Le Corbusier's houses, the oblique movement of the architectural promenade, and Le Corbusier's one vanishing point perspective. The analysis results revealed that the traditional masonry structure and modern RC structure respectively contained verticality and horizontality. Through the debates between Le Corbusier and Perret, it became evident that horizontal windows represent modernity and vertical windows represent traditional styles. The two prototypes of Le Corbusier's houses contained horizontality and verticality by slabs and walls, respectively. The horizontality limitedly accommodates the verticality by stacking slabs, but as a part of the architectural promenade, the oblique movement within the spatial volume achieved the integration of horizontality and verticality. Upon analysis of the oblique composition in Le Corbusier's one vanishing point perspective, it was possible to reconfirm that the oblique movement and composition were important spatial characteristics in understanding his architecture. This study examined the horizontality and verticality of architecture from the general facts of architectural structure and Le Corbusier's architectural concepts to overcome the horizontality and verticality by oblique integration. This study is meaningful in understanding Le Corbusier and modern architecture in an integrated way through facts and concepts.

This study analyzes the actual status and level of capacity of organization, activity, and accounting for the Seoul Metropolitan Government's managed residential environment improvement project and derives implications for future sustainability. Until now, the difference according to the type and composition of organizational competency has been insignificant, and in the case of activity competency, it tended to shrink due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the level of activity and accounting competency differed greatly depending on the competency within the organization, but there was an aspect of efforts to maintain such as operating reserves. This analysis result implies that the existing resident organizations were required to promote the conversion to cooperatives and CRCs to strengthen their independent operation, strengthen management and rational public support for existing resident communities through self and public monitoring. It is urgent to apply a step-by-step action plan that can fundamentally improve the financial soundness of a resident community. This study is meaningful in that it confirms the level of competence of the local community for this project and suggests a direction for self-reliant village management in the future.

Recently, interest in urban revitalization has been increasing, and various studies are being conducted on the effectiveness of revitalization projects. However, most studies analyze a single project, and only short-term analysis is conducted. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of each type of urban revitalization project targeting Haenggung-dong, Suwon-si from 2010 to 2020, which has been undergoing various types of urban revitalization projects. Urban revitalization projects were categorized, the characteristics of changes in the officially announced land price were examined and restaurants were analyzed. As a result of this analysis, it was found that when the street environment improved, land prices rose, restaurants increased, and an increase in restaurant businesses continued for a long time. Land prices did not rise due to financial support and system improvement, and restaurants did not increase over the entire site but increased partially. The effect of increasing restaurants lasted for a relatively long time. Lastly, with the introduction of core facilities and cultural facilities, land prices rose, restaurant businesses increased, and the period of growth of these restaurants was relatively short.

The purpose of this study is to develop tactile urbanism techniques applicable to urban regeneration projects and analyze their application effects. The research results revealed the effects of applying the tactical urbanism project, project satisfaction, project sustainability, and resident participation were evaluated higher than average in all four project areas. Upon analyzing the factors affecting such areas, some results varied depending on the target site, but overall, the higher the comfort, safety, and functionality due to the tactical urbanism project, the higher the level of business satisfaction, project sustainability, and resident participation. Changes in regional comfort, safety, and function due to the application of tactile urbanism were found to have a positive effect on the intention to participate in the project, attachment to the place, and behavioral intention in terms of business satisfaction, project sustainability, and resident participation. These results showed that by applying the tactical urbanism technique to urban regeneration projects, local residents could increase their willingness to participate in a project and induce active action. Therefore, tactical urbanism could be used as a strategy to compensate for the limitations of existing urban regeneration projects. This study was meaningful in that it developed a tectonic urbanism design element applicable to urban regeneration projects and empirically analyzed the application effect. However, this study was aimed at the urban regeneration new deal project in Cheonan Namsan District, and there is a limit to generalizing and applying the results of this study to other regions. Additional studies need to be conducted to apply tectonic urbanization and empirically analyze its effects.

