This study aims to analyze wayfinding systems in campus by investigating movements of campus users and the present status of user movements, and suggest ways of improving wayfinding in campus. For this study, an questionnaire was conducted targeting campus users from A University and B University to investigate primary movements of users, wayfinding methods and reasons why users have difficulty in figuring out locations in campus. Also, One-way ANOVA of respondents' general characteristics and cross analysis depending on departure points extracted from movements of users and the total number of nodes that they passed through were conducted. For objective analysis of study results, an actual condition study was performed based on the survey results and wayfinding system rating criteria extracted from the previous studies. The study results obtained are as follows. First, respondents, who departed from the sub-entry in campus had a lower level of understanding of locations and a lower level of describability than those that departed from other points. When there was a bigger total number of nodes that campus users passed through, the understanding of locations and describability of ways were higher, and most users used internet maps to figure out locations. Direction signs that are less readable and building facades and numbers that are less visible made it hard to figure out locations. Second, according to analysis of campus at the two universities, users' understanding of locations and describability of ways varied depending on the number of direction signs installed in campus and direction designs. Third, users' understanding of locations and describability of ways varied depending on building facade and number visibility, and the number of buildings per campus area also influenced their understanding and describability. Fourth, both universities were not equipped with direction signs in the sub-entries of campus, and arrival points affected users' understanding of locations and describability of ways.

Deep learning methods have shown outstanding performance in image recognition on a big data scale, which has been the bottleneck in research on Korean apartments. Several studies have applied deep learning to architectural images, but analyzing Korean apartments required a deep learning model trained on a Korean apartment dataset. We developed an architectural research methodology for floor plan images, which utilizes deep learning, biclustering, and activation mapping methods. The method performs an inductive classification based on the similarity between floor plan images, guided by but not limited to accompanied class labels. We constructed a 50K unit plan image dataset of Korean apartments by collecting and normalizing floor plan images and analyzed the dataset using the developed method. The biclusters of unit plan types, extracted from the learned representation of the model, also showed a closely grouped temporal arrangement. Further examination on the unit plan types using bicluster activation mapping (BAM) showed that the deep learning model could discover areas where new design trend of the era emerged, without any prior knowledge on Korean apartments or architectural design in general.

This study aims to quantitatively verify the crime prevention effects of various CPTED facilities and techniques based on micro-space units(parcels) in a low-rise residential area. The research site is Gongneung 1- and 2-dong of Nowon-gu, where CPTED projects were carried out in 2015 and 2017, and a field survey was conducted on the location and status of CPTED facilities and techniques. To analyze the effectiveness of crime prevention, a binomial logistic regression was performed using 112 reporting as a dependent variable. CPTED facilities and techniques put into the model as independent variables were classified into those installed on the street(open-street CCTVs, street lights, emergency bells, reflectors) or in the parcel(CCTVs and lights for buildings, access control devices, mirror sheets, security covers, CCTVs and lights for parking lots, retroreflective bands, wall painting). Meanwhile, as control variables, parcel environmental factors were included. The results showed that street lights, access control devices, and CCTVs for parking lots were effective in preventing crime and disorder.

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between spatial and visibility characteristics and crime occurrence among various factors affecting the occurrence of home invasion crime. To this end, the analysis was conducted using a binominal logistic regression analysis. As a result, variables for space syntax and VGA(Visual Graph Analysis) have been significantly shown. In the case of spatial compartments, the likelihood of crime increases as the connection increases, while the likelihood of night crimes decreases as the control increases. In the case of VGA analysis, the higher the visibility of the space, the lower the likelihood of a crime.

Existing school facilities becomes unsuitable for the future education environment with the advent of the 4th industrial revolution. In order to overcome these problems, the school space innovation project based on user participation design has prevailed since 2019. This study aims to analyze the project application of 13 national affiliated schools and analyze the users' requirements for the school space innovation project to understand the problems of the current school space and the types and characteristics of the improvement requirements. This study has finally discovered that the need for school space innovation was raised due to the limitation of the learning space that is not suitable for the changed curriculum, and space restructuring is an urgent task to solve the problems of lack of learning space, reduced space utilization, and uniform space. was understood as fter the improvement, the ratio of area to user's required space showed a different trend depending on the teaching method in elementary, middle, and high schools. The increase or decrease of a specific space when changing the use of a room showed a change in the demand for space according to the change of the educational environment. As a result of analyzing detailed user requirements, restructuring of space, improvement of facilities, and improvement of functions for each space were required in a complex manner. Therefore the direction of school space innovation should be restructured to fit the educational environment of the 4th industrial age and converted into a comprehensive design system that considers all environments and functions.

