This study integrated the planning and design stages of public buildings into one research scope, focusing on the domestic request for a proposal system. The open call system in the Belgian province of Flanders has been continuously striving to improve the quality of public buildings for more than 20 operating years. Through this system, several elegant public buildings were created there, ranging from close-to-life small buildings to large buildings that serve as local landmarks. As a result of analyzing this operation, the following implications for a proposal system request were derived. Further expanding the proposal competition to be applied to large-scale projects without limiting the recommended size is necessary. When evaluating a proposal request, avoiding a scoring system and pursuing a voting system is needed so that the evaluation effect of an architect's career and similar project performance is minimized, and innovative ideas can be adopted. When organizing the judging committee and considering the domestic situation, the evaluation effect can be reviewed in the order of organizational needs to participate as a jury member. The role and scope of work involving private experts should be expanded to the planning and design stages before and after the request for a proposal system, so that they play an overall and leading role rather than an auxiliary role. This study was meaningful in that it drew different implications from previous studies, such as the appropriate project size of a proposal request, design competition period, evaluation and screening, and the role of private experts and government architects. However, there was a limitation in that the implications related to the request for a proposal system were presented at the level of improvements; a more detailed analysis of the problems of the request for a proposal system and research for realistic improvement plans remain as future tasks.

The coronavirus pandemic caused diverse changes within a few years, from changes in people's lifestyles and living environments to the acceleration of digital transformation throughout society and a downturn in the construction industry. Productivity improvement is important to strengthen competitiveness within the construction industry; however, domestic construction productivity has been gradually decreasing, showing low productivity compared to other industries. To overcome low productivity, this study proposes Software-defined Housing (SDH), a next-generation architectural model. This study also presented the SDH ecosystem together, considering that SDH can become a driving force for an industrial ecosystem rather than just functional housing with new technologies. To apply the Software-defined (SD) concept to architecture, theoretical considerations, and case analyses in various fields were performed to establish the concept of SDH. SDH components were defined by dividing them into hardware and software, based on the basic principles of SD networking (SDN) and SD vehicles (SDV) to present SDH implementation strategies. The detailed components and operating principles were set and presented using scenario-based prototyping. Finally, to verify this model, in-depth interviews were conducted with architecture and construction experts on the competitiveness of the SDH model and the possibility of contributing to industrial productivity in the construction field through the establishment of an ecosystem. Consequently, this study confirmed the possibility of the SDH concept being developed into a new industrial power in the construction field to respond to changes in society, manage shifts in the industry and overcome low productivity.

This study aims to propose a plan for enhancing the integration and efficiency of educational and architectural pre-planning processes in the Green Smart Future School Pre-planning Guidelines. To achieve this goal, the high school credit system curriculum was first analyzed to identify its relationship with school space. Pre-planning literature on school space projects according to education policy, as well as previous studies related to high school credit system spaces, were examined to obtain objective data on the work and process of educational and architectural pre-planning. By comparing and analyzing the pre-planning guidelines for 2021 and 2022 Seoul Green Smart Future Schools, improvements were identified for the work, process, and operation methods of separate pre-planners. Based on the analysis results of the pre-planning case of Seoul Yongmun High School's Green Smart Future School, and the relationship between the curriculum and school space, the pre-planning guidelines were reconstructed, and integrated work, process, and operation methods were suggested as improvement plans.

The changes in travel opportunity cost due to the spread of autonomous vehicles are expected to reduce the burden of long-distance travel and affect preferred residential areas of urban households. This study aims to predict the impact of the spread of autonomous vehicles on urban spatial structure, focusing on the distribution of housing prices in the Seoul Metropolitan Area as it relates to the changes in travel opportunity cost. The current housing price and travel opportunity cost were analyzed through a hedonic price model, and the future housing prices of different scenarios considering the changes in travel opportunity cost were predicted and compared. Compared to the present, the relative housing price distribution or relative price index (RPI) decreased in the range below 20% and increased in the range between 20% and 80%. As the market penetration rate of autonomous vehicles increased, the distribution of the median range of housing prices shifted from downtown Seoul to the adjacent Gyeonggi region. The results of this study suggest that the reduction in travel opportunity cost due to the spread of autonomous vehicles may allow urban households to prefer areas other than the city center as residential areas and mitigate the housing price gap in the Seoul Metropolitan Area.