This study aims to establish a methodology for assessing the risks of various natural disasters and the accrued damages in Korea. With climate change and urban development, the damages caused by natural disasters have intensified and become more diversified; the government needs to establish a useful disaster risk assessment methodology for disaster response. While machine learning, big data analysis, and expert surveys have been used as disaster risk assessment methodologies in various fields, this study proposes an entropy analysis method to evaluate event occurrence risks using information and probability. To validate the effectiveness of this method, a risk assessment was conducted on eleven disaster risk factors related to climate, human life, urban, and the environment to target wind and water disasters coupled with major disasters in Korea. As a result, the semi-basement building index showed the highest risk weighting in metropolitan, provincial, and municipal areas, while the flood-prone area index showed the highest risk weighting in county and district areas. This study is expected to help the government and local governments in establishing disaster response policies, and the proposed analysis method can be used to establish standards for natural disaster risk assessment methodologies.

Mean radiant temperature (MRT) is one of many significant factors that influence an occupant's thermal comfort. There is a deviation in the MRT between the indoor core and perimeter zones depending on a building's thermal properties; this deviation must be mitigated to ensure thermal comfort. However, there are various practical limitations involved in directly measuring the MRT of these zones. Therefore, this study developed a model that virtually sensed the MRT of the core and perimeter zones using the random forest. To verify the model's performance, the experiment was conducted during the summer season when the MRT deviation between these zones are often the largest. As a result, the proposed model showed an MRT inference performance of 0.0568℃ in the core zone and 0.123℃ in the perimeter zone, based on the mean absolute error. This study demonstrated the potential of the MRT virtual sensor for evaluating the inference performance of the core and perimeter zones. The virtual sensor can be used in HVAC control systems to improve an occupant's thermal comfort.

Management of demolition waste (DW), which accounts for a large portion of waste generation (WG), is a very important issue. Therefore, many researchers tried to apply various ML algorithms to predict WG, and tried to find the decisive factors affecting WG. This study conducted a study on the development of optimal ML model for predicting demolition waste generation (DWG). In this study, decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and gradient boost machine (GBM) algorithms were applied to develop ML models to predictive DWG. For this, data preprocessing was performed and the optimal hyper parameter was searched for each algorithm to derive an optimal ML model. In consideration of dataset size, leave one out cross validation (LOOCV) was applied to the model validation and mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R squared), and mean square error (MSE) were used as the performance evaluation index of the models. As a result of this study, it was found that the predictive performance of the RF model (MAE 72.837, MSE 12198.236, RMSE 110.446, R² 0.880) was better than one of DT (MAE 87.081, MSE 17348.052, RMSE 131.712, R² 0.829) and GBM (MAE 87.883, MSE 18175.125, RMSE 134.815, R² 0.821) models. The error from the observed mean (987.1806 kg m^-2) was 8.82%, 7.38%, and 8.90% for the DT, RF, and GBM models, respectively. Therefore, it can be seen that the ML model using the DT-based algorithms is very good at predicting DWG. Finally, this study presented a reliable and optimal ML model for predicting DWG for a domestic waste management strategy.

In a data center, a cooling system is a crucial factor in ensuring uninterrupted operation and quick response to changes in IT services. This study proposes a cooling system based on hot standby sparing (HSP) that can effectively provide redundancy and optimize energy efficiency in data centers with N+1 or more equipment required for reliable uninterrupted operation. The standby strategy adopted for ensuring high reliability in data centers was classified into HSP, warm standby (WSP), and cold standby (CSP). If the cooling system meets the redundancy requirement of N+1 or higher, which is necessary for a dedicated data center, and the configuration of VSD/VFD equipment, then the HSP-based cooling system should be considered first in terms of energy efficiency. Through a case analysis of 30 MW-class large-scale A-data centers, the CSP-based and HSP-based cooling systems were compared. The results showed that the cooling power consumption for the same design capacity was reduced by approximately 15% when applying the HSP-based system compared to the CSP system. The power usage effectiveness (PUE) of the HSP-based cooling system was 1.20, and the cooling energy cost was 163 USD/IT-kW, indicating that the HSP-based system significantly improved energy efficiency. Thus, the HSP-based cooling system is the best strategy for effectively reducing cooling energy without requiring major facility changes or investments.