Pedestrian Satisfaction has been studied to be influenced by both objectively and subjectively measured variables. However, there are only a few studies examining the subjective perception of pedestrians by gender and their potential impact on pedestrian satisfaction. This study investigated gender differences in pedestrian satisfaction and subjective perceptions of the safety, convenience, and comfort using 14 sub-elements of the pedestrian environment. And not only the satisfaction factors of pedestrians but also the moderation effect of gender were analyzed. Data were collected from a total of 250 participants (48% male and 52% female). As a result, it can be said that the difference in subjective perception according to the gender of pedestrians is evident in most street types, and there are also differences in factors according to gender by each street type. And the most important factor is the perception of the 'Ground floor facility use' and 'Traffic safety'. Finally, although gender did not have a statistically significant effect on pedestrian satisfaction, it was found that females underestimate pedestrian satisfaction compared to males when pedestrians had the same perception of 'Traffic safety' or 'Eyes on the street'. In summary, this study has strengths in that it confirmed that the gender is a quasi-moderating variable that can indirectly affect pedestrian satisfaction. From the results, it is expected that this study will be helpful for the future urban planning and policies to improve pedestrian satisfaction.

Due to the geographical and topographical features that Jeju has as an island, it is located on the path of typhoons, and as a result, travelers may be isolated in the event of a natural disaster. In this regard, this study aims to make suggestions to supplement the manual for stranded passengers in the airport in the event of a natural disaster, and to provide planning data in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for them. The research method was literature research. The results of the study are as follows. First, following the heavy snowfall in 2016, the response manual for stranded passengers, in connection and collaboration with Jeju International Airport, the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, and the Jeju Regional Aviation Administration, have been overhauled, and many improvements have been made to the manual. However, there is still room for improvement in the details of how to assist stranded passengers, specific response time for each alert level, and the execution of response drills. Second, legal grounds to protect and support stranded passengers are required. Third, the airport passenger terminal not only transports passengers and cargo, but it also serves as an emergency shelter. As such, in order to protect stranded passengers safely and provide a pleasant environment for them, it is required to take into account different types of disasters caused by climate change, and consequently to take into consideration ways to secure places for stranded passengers to stay and any necessary circulation network, accordingly.

This study examines the introduction process of the 'Busan Livestock Quarantine Station', a livestock quarantine station established for the export of shipyards during the Japanese occupation, and the changes in the quarantine system according to the use of vaccines. From these results, the characteristics of the livestock quarantine system during the Japanese colonial period are considered. Japan's modern livestock quarantine system is a measure to systematically and safely import and distribute Korean cattle from livestock infectious diseases represented by cattle quarantine. The first stage of the double quarantine system was introduced, the second stage of the production and use of immunized serum to form a immunity to the cattle. It was the result of the establishment of the stage quarantine line. Therefore, the livestock quarantine system applied to Korea during the Japanese occupation was not the introduction of the modern livestock quarantine system, but rather the introduction of a safe deprivation system based on the prevention of the spread of cattle in Japan and mass production of cattle vaccines. This system was used to move a large number of shipyards to Japan through the double quarantine system, the formation of an immune zone, and the establishment of quarantine ships. The Busan Export Quarantine Station was an important institution that supported the modern Japanese livestock quarantine system.

The purpose of this study is to disclose the correlations of the eave curve and column arrangement on the plane through the Toekan Jangdanbyeonbi (ratio of length on sides) and the result is shown as follows. First, the Toekan Jangdanbyeonbi is influenced more greatly on the size of front Toekan rather than the size of side Toekan and displays close correlation with the location of the Oigidori (part of rook with a beam in the middle) on cross section. Looking into the relationship between the Toekan Jangdanbyeonbi and anggok curvature diagram, the tendency of disproportion is confirmed. Second, the slope of relative formula for the front length and side length that determines the plane Jangdanbyeonbi has the plane for 1.3172 and Toekan for 1.2199 that the slope of Toekan is closer to 1 to be closer to the square compared to the plane. Third, it has been confirmed to have the tendency of proportion with the horizontal distance of the Jusimdori (dori to support the main section of column) and (supporting dori in the middle) on the longitudinal section as the inner wood length of the front eaves protruding and eaves protruding and the horizontal distance of Jusimdori and Oigidori on the cross section that is the inner wood length of the side eaves protruding and eaves protruding, and when excluding the exceptional cases, the eaves protruding and anggok curvature diagram are confirmed with the tendency of disproportion that the eaves protruding and anggok curvature diagram are contemplated as a mutually supplementary relationship. And, fourth, when the front eaves protruding ratio on the anggok curvature diagram and plane column height is considered, all average value for front and side, and well side have shown the tendency of disproportion. This is to prove that the eave anggok has been used not only for formative aspect determined by the simple empirical dimension or chunyeo curve but also as the technique to supplement the structural limitations as well.