This study aims to examine spatial areas through photo zones to analyze traditional market activation factors; the Gwangjang Market in Jongno, Seoul implicitly formed a photo zone and was focused on. The research method involved searching for these photo zones and analyzing their spatial area by dividing them into four areas according to their characteristics. The analysis results revealed the factors that revitalized the Gwangjang Market created by these spatial area characteristics. The first area encompassed the spatial areas of photography. The first area of the photo zone also entailed activation elements of expression involving the composition of objects, behavior, and spatial composition expressions in the second and third areas formed by object composition, spatial image representation through intersections and landmarks, and expression of the atmosphere in a place by accumulating the spatial area of a photo zone. After discovering these elements of the traditional market activated through photo zones, photo zone plans should be presented as one of the elements of regional revitalization in upcoming future traditional market revitalization plans.

The purpose of this study is to review the regulations related to the classification of housing use and to propose improvements. The classification for housing use was analyzed from two perspectives : the classification system itself and business value. Confusion regarding the definition of housing was found not only between the Building Act and Housing Act but also among related tax acts. Furthermore, classification issues were identified for detached housing, multi-family housing, and for quasi-housing. To resolve these issues and respond to new types of residential facilities, a new classification system was proposed. Multi-unit houses, multi-household houses, row houses, and apartments were consolidated into multi-family housing to eliminate confusion caused by the number of floors and total floor area limitation for housing use. Multi-user houses and dormitories were classified as newly created share housing to meet the demand for new types of rental housing. Introducing quasi-housing into the Building Act will enable the management of newly emerging residential facilities in the housing market. This study proposes reorganizing the classification oh housing use into four categories : detached housing, multi-unit housing, share housing, and quasi-housing, with practicality, scalability, and sustainability in mind. The findings of this study are expected to inform future government policies or revisions to housing laws and regulations.

This study was conducted to analyze the perception and application status of architectural professionals, focusing on crime prevention building standards related to housing, and to derive implications for improving and effectively applying crime prevention building standards. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the standards were often related to the contents and facilities (including crime prevention facilities) that correspond to the public or semi-public areas. Second, most of the architectural professionals knew about CPTED. However, the perception of related laws and crime prevention building standards was insufficient, and the necessity of crime prevention building standards was very much agreed. Third, as a result of analyzing the frequency, level of understanding, and ease of application of crime prevention building standards, Article 6, 7 and Section 8, 9 are easy to apply. On the other hand, it was difficult to understand and apply Article 5 and 9 in Chapter 2, Paragraph 1, 4, and 12. Finally, in order for crime prevention building standards to be activated, it was found that it was necessary to check whether the standards were applied in step-by-step deliberations, and to provide and educate specific cases(information) focused on building. In addition, it was found that it was necessary to raise the allocation of CPTED-related points in design contests, provide incentives such as raising the floor area ratio, and form a consensus on the implementation of the CPTED certification system for buildings.

Veshch (Bещь-Objet-Gegenstand), an international review of modern art featuring articles in Russian, German, and French, was founded by El Lissitzky and Ilya Ehrenburg in cosmopolitan Berlin in 1922. While the journal's stated goal was to introduce the latest Western European art to artists working in Russia and to provide information about Russian art to people in Western Europe, its true objective was to establish new modern art as constructive art that could contribute to organizing new modern life and society. Veshch viewed artistic things as the organizing causes of society, rather than just its results. This study aims to investigate Veshch's goals and strategies centered around the concept of 'thing' by closely analyzing and interpreting the journal's original texts. It seeks to understand the implications of the editors' approach on communication among different artistic mediums and the exploration of possibilities for new things. According to Veshch, such things were not to be created through individual emotions but through shared knowledge of construction and the accumulation and development of this knowledge would allow for a new world of artistic things. Thus, Veshch proposed and encouraged new ideas by editing such knowledge to guide new inventions and synthesis, taking on the role of an innovative and open platform for a possible new modern life. In the field of architecture, it anticipated the ways of integrating architectural language and industrial solutions.

This study analyzes the characteristics of the existing department stores that emphasize uniform appearance and efficient space organization to analyze the changes in newly built department stores within the last three years. Through Edward Relph's armed firing, existing department stores encouraged armed stations through uniform appearance, efficient space organization, placeless attitude, and program changes. However, a new department store forms a unique appearance, reflects an internal space focused on comfort and exhibition, and shows an attitude that represents local values or nature. Furthermore, various programs are generated in the large space through the role of art, cultural experiences, and education. Department stores, which previously had placeless characteristics, have changed and rather play a role in strengthening the identity of a place.

This study aims to examine the development process of the former Jeju University main building's plan from the perspective of function and form. As a result, the development of Kim Chung-Up's architectural method was analyzed. Due to the promotion of the university, the building was initially planned as an annex at the former Jeju National University. However, as the status of it changed to the main building, its function and scale were also expanded upon. The initial design of the former main building changed dramatically; however, the functionality of the space was maintained. In addition, the stacking of functions and the planning of copper lines by external access routes continued. The closed stairwell was converted into an open ramp. The shades or brise-soleil and balconies factored the environment such as solar radiation and views that were changed to new forms while maintaining their roles. The scalpel shape of the building that casts a shadow on the lower part was also maintained. Through this study, it was found that the former main building tried to implement various functions harmoniously in one form despite its changes in form.

This study analyzes the establishment of the Musée des Monuments Français in the context of the French Revolution, with a specific focus on the functional transformation of the holy relics that were housed in the Couvent des Petits-Augustins. During the French Revolution, the Couvent's religious relics were stripped of their sacred status and relegated to destruction or vandalism. However, they were subsequently repurposed as cultural assets and transformed into objects for preservation. Through a transfigurative exhibition, these objects were introduced to the public as works of art, while the building was converted from a religious site to a temporary dépôt and eventually an art exhibition space. Although the Musée des Monuments Français closed in 1816, its legacy lives on today through the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which continues to use the former Couvent's Chapelle des Louanges and église as exhibition spaces. This transfiguration of religious architecture into an art exhibition space highlights the concept of art as another sacralization.

This study aims to investigate the urban spatial structure of the old city center of Almaty in historical and social contexts, from the Verny period of imperial Russia, through the Alma-Ata period of the Soviet Union, to present-day Almaty. To accomplish this, the characteristics of the urban development process and the urban composition of each period were examined, followed by analyses of the changes in the central axis and public spaces of Almaty's central city area. Almaty developed from a military fortress and settlement to the capital of Kazakhstan from the Soviet era to the post-independence period. In the process of Almaty's growth, the Imperial Russia in the early stage, and after the Russian Revolution, the Soviet Union exerted an absolute political and economic influence. For this reason, the spatial structure of Almaty has a very strong character of egalitarianism and rationalism, which are the characteristics of national socialism and modern urban design. This means that the grid road system, functional urban zones, and residential areas with similar density have continued until the late 20th century. For these reasons, Almaty has a homogeneous spatial structure based on the grid road system, both regionally and locally. After independence, efforts were made to establish a new economic system and enhance the identity of the national identity by changing the urban structure from the socialist system of the Soviet era. To this end, changes were made in the functions and additions of some facilities, such as renaming of streets and changing of symbolic monuments; the urban spatial structure centered on the central axis remained strong. In particular, the ensemble of the central axis space of the downtown area built during the Soviet Republic era, which consists of public buildings and squares, still remains a representative urban landscape of Almaty.