In this study, technical factors necessary for achieving certification and improving quality were summarized for small-sized office that obtained the first rating of Zero Energy Building(ZEB) certification. In addition, quantitative analysis such as ECO-2 energy simulation, economic analysis of Net Present Value(NPV), and Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) was performed. The NPV is KRW -2.2 billion, which is not economical. However, when environmental costs were applied through the LCA, the NPV was KRW -1.8 billion, which could offset about 20% compared to the previous one. In addition, through previous studies and literature review, the current status of institutional and financial benefits related to ZEB in Korea, and the relationship between ZEB and domestic G-SEED certification were analyzed, and additional improvement directions were proposed.

The effect of out-of-plane beam skew on the performance of column-tree steel moment connections was investigated through nonlinear finite element anlaysis. The results indicated that there was no major impact on the global response of the column-tree connections with out-of-plane skewed beam. Regardless of the beam skew, the slippage in the beam splice significantly contributed to the energy dissipation capacity until the story drift ratio of 0.02 rad and the plastification of steel took over after that. However, the local performance might be affected by the beam skew. The fracture indices at the column-beam joint were generally higher in the beam flange tip than in the beam flange center. But the fracture indices at the beam flange center were increased as the beam out-of-plane skew angle was increased. Beam out-of-plane skew also introduced the column twist which resulted in stress concentration at the tip of connection beam flange. The bolt tension in the flange splice decreased up to 45% of the initial bolt pre-tension at the story drift ratio of 0.04 rad. The bolt tension loss was more severe as the beam out-of-plane angle was higher in the models with the beam depth of 600 mm, while there were minimal differences between the models with beam depth of 500 mm.

After performing a nonlinear time history analysis of an apartment for vertical extension remodeling, the characteristics of the model including a pile foundation and the pinned base model without including a pile foundation on the nonlinear behavior of a superstructure were analyzed. By introducing vertical and horizontal stiffness to the pile, the constraint effect of the ground was defined. In the case of insufficient strength of the pile during the construction stage, micro piles were additionally placed. The nonlinear properties of the superstructure were the same as the typical performance-based seismic design procedure, and the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the 7-pair earthquake motions were performed for the pile foundation model and the pinned base model. As a result of this analysis, it was found that the story drift and material strains of the pile foundation model increased compared to the pinned base model. In addition, the base shear force was reduced in the pile foundation model compared to the pinned base model, and the pile reaction force in the pile foundation model was also reduced. This is thought to be the effect of reducing the response spectrum acceleration value due to the increase in the natural period of the pile foundation model.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term behavior of RC beams reinforced by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strip such as near-surface mounted retrofit (NSMR) and externally bonded retrofit (EBR). The 30% loads of nominal strength of the RC beams were applied and continued for up to 49 days. The loads were increased up to 55% of the nominal strengths of RC beams at 50 days after performing flexural retrofit by using FRP with the planned retrofit methods and have been kept for almost one year. During all loading periods, the deflections and the strains of rebars and FRPs were measured at least once every week. The long-term behavior of all specimens was evaluated and the deflection variations were predicted by considering the long-term effect on the nonlinear sectional analysis result of the reinforced RC beams. As a result, in the specimen reinforced with partially de-bonded NSM FRP, the strains of the FRP strip were not concentrated on the center of the beam and the magnitude at the center was less than that with the fully bonded FRP. In addition, it is possible to properly simulate the deflections of the beams strengthened with FRP exposed to a long-term load by considering the long-term effect on the sectional analysis result.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of foaming agents and the incorporation of CBS-dust as a binder of light-weight foam concrete with 0.5 t/m³ of density on the performances of light-weight foam concrete using image analysis by the foam analyzer. Four different types of foaming agent are adpoted including Cationic foaming agent(CF), Anionic foaming agent(AF), Fe-protein foaming agent(FF) and Synthetic foaming agent(SF). To invesitgate the foaming capability and stability, foam analyzer is used. For binder compositions of lightweight foam concrete, Chlorine bypass system-dust(CBS-dust), which is collected at the cement production process, and granulated blast furnace slag(GBFS) are incorporated with Ordinary Portland cement ranged from 15% to 65%, respectively to facilitate settlement of light-weight foamed concrete. Test results indicated that the combinations of the AF with 0.2% and 5% of CBS-dust as blast furnace slag-based binders contribute to improve the resistance to settlement, strength enhancement of light-weight foamed concrete.