This study examined how Western-style housing culture was accepted and changed in Korea through the analysis of the reception room of houses during the Japanese colonial period. The reception room was a typical Western-style space, with carpets on the floor, imported wallpaper and curtains on the walls, Western-style furniture and a fireplace. It was made not only as a public space for welcoming guests, but also as a conspicuous space and a space for appreciation of a house owner. However, due to the circumstances of the Japanese colonial period, Japanese and Korean elements such as Dadami, Dokonoma and Ondol were mixed in the Western-style reception room. As time passed, the size of the reception room became smaller or combined with other rooms, and the decorations decreased, and it is now a space that can no longer be found in Korea.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Peter Zumthor's concept of atmosphere in terms of architectural use based on Heidegger's thought of 'Enowning'. According to Heidegger, in the state of 'Enowning' that makes the thing retrieve its being, the thing unfolds the authentic world in which human should live as space and offers the foundation for human's being to human. In Zumthor's concept of atmosphere, architectural use offers an appropriate situation that the thing can 'Enown' in daily life, allowing the thing to express its authentic world as an atmosphere. Immersing in the atmosphere, Human expand the foundation of human's being. The significance of this study is that it examines the possibility of architecture as a place to welcome the being in their daily lives.

The existence of light that implements the space and shape of a building and has a great influence on building materials, textures, and shapes creates various spaces along with the wishes of constant users in the building space. The inflow of light into the inner and outer spaces of the building is influenced by the characteristics of the material that passes light, forming a transparent, translucent, and opaque space. Light introduced through various types of materials creates a unique space effect according to the shape of the material. This study analyzed the architectural spatial characteristics and expression methods of Ewha Womans University Campus Center (ECC) designed by Dominique Perrault in connection with light from the perspective of space, materials, and time implemented in buildings. The Campus Center (ECC), called Campus Valley (25m wide and 250m long), built at Ewha Womans University with a history of 120 years, considered the context of the surrounding environment by organizing and natural movements from the main gate to the university building. The biggest feature of this architectural space is the void space created between the buildings. This empty space, which accepts external natural light, serves as the center of the building space and activates the inner space of the basement floor, making the most of the advantages of the empty space. The characteristics of the ECC campus architectural space linked to light are: Dominique Perrault thinks the site and architecture as one organic combination, and integrates and expands the interior and exterior spaces through the empty space through which light enters and blurs the boundaries. It forms the characteristics of the intermediate space. Unlike ordinary materials expressed uniformly, material changes such as metal panels and glass due to light give the space a texture to form various spatial senses. the change of materials and shadows according to the time of light blurs the boundaries between internal and external spaces, forms an integrated harmony between the structure and the finishing materials, adapts to the surrounding environment, and realizes the continuity of time and space. As such, the architectural space of the Ewha Women's Campus (ECC) Center consists of various spaces by introducing light around the long empty outer path from south to north, changing the sense of space due to overlapping transparent and translucent materials, and changing shadows according to the movement of light.

After Jeju 4.3, the middle mountainous region of Jeju Island in the 1960s and 1970s promoted pilot complexes and pioneer complexes. This project was not just a village restoration project. It was a project to build a sustainable ideal city by utilizing Jeju middle mountainous region. Revealing the original forms and characteristics of "pilot complexes" and "pioneer complexes" is very important in understanding the urban planning of modern Jeju. Through literature research and GIS analysis, this study aims to reveal the current status and characteristics of 'pilot complexes' and 'pioneer complexes' constructed in Jeju middle mountainous region from an urban perspective. We found that the pilot complexes were located in the northwestern and south-east areas of Jeju Island, which had completely different climates. On the contrary, we know that the Pioneer complexes are concentrated in the north-west. We also found that pilot and pioneer complexes were located at particular elevations above sea level, respectively, and that pioneer complexes were located at higher altitudes. As a result, we were able to reveal that pilot complexes were aiming to streamline agricultural structures. On the other hand, it was shown that Pioneer Complexes considered reorganizing the urban structure of Jeju Island through the migration of residents. We were also able to reveal that pilot complexes had geographically different conditions and that economic crops suitable for their locations were subsequently sought. Meanwhile, Pioneer complexes selected the crop first, looking for a suitable location.

The purpose of this study is to draw implications for improving Korea's child-friendly city indicators by comparing child-friendly city indicators of