To prepare basic data for the use of machine learning in the building energy field, this study examined the characteristics of each model and compared the prediction performance, calculation efficiency and output result aspects of the machine learning model according to the input parameters. Outdoor temperature was used as a basic input to consider input differences for six machine learning models, MLR, SVM, GPR, ANN, DNN and DT, which are mainly used in the building energy field, and the building energy consumption was predicted and compared depending on whether the indoor temperature was additionally reflected. The predictive performance of most models improved when the outdoor temperature and the indoor temperature were reflected as inputs rather than when the outdoor temperature was reflected as an input in the influence of the input parameters. In the comparison of the predictive performance of the model, DNN(5-Layer) showed the most dominant predictive results with RMSE, MSE, MAE, and R² (0.190, 0.036, 0.139, 0.88). Next, ANN showed predictive performance of RMSE, MSE, MAE, R² (0.203, 0.041, 0.142, 0.86), and GPR provided efficient prediction with RMSE, MSE, MAE, R² (0.211, 0.044, 0.150, 0.85). DNN and ANN improved their prediction performance as the number of hidden layers increased, but the training time increased from 4.8 seconds to 16.5 seconds. In terms of computational efficiency considering training time, MLR showed the best result with 1.4s. As a result, DNN showed 14% better predictive performance than MLR, and MLR were trained 11.8 times faster than DNN. With indoor temperature being further reflected as input parameters, most models better represent actual building energy consumption in aspects of the forecast results. Machine learning model selection should be reviewed not only for predictive performance for errors but also for calculation cost and the discernment provided by predictive results. Since this study was conducted on a single building, research on the selection and development of models with high reproducibility in various models based on big data in terms of utilization should be continued.

A heating surface of a coil is exposed to various environments contaminated by various materials such as dust, scaling, and others over time. This phenomenon that contaminants attach and accumulate little by little on the heating surface of the coil is called fouling. Fouling involves contaminants of the inner and outer surfaces of the coil by adhering particulates and sediments. Fouling generates a thermal resistance layer on the coil, this layer decreases the heat exchange effectiveness of the coil. Eventually, this phenomenon leads to a reduction in performance and increases the energy usage of the HVAC system. Therefore, this study evaluated the heat exchange effectiveness and HVAC system energy usage to analyze the effect of the fouling on the HVAC system. To achieve this, a building energy simulation was conducted by assuming a situation in which fouling occurred. As a results, the heat exchange effectiveness decreased over time. The inner surface fouling had a greater effect on the decrease in effectiveness and the increase in energy usage than the outer surface fouling.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of visual comfort and lighting energy according to the application of smart windows based on in-situ measurement. To this end, suspended particle device smart windows were applied to an apartment building, which is representative residential building in Korea, related sensors and equipment were installed, and data was collected over '22.07~09. In addition, the evaluation items for visual comfort were set with glare and indoor daylight illuminance, and each evaluation indicator adopted DGI (Daylight Glare Index) and UDI (Useful Daylight Illuminance). Energy performance evaluation was analyzed through lighting energy consumption. In the case of cloudy day, glare did not occur in the control group, so it was found that glare control by smart window discoloration was unnecessary. In the case of partly cloudy day and the clear day, regardless of the smart window control method, the DGI value was always below 22 when applying the smart window, which was found to be effective for glare control. In terms of promoting UDI and reducing lighting energy consumption, it was found to be effective in controlling smart window discoloration rather than always discoloring smart windows under all sky condition. And it was found that the difference in effect was not large when the discoloration reference value was 200 lx or 400 lx.

In modern and contemporary architecture, glass is actively used as a building material with various characteristics such as transparency, lightness, and creation of a modern image. On the other hand, glass is a very weak building material in terms of energy; therefore improvement measures such as double and triple-insulating glass and low-emissivity glass have been proposed. However, most proposals have only focused only on sensible heat, and discussions related to latent heat have been insufficient. Because glass has relatively very low moisture adsorption and desorption performance compared to other building materials, it may be disadvantageous in terms of latent heat load and humidity control. In this study, a simple experiment was conducted using wood, glass, and low-e glass test bodies to identify the tendency of indoor humidity fluctuation due to the building envelope with low moisture adsorption and desorption performance. As a result of this experiment, in the case of a space surrounded by glass, it was confirmed that the indoor humidity rapidly fluctuated according to the humidity of the outside air due to the low moisture adsorption and desorption performance of the envelope.

This study examined the effect of different crack-control approaches at the opening corners on the in-plane shear response of reinforced concrete walls. The conventional diagonal bar arrangement, stress dispersion shell plate, and crack-control strip were considered at each opening corner to mitigate the localized diagonal tension cracks at the re-entrants. Four wall specimens were tested under cyclic in-plane lateral loads. Test results showed that the failure modes and lateral load-displacement relationship of wall specimens were marginally affected by the crack-control approaches considered at the opening corners. Meanwhile, the crack-control strip was more promising than the other approaches in restricting the propagation of diagonal shear cracks at opening corners. The in-plane shear strength of walls with an opening could be reasonably predicted by the ACI 3I8-I9 equation.

Rising labor and material costs have led to the use of precast concrete (PC) methods in the construction industry. Since the PC manufacturing process requires maximum productivity while maintaining the required level of safety, the parameters of the PC factory need to be investigated and optimized but are often overlooked. To maximize productivity and safety in PC manufacturing, the parameters of a PC factory were studied using a digital twin developed with the Unreal Engine. The digital twin included a realistic 3D model of the factory, equipment, and workers based on benchmarked factory data. The twin was then used to analyze productivity and simulate worker movements using AI sight, SetLabel, and heatmap features to improve the factory layout. The results demonstrated that digital twins can greatly enhance the analysis, simulation, and optimization of PC factory manufacturing processes.

The present study examined the effect of micro-steel fibers on the compressive performance of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) with a higher compressive strength-to-density (f_ck/𝜌_c) ratio. The artificially expanded clay aggregates and expanded waste glass particles were used for producing LWAC with a higher f_ck/𝜌_c ratio. Main parameters selected were the designed compressive strength of concrete and volumetric ratio of the fibers. Test results showed that the present LWAC specimens exhibited a higher f_ck than the previous non-reinforced LWAC mixtures at the same 𝜌_c. This enhanced f_ck was more notable as 𝜌_c increased from 1,300 kg/m³ to 1,600 kg/m³. In addition, LWAC specimens reinforced with micro-steel fibers displayed a higher value of compressive toughness index than those reinforced with the conventional macro-steel fibers at the same fiber reinforcing index.

Recently, as the amount of coffee consumption increases, the amount of spent coffee grounds increases, but the amount recycled is small and utilization in the construction field is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, the properties of mortar and the quality of bricks were evaluated by replacing a part of the amount of cement used with spent coffee grounds coated with a water repellent. As a result, the mortar incorporating the spent coffee grounds coated with the water repellent improved the compressive strength, density and absorption ratio compared to the mortar incorporating the spent coffee grounds not coated with the water repellent. In addition, the quality of the bricks manufactured based on the appropriate replacement ratio of the water repellent coated spent coffee grounds satisfied all KS standards. Therefore, it is considered that the appropriate W/B for manufacturing bricks is 38%, and the appropriate replacement ratio of water repellent coated spent coffee grounds is up to 6%.

Late Joseon Dynasty documents reveal the use of crushed roof tiles or bricks as additives for mortars. This study suggests a method for enhancing the performance of mortar to restore and repair architectural heritage. To this end, the effects of traditional brick powder on the hydration and strength development of lime mortar were investigated, with firing temperatures (800℃, 1000℃, 1200℃) and particle sizes (<75 ㎛, 75-150 ㎛, 150-300 ㎛ and 300-500 ㎛) of the powder as main variables, while also considering the binder-to-aggregate ratio (1, 2, 3) as an additional variable. This allowed for a clear understanding of the mortar performance, including influencing factors that were not documented in the historical records, such as fire temperature and particle size. The addition of the brick powder affected the workability and compressive strength of the mortar, with the extent of this impact depending on the firing temperature and particle size. The results of tests on the hydration characteristics such as isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the brick powder reacts with hydrated lime under specific conditions of temperature (800℃) and particle size (<150 ㎛). This results in a pozzolanic reaction, forming hydration products such as monocarboaluminate, hemicarboaluminate, stringite, and calcium silicate hydrate. The compressive strength of the lime mortar increased by up to 2.2 times as a result of this reaction. These findings can be used to provide direction for improving the performance of repair and restoration mortars.

This study aims to improve the self-healing performance of concrete structures by using self-healing capsules composed of amorphous metal fibers and cement-based materials together to mitigate the quality degradation problem of concrete caused by capsules. The amorphous metal fiber reinforcement according to the PCC mixing ratio and the engineering characteristics of mortar were compared and analyzed. To this end, the mortar's fluidity, compressive strength, tensile strength, carbonation, ultrasonic velocity, and chloride ion permeation resistance according to the PCC mixing ratio were measured. As a result of the measurement, the fluidity decreased as the mixing ratio of PCC increased, and the compressive strength showed a tendency to decrease as the mixing ratio of PCC increased regardless of the mixing ratio of amorphous metal fibers. In the case of tensile strength, the mixture using amorphous metal fiber and PCC showed a maximum increase of 46.9% compared to the plain mixture. In the case of the carbonation depth, the lowest carbonation depth was shown in the AF-PCC15 mixture mixed with PCC 15% and amorphous metal fibers.

Korean traditional clay bricks are made in a unique way such as "carburizing heat-treatment", but little is known about the characteristics of the traditional brick-based masonry. In this study, the mechanical properties of the traditional masonry were experimentally investigated with the binder type and aggregate contents of mortar as test parameters. First of all, the material properties of masonry components were identified. The strength of brick was 44.4 MPa, while that of the mortar varied significantly depending on the test parameters. However, the prism compressive strength of the masonry was not consistent with the mortar strength, since the strength difference among the samples was insignificant. More importantly, it is challenging for Korean traditional masonry to have a high level of bond strength because the surface of the clay brick is coated with carbon during the carburizing process. Nevertheless, the use of hydraulic cement instead of air lime is effective in improving the bond strength under the condition that mechanical bond such as friction or interlocking is guaranteed first. However, natural hydraulic lime showed negative effects and is therefore not recommended as a material for the traditional masonry.

Global warming and abnormal climate problems have recently become serious, and the need to reduce carbon emissions has emerged. For effective carbon emission reduction in the building sector, research on carbon emission reduction from the perspective of the entire life cycle, including both operational carbon and embodied carbon, is required. Among them, the demand for modular apartments is expected to increase as the quantity and size of orders have recently increased, and large-scale public projects have been scheduled. Therefore, this study set up 30-year and 60-year use scenarios for apartments and analyzed the carbon emission reduction effect of modular apartments compared to reinforced concrete apartments throughout the life cycle. The amount of embodied carbon in the material production stage of modular apartments was reduced by 35.1% compared to reinforced concrete apartments. In the case of carbon emissions throughout the life cycle, the 30-year scenario will be reduced by 15.4% and the 60-year scenario will be reduced by 18.5%

This study analyzes the impact of a man-made earthquake triggered by the government announcement on regional house prices in Pohang-si, South Korea. The findings reveal a short-term decline in house prices that lasted for approximately one month, followed by a more significant prolonged decline lasting over a year. The study further indicates that residents may experience greater anxiety over man-made disasters compared to natural disasters, leading to indirect losses that affect high-priced houses more than low-priced ones. Based on these findings, a recovery policy focused on improving resident satisfaction through urban regeneration, and adding new amenities and facilities was proposed. These measures aim to counteract the negative effects of house price declines and provide reference data for calculating indirect losses and establishing recovery measures in the aftermath of disasters.