Currently, the domestic construction industry is facing issues in a shortage of skilled laborers, an increase in labor costs, a limitation of on-site work hours, and an aging population, which prolongs the construction period and reduces productivity. To resolve these issues, an off-site construction (OSC) method that produces, and transports manufactured components in a factory and assembles them at the site is drawing attention. The precast concrete (PC) method, one of the OSC methods, can handle a larger amount of information at each production stage than the conventional concrete pouring method. For this reason, clear information delivery is greatly needed. However, most PC manufacturing plants and construction sites exchange information by phone, text message, and email; this causes inefficiency and inaccuracy in information exchange. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new system that enables project managers to transmit relevant information to PC members. In this study, a color visualization method based on the 3D/BIM system was developed for each stage of fabrication, curing, shipment, field and assembly of the PC members. The construction field managers could easily grasp the current state of building elements instantly. In addition, a pop-up function was incorporated in the system to recognize the status of construction in terms of PC member installation. This system was developed to help project managers conduct a simple yet systematic site management. As a result of this study, it is believed that it will improve the difficulty of transmitting information related to PC members, contribute to clearer information exchange, and lower the barriers to the introduction of the OSC method.

As the frequency of heat waves rises, it is necessary to manage individual heat strains systematically. To address this challenge, this study aims to develop a clustering-based model for identifying individual differences in vulnerability to heat strain utilizing two proxy variables: metabolic rate estimated by heart rate or proxy A and eardrum temperature or proxy B. The k-means clustering method was used to divide individuals into different groups based on their vulnerability to heat strain and two groups such as high-risk and low-risk were classified for both of these two proxy variables. An independent samples t-test was used to analyze the differences in the mean values of 13 personal characteristics between the two groups. As a result, there were significant differences in 11 variables, which were mainly related to body fat for the groups classified by proxy A, but no significant differences for the groups classified by proxy B. This study is expected to establish a decision support system that can predict whether a person is at high-risk for heat strain based on their biometric characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current level of safety management at small and medium-sized construction companies and propose improvement measures to prevent safety accidents at these types of companies. The analysis results indicated that small and medium-sized construction companies found that the lower the construction capability ranking, the less the composition of safety-only organizations was at headquarters, and the safety management performance system seemed to be closely related to the presence or absence of safety-only organizations. The overall safety management level at these types of companies was found to be insufficient, and the headquarters was found to be even more insufficient than that of the site. Small and medium-sized construction companies in Korea showed that the higher the construction capability ranking, the higher the safety management level was while groups one, two, and three of these types of companies showed a somewhat insufficient safety management level, and groups four and five were relatively insufficient. In this study, the opinions of safety-related practitioners in each group were collected and ways to improve the safety management level at small and medium-sized construction companies in Korea was presented. Since this study had limitations in suggesting a plan to improve the level of safety management at headquarters and at the site, a more detailed methodology is needed. In addition, considering this study targeted small and medium-sized construction companies, further research is needed to improve the safety management level of large and medium-sized construction companies.

This study was conducted to identify the current safety management level of large domestic construction companies, compare it with past safety levels, and present improvement plans for areas that need future development. As a result, it was found that the current head office and site safety management level of large domestic construction companies improved compared to the past, and the safety management level of the head office improved somewhat more than the site. In addition, the safety management level of each group was maintained at a good level in large domestic construction companies. However, the safety management level of group two was still relatively low compared to group one, and the difference in these levels between groups still existed. The safety management level improvement plan was analyzed and suggested for each group of large domestic construction companies.