The aim of this study is to outline the characteristics of urban design curricula in German universities. This outline can then serve as a valuable reference for assessing the current state and guiding the future direction of urban design education within the architectural programs of universities in Korea. Within the architecture education of the chosen universities, the urban design curriculum plays a pivotal role in cultivating a holistic perspective for aspiring architects. It not only delves into the art of designing buildings but also extends the boundaries of architecture. This extension opens up the possibility for architects to envision and shape the future of our environment. The curriculum is thoughtfully structured to empower students to explore these expanded avenues in alignment with their individual interests and aptitudes. The focal point of the urban design curriculum is the design project studio. In a bachelor's program, a step-by-step progression was established, enabling students to proceed from detailed modules to the urban design studio. Across all the analyzed curricula, a harmonious interlinking between different disciplines was identified. Moreover, urban design education seamlessly integrates various specific fields, including urban design, urban planning, regional planning, urban development, and international urbanism.

This study delves into the evolving welfare paradigm, transitioning from selective support services to comprehensive space-based universal services. To accomplish this, relevant research literature linking space and welfare was gathered and subjected to text mining analysis to discern prevalent trends. The research landscape has witnessed a shift. While earlier studies predominantly concentrated on socially disadvantaged groups, a growing number of investigations no longer target specific demographics. This reflects an evolving social consciousness wherein universal welfare is progressively being integrated into scholarly discussions. As welfare beneficiaries extend to encompass the wider local populace, there arises a need for an in depth exploration of demand-oriented spatial welfare. This entails identifying the genuine welfare requirements of local residents and providing fitting spatial solutions. Although the range of studied spaces has expanded to encompass diverse areas like residential and living infrastructure facilities, the majority of research still centers around conventional social welfare facilities. This is somewhat insufficient to mirror the swiftly changing societal expectations. In this context of the new normal era, it is imperative to consolidate research across previously segmented facilities, considering the anticipated surge in multifaceted welfare service demands. Lastly, it was observed that distinct topics within the Built Environment realm, such as CPTED, universal design, and sustainable design, have intertwined with welfare discussions. Employing text mining analysis, this study endeavors to uncover research trends more objectively and quantitatively. This study's outcomes hold academic significance by enhancing comprehension of the concept of space-based welfare. It also identifies macro research trends, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the subject's scope and core themes.

In recent years, the psychiatry department has witnessed a surge in patient visits, attributed to the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in daily life, worsening acute mental conditions, and concurrent emergency physical illnesses. Notably, even amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the infection rate among psychiatric patients continues to rise. Consequently, there's a growing demand for isolation beds for psychiatric patients within medical facilities, allowing constant monitoring by medical personnel to mitigate the spread of infections. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of implementing mobile architecture in the design of seclusion room modules for psychiatric emergency situations. The research delves into the requisites of a seclusion room module, its potential for modular construction, and its viability as a medical space. Methodologically, the focus centers on examining the viability of a mobile seclusion room module. This involves analyzing existing healthcare infrastructure and the seclusion room requirement from a psychiatric department perspective. In conclusion, this study represents a foundational stride toward a mobile medical space capable of providing infection-safe and protective isolation for mentally ill individuals, facilitating both physical and internal surgical treatments during emergencies. Additionally, this study explores the potential of creating a seclusion space based on a modular construction method.

This study introduces an objective typification methodology that employs deep learning to analyze the exterior appearances of buildings. The conventional approach to typification was reliant on subjective analysis and was limited in terms of the number of structures that could be assessed. This study aimed to overcome these limitations by establishing an objective typification method using deep learning, focusing specifically on public office buildings. The research process involved a comprehensive survey of domestic public office buildings to compile an image dataset. Subsequently, a model was constructed utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), a form of deep learning, to grasp the distinctive features of building images. These features, extracted from the CNN model, were then organized into groups through k-means clustering. The outcome of this clustering enabled the analysis of each cluster's unique characteristics, facilitating the establishment of typification criteria such as building height, fa?ade pattern, materials, protrusions, and roof structures. This methodology's effectiveness was validated through a comparative analysis with prior research. The results of this study offer potential applications in fundamental investigations concerning the current state of public office buildings and in typification studies encompassing diverse architectural forms beyond public office buildings.

This study goes beyond space-oriented regeneration when regenerating idle facilities into cultural spaces, and considers the part where people living in the city can realize the value of life in the community and create the unique characteristics of the city. It was recognized that it was necessary to reflect together. To this end, the characteristics of publicity were divided into 'architectural publicity' and 'urban publicity', and architectural publicity was divided into 'placeness', 'symbolism', 'sustainability', 'environmental', and urban publicity subdivided into 'public interest', 'connectedness' and 'participation'. Based on this standard, the results of analyzing how the regeneration cases of cultural spaces in abandoned industrial facilities express publicity to realize the function and role of space are as follows. First, in order to express architectural publicity, it is necessary to secure a purpose-type space that can satisfy the social and cultural needs of the region and residents, and change the past space that has lost use value to suit the current use. Second, in order to express urban publicity, various residents participate and try to solve various local problems culturally, expand into welfare and cultural tourism industries, and furthermore, have a positive impact in achieving a more comprehensive city vision. You need to manage the space to give. Therefore, a regenerative cultural space can be seen as playing an important role in connecting the past, present and future as it is used as a space that communicates with residents and grows together with the region beyond the stage of providing cultural enjoyment and experiences.

With the need for gradual regeneration research that emphasizes existing contexts in the face of indiscriminate development of old urban dwellings, this study aims to examine the transitional characteristics of spatial, visual, and thermal environment from the 1960s to the 2020s focused on the Namju-dong outside south gate of Cheongju through context simulation. In the simulation of spatial change from the 1960s to May 2022, the expansion and construction of buildings have been carried out in the form of old street networks, alleys, and individual lots except for the area around the opening road, In the simulation of visual change, Namju Sangga-ro, Jungang Park Road, and alleyways in the north-south direction still reveal the old scenery, the Gagujeom-gil and Eunhaengnamu-gil in the east-west direction have three or four stories that are 1 to 1.5 times the width of the 6~8m road. In the simulation of thermal environment, wind paths that flowed between narrow alleyways and yards disappeared into the middle-story buildings connected to the opened road and the surrounding high-rise buildings, and the wind speed of 2-3m/s rose to more than 5m/sec. This study remains at the basic production of LOD 1 and 2 in building modeling work. In the future, it can be used as a guide for more convincing gradual regeneration measures by modeling the materials and detailed elements of buildings in stages of LOD 3 and 4, and the planting, fences, and gates in stage of LOD 5.

This study aims to discern the distinctive attributes of visual texture in architectural materials, and subsequently analyze the cognitive trends in visual perception, distinguished by the target audience. Three distinct categories of texture attributes were extracted from various building materials, followed by a cognitive experiment involving 120 participants, accounting for both their academic majors and genders. The results indicated the vein image, referred to as I-V, a cognitive inclination emerged towards eliciting sensations of lightness, flexibility, naturalness, stability, universality, and comfort. Conversely, the grain image, referred to as I-G, exhibited a visual effect imbued with three-dimensionality and an uneven surface, conveyed through the texture of the grains. When examining the vertical and horizontal pattern, referred to as I-P1, participants perceived a sense of stability and orderliness, while the diagonal pattern, referred to as I-P2, was characterized by a dynamic and free-flowing essence. In terms of the cognitive attributes pertinent to distinct subject groups, a notable difference in cognitive perception was detected predominantly in the I-V category, more prominently attributed to variations in design majors rather than gender differences. This distinction was particularly pronounced in the context of physical properties. For the I-G category, discernible cognitive biases were noticeable primarily within the male design-major cohort, with minimal variations observed in other groups. Similarly, cognitive biases were evident in the male design-major subset for I-P1, primarily within the realm of physical characteristics. In contrast, for I-P2, significant differences in cognitive attributes arose based on design-major status, where cognitive variations of physical properties exceeded those related to material expressive properties.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness and scope of influence of crime prevention facilities implemented within the context of the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) project area. The analysis, which focused on 13 types of 351 facilities across seven research areas, studied crime patterns before and after the project. The research methodology encompassed various analyses, including crime rate changes in project areas and administrative dongs, alterations in crime types and hotspot distributions, facility density's correlation with crime, and crime analysis within a specific radius. This study innovatively employed a facility-centric buffer analysis coupled with hotspot analysis, distinct from prior research. The average reduction rate for the five primary crime types was -61.0% within one year. Crime decreased in three areas post-project, with a higher reduction rate compared to administrative dongs. The most effective areas in the CPTED project included theft or burglary, property crimes, and street crimes. Areas around crime prevention facilities exhibited diminished crime clusters and concentrations or hotspots. Statistically significant crime reductions were noted on streets with three to four installed facilities. Lastly, through a facility-oriented buffer analysis at intervals of 10 meters, this study identified the longest impact ranges of certain facilities. CCTV information signs and village etiquette signs displayed an impact range of 60 meters and 50 meters, respectively. External pipe intrusion prevention facilities and safety village information signs proved effective in deterring intrusion-related crimes. Meanwhile, logo-jecters, CCTV information signs, reflectors, and electric pole maintenance with location numbers demonstrated effectiveness in curbing street crimes. Additionally, door reflection sheets and electric pole maintenance with location numbers were found effective in reducing interpersonal crimes, and logo-jecters along with CCTV information signs were successful in addressing night-time crimes. In particular, door reflection sheets and wall maintenance including painting, which despite doubts about their efficacy, are extensively utilized in CPTED projects, and they have indeed demonstrated certain crime prevention effects.

Changsin-dong Sewing Factories has existed as the background of the Dongdaemun Fashion Market for more than 50 years and has been in charge of production in the distribution structure of the clothing industry. It is necessary to reorganize it as a base for the sewing industry, which is the basis for the daily life and socio-economic activities of the residents of Changsin-dong. This study investigated the history and value of Changsin-dong and presented the role of Dongdaemun fashion industry and the necessity of preservation value. In addition, the functions of clothing producers in Changsin-dong were investigated in order of process and spatial analysis of sewing factories is conducted based on previous research. By forming a sewing industry area, We would like to propose a program for residents in Changsin-dong through horizontal and vertical program placement analysis and the required area for each process of the sewing industry. We presented a plan to induce circulation of copper lines through logistics and interpolation and link the sewing process program of Pattern-Cutting-Sewing-Finishing. Therefore, we analyzed the case of reorganizing the space by organizing the urban manufacturing industry and the case of space planning with the slope, and based on this, we sought ways to use it according to the need for a sewing factory. By Weaving sewing factories distributed throughout Changsin-dong as a Cycle System, an efficient sewing work environment was presented, and a plan for linking the sewing factory and housing was proposed. In addition, in order to solve the problems of the existing slope, not only the sewing industry but also a community zone that local users can share together. It was expected as a base facility in the region through the Service Road and community zone using slopes. Sewing workers, residents of Changsin-dong, and citizens all work together to propose rehabilitation planning of Sewing Factories and the Residentials by weaving strategy.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how cultural property class buildings were treated among conflicting buildings along the road at the time of widening work targeting the Sejong-ro and Taepyeong-ro sections. The currently conserved cadastral maps of each era, documents related to road planning by the National Archives of Korea and the Seoul Metropolitan Archives, and articles and illustrations of various newspapers are subject to analysis. The widening of Sejong-ro and Taepyeong-ro began to be planned by national policy in the 1950s. Except for the west section of Sejong-ro in 1966, all of them were promoted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and were carried out several times. The road widening lines at this time were planned geometrically straight. It was carried out by drawing a line on the map and collectively handling the conflicting buildings around it. At this time, the Seoul Metropolitan Government had in mind the relocation of architectural cultural properties and the entire or partial demolition of general buildings. In this process, the Monument for the 40th Anniversary of King Gojong's Enthronement was able to be conserved in its original location due to the Cultural Heritage Protection Act, and the Deoksugung Palace Wall and Daehanmun Gate had to be relocated. There was no way to protect buildings that were not cultural properties at all, but in the case of the former Post Office building, if partial demolition did not occur due to the widening in the 1980s, it can be expected that it would have been recognized as a registered cultural property today.

This study compared wall-based materials and construction techniques in Korea, China, and Japan, all part of the same wooden culture, using data such as repair records, drawings, and photos. The composition methods, terminology, and detailed construction techniques of the wall bases in these three countries were compared and analyzed. The results showed that these countries have similar methods of applying soil after forming a wall base using wood, known by different names: "외엮기벽" in Korea, "木舞壁(コマイカベ)" in China, and "夹泥墙" in Japan. Additionally, "夹泥墙" is used in various regions in China, unlike the common perception of Chinese walls using warp stones. In terms of wall construction, Korean walls use Mullions in upper and lower inbangs and install Batten and Oe between them, woven together using rope. Chinese walls mainly use Mullion, Batten, and Oe or bamboo, fixed on the outer surface through bending. Japanese walls use thin plate Mullion and Oe as the wall background, incorporating variable materials such as braces. Although the terminology for walls in these countries shares similarities due to their Chinese character culture, there are differences in pronunciation and character usage. Additionally, Korean and Japanese walls separate the plaster layer from the inner structure layer, while Chinese walls view the wall itself as a structural component. While the constituent materials of the walls show similarities among the three countries, differences exist in the method of installing Mullion and Oe. In Korea, only Batten and Oe are woven into rope without weaving in Mullion. In Japan, all components, including Mullion, are woven into rope with variations in their connection techniques compared to Korea.

This study focuses on the spatial arrangements and Dual Occupancy of Colonial Joseon Special Bank branches established during the 1920s and 1930s. It also examines the layouts of the Busan branches of Joseon Bank and Joseon Siksan Bank, both of which were engaged in commercial banking. These banks integrated working spaces and ancillary areas, placing vaults within the working zones. The working areas included an office and a rear-positioned vault, allowing abundant front light, that created a positive ambiance for bank staff. Customer lounges were shaped like 'ㅡ' for spaces under 100 pyeong and 'ㄴ' for larger areas, each featuring two entrances. Regarding the Busan branches, the Joseon Bank Busan branch constructed three buildings on a narrow plot, while the Joseon Siksan Bank Busan branch was built on a slope. The working spaces were situated on the ground level, with auxiliary rooms in the basement. The customer lounge featured a single entrance. These Busan branches were established later than the commercial banks in Busan, leading to a competitive environment between special banks and commercial banks near Bonjeong (本町). Notably, the spatial layouts of the Busan special bank branch differed from the ones established during the colonial Joseon era.

This study systematically endeavors to dissect Louis Kahn's architectural approach to space creation, based on architectural philosophy. Light, in this context, serves as a bridge between human rationality and emotion, enhancing the experiential depth of spaces and emphasizing their presence. Rather than mere functional dividers, boundaries take on the role of markers that influence the lives of those who inhabit these spaces. Light's presence within diverse spaces enriches experiences and acts as a catalyst, a fundamental force that triggers engagement. The process of establishing boundaries involves not just separation but also connection, forming a link between two spaces. Depending on the nature of these boundaries, the character of the space creates various spaces such as closed, open, and semi-open areas. When Khan refers to a room, he is not confined to the notion of a typical residential space, but an interior area within buildings. By doing so, he brings human-space relationships closer by integrating domestic room concepts into broader architectural contexts. This study dissects the elements and principles of spatial composition, including the interplay of light, the role of boundaries, the dynamics within the spaces between, and the rhythm of spatial arrangement. The architectural analysis delves into the interplay between individuality and communal engagement influenced by light, the interweaving and separation of areas defined by boundaries, the intermediate spaces formed, and the architectural techniques applied through rhythm and order. In this study, the architectural works of Louis Kahn's Exeter Library were analyzed, focusing on the interplay between light and spatial boundaries. The aim was to unveil the interconnection between the method of introducing light into a space and the delineation of its boundaries.

This study aims to analyze the main houses of Pompeii through image production using architectural design. Casa del Chirurgo, Casa di Sallustio, Casa de Ceii, Casa del Menandro, Casa del Fauno, Casa dei Vettii, and Casa del Poeta Tragico were selected as case studies. Initially, a succinct historical overview of urban architecture in Pompeii was provided to lay the groundwork. Subsequently, two representative types of spatial composition and the corresponding names of each space were introduced to help with the general understanding of Pompeii's houses. The concept of image production using architectural design was analyzed by dividing it into following ideas as the urban publicity using the outer wall of the house, the formality and authenticity embodied in the long passage of the fauces, the establishment of spatial order and openness through a symmetrical axis, and the creation of a business-oriented atmosphere in the atrium alongside the hedonistic ambiance of the peristyle. In conclusion, the findings revealed an image-producing strategy using architectural design that reflected the perspectives and needs of both the paterfamilias and external observers of the house.

The aim of this study is to delve into the architectural works of Fernando Tavora, potentially considered a prototype of postmodern architecture in Portugal. This study employs an analytical approach, scrutinizing his constructed projects and historical background to grasp the essence of site within the Portuguese context. By investigating how Fernando Tavora seamlessly blends site considerations with his constructed works, it clarifies the significance of this architectural integration. Moreover, it seeks to ascertain the impact of this integration on the shaping of future architectural generations in Portugal. A comprehensive analysis revealed that Fernando Tavora's innovative approach stands as a prototype that paves the way for future generations of Portuguese architecture. His works transcend as a beacon of Portuguese postmodern architecture, countering the disconnect experienced by modern architecture from its historical significance.

The study aims to examine the impact of urban spatial arrangement and physical environmental attributes on the transient population in commercial zones, focusing on downtown Seoul. The analysis involved data spanning from 2012 to 2015, encompassing a total of 893 data points. The statistical tool used was the Negative Binomial Regression Analysis in SPSS Statistics v.27. The analysis results revealed major commercial hubs in downtown Seoul, including Myeongdong Street, Namdaemun Market, and Jonggak Street of Youth, were identified as areas with favorable accessibility based on urban spatial structure analysis. The floating population in downtown commercial districts was influenced by physical environmental factors such as the Amount of Walking Space, Accessibility to Pedestrian Facilities, Land Use characteristics related to Business, Commercial facility ratio, and Accessibility to Transportation Facilities. Lastly, a connection was identified between the floating population and Space Syntax elements representing urban spatial structure, specifically connectivity, control, and intensity. Notably, the impact of these physical environmental factors and urban spatial structure elements was prominent during weekends when leisurely strolls were prevalent.

This study aims to empirically analyze the effects and factors influencing the implementation of smart urban regeneration facilities in the Namsan District of Cheonan. As a result of analyzing the impact of introducing these smart facilities through field surveys and questionnaires, it was observed that installing smart CCTVs enhanced local crime prevention efforts, smart bus stops contributed to convenient public transportation, and smart benches improved the pedestrian environment. It was found that the health environment has improved through the service of the attending physician. The introduction of these facilities led to increased neighborhood satisfaction, a heightened sense of settlement, stronger community attachment, and greater trust in both neighbors and the public. Second, it was identified that both smart bus stops and smart benches significantly contributed to neighborhood satisfaction, with smart bus stops exerting the strongest influence. All four types of smart urban regeneration facilities were found to impact residents' sense of settlement, indicating that the changes brought about by these smart renovations positively influenced life satisfaction and improve the settlement consciousness of local residents. Moreover, the study revealed that smart CCTVs & Wi-Fi, smart benches, and the smart doctor facility significantly influenced neighborhood attachment, with the smart doctor having a notably substantial impact. Lastly, the study found that trust in neighbors and the public was positively associated with the presence of smart CCTV & Wi-Fi, smart bus stops, and smart benches.

With the urgency of global warming, the building sector is trying to curtail building energy for sustainable development. The current building codes relies on a prescriptive approach that specifies thermal properties of building components such as wall U-value, window U-value, fenestration SHGC, heat pump COP, lighting density. However, this prescriptive falls short because it does not consider the holistic energy performance of a building as well as sometimes results in biased or wrong decision making. To overcome this, we selected a target building (US DOE small office building), conducted global sensitivity analysis and analyzed interwoven interactions between retrofit variables and building energy use through the SHAP method, one of the explainable AIs. Conclusively, it was found that if the interwoven interactions were not properly taken into account, the prescriptive approach could lead to a wrong decision making. In addition, it emphasized that the performance based thinking must be employed in building energy decision making.

It is crucial for infectious disease isolation facilities to rapidly isolate patients with infectious diseases and provide effective care and infection prevention measures. This study introduces an infection transmission prevention approach focused on sanitary and plumbing systems, which have been mostly overlooked in the planning of such facilities. In the future, we suggest implementing a sanitary and plumbing plan along with a standalone/mobile unit bath module for the swift and efficient transformation of isolation facilities that can respond to a global infectious disease pandemic. Airborne and droplet (aerosol) transmission viruses are unlikely to be present in the water supply and cause infections in others. Sewage and drainage piping can create a pathway for virus-laden aerosols to flow back into a room as part of the airflow. Hence, it is crucial to separate the wastewater system from other wards. In cases where separation is not possible, chlorine dioxide disinfection can be used as the most efficient pre-treatment disinfection method for viruses. To address this issue, we have developed a mobile unit bath module that guarantees independence and can be immediately utilized by connecting the sanitary and plumbing piping and electricity of the existing water supply and wastewater on the site. In the future, we will conduct field validation using a pilot modular system.

A cooling system at a building operates to maintain indoor temperature and humidity to meet a certain thermal comfort level for occupants. The temperature sensor for the supply chilled water is a vital component for the proper operation of the cooling system. A malfunctioning temperature sensor, leading to discrepancies between actual and measured temperature values, can result in degraded cooling system performance and an increase in cooling energy consumption. If the sensor fault is continued, in addition, indoor thermal environment cannot be properly maintained. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate influences of the faulty sensor during operation of the cooling system. This study conducted energy and thermal analysis using the EnergyPlus simulation program by varying sensor fault offsets which represents a faulty sensor. Based on the simulation results, this study concluded that negative offsets adversely affected indoor thermal comfort, while positive offsets increased cooling energy consumption.

This study addresses the seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, which were primarily designed for gravity loads alone. Assessing the buildings' seismic capability requires understanding the deformation capacity of the lightly reinforced concrete columns within them. The study's objective is twofold: to establish a procedure for categorizing column failure modes, and to present equations for predicting deformation capacities based on these failure modes. To achieve this, data from 189 lightly reinforced concrete columns across 53 different studies were collected. The effectiveness of the newly proposed failure classification procedure was validated by comparing its outcomes to the observed failure modes of the columns. Significantly improved accuracy was demonstrated compared to existing classification methods. The study further introduced empirical equations for forecasting column deformation capacity through regression analysis. These equations were validated by comparing calculated deformation capacities to actual measurements from column specimens. The empirical equations proposed in this study showed markedly higher coefficients of determination compared to existing equations proposed by Zhu, Elwood, & Haukaas (2007) and ASCE 41 (2017). This demonstrates that the suggested empirical equations can effectively forecast both the failure mode and deformation capacity of the lightly reinforced concrete columns.

Recently, modular building system has been applied mid to high-rise buildings for residential. G/W (Glass-Wool) Panel are often used for the members of modular system. The aim of this paper is to validate the structural performance of modular exterior stone joints using G/W panels and screw connections and the propose for the detailed design of the connection for exterior stone panels using self-drilling screw. The specimens consisted of G/W panel to exterior stone connection with angle connector, lipped plate and self-drilling screws, and the pull-out and shear performance of the modular exterior stone connections is verified using UTM. The major test parameters of pull-out test were the number of self-drilling screws, the diameter of self-drilling screws, and the support conditions. The major test parameters of shear test were the number of self-drilling screws and installed G/W panel. The test results showed that the pull-out strength and shear strength of the proposed details are 4.81 kN and 31.08 kN, respectively, and the pull-out and shear performance of the detailed joints for the stone load (one sheet, 39 kg) are excellent. In addtion, in order to evaluate the structural performance of the self-drilling screw in the modular stone exterior joint details, the design strength of the self-drilling screw calculated through the formula presented in "KDS 41 30 30: 2022" should be reviewed.

This study aims to examine how the performance of mechanical rebar splices is impacted by the ribs and length of hybrid sleeves, utilizing the finite element (FE) method. The cylindrical hybrid splice sleeve is crafted through machining, composed of SM45C material, featuring an inner diameter of 31.2 mm and a thickness of 4.3 mm. In the FE models, the rebar's steel grade is SD600 with a diameter of 22 mm (D22), while the grout's compressive strength is set at 100 MPa. To simulate the nonlinear behavior and fracture of the rebars, the analysis employs the true stress-strain relationship and ductile damage conditions. Moreover, contact interactions between the rebar, grout, and sleeve surfaces are modeled in Abaqus/Explicit using an exponential pressure-overclosure relationship and kinetic friction. The analysis parameters under scrutiny encompass the spacing and profile of the sleeve rib and the sleeve length. Results indicate that the sleeve rib spacing should not exceed twice the rebar rib spacing, and the sleeve length should be more than 6.0d to induce rebar fracture as the failure mode. When considering the profile of the sleeve rib, the ability to resist slippage between the sleeve and grout is most effective in the sequence of semicircular, trapezoidal, and rectangular shapes.

The standard VM Job Plan stipulates that a VM study target to be intensively invested in time and effort is selected. In case of design change, the target is specified in advance, and the VM study team is already fully familiar with the relevant information. In addition, design changes need to be carried out quickly and intensively in a short time at the site during construction. Therefore, in this study, separate from the standardized process, in order to enable the client to effectively and smoothly conduct the VM Study, which is obligatory for design changes accompanied by a 10% or more cost adjustment in the construction stage of construction works worth 10 billion won or more A VM Study process (DCVM Job Plan) suitable for the characteristics of design changes was developed. As a result of testing the adequacy of the DCVM Job Plan developed in this study, it was investigated that the DCVM Job Plan can be easily applied to the design change stage by practitioners and can be used by the client as a reliable data in the process of reviewing the adequacy of the VM results.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social acceptability of modular construction for the education facilities. Modular construction has recently garnered significant attention as a promising solution to enhance productivity in the costruction industry. While many studies have explored various aspects of decision-making processes related to the adoption of modular construction, the majority of them have centered around the perspectives of project owners and general contractors. Recently, Ministry of Education enforces green smart school policy. Based on the policy, there are plans to construct or renovate many schools using model construction methods. Unfortunately, some of these plans were rejected due to strong opposition from users. This study examines the social acceptability of modular construction for education facilities, focusing on four key factors: rational factors, emotional factors, communication, and trust. A survey was conducted among potential users of these facilities, specifically parents, generating a dataset of 75 responses. The findings indicate that rational factors, emotional factors, and trust exhibit strong correlations with social acceptability, with variations observed between the group that has engaged in discussions regarding the installation of modular classrooms for their children and the group that has not. The results of this study can identify the factors that hinder the widespread adoption of modular construction and contribute to the expansion of its implementation.

This study utilized the DEA model to analyze the efficiency of various specialty construction industries. Data from 2017 to 2021, covering 520 specialty construction companies, were examined. The findings indicated that these companies were inefficient in terms of scale, highlighting the need for improvements through measures like reducing production factors, such as scale reduction. Among the specialty construction industries, the reinforced concrete construction sector demonstrated significantly higher efficiency compared to others, emphasizing the importance of benchmarking between these industries. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a temporary decline in efficiency within the specialty construction industry in 2020, but a recovery was observed in 2021. However, operating profit efficiency saw a substantial decline in 2021, primarily due to soaring raw material prices. Consequently, it was deduced that the increase in sales efficiency resulted from these price surges. The study identified the reinforced concrete construction industry of metal, window, roofing, prefabrication construction, and painting, wetting, waterproofing of the stone construction industry as most impacted by escalating construction material costs. Therefore, it is crucial for specialty construction companies to enhance efficiency by reducing input factors, with a specific focus on efficiency management strategies considering rising raw material prices for the aforementioned industries. It is important to note that this study only analyzed specialty construction companies subject to external audits, and factors like technological changes were not considered. The analysis primarily focused on relative efficiency within the same industry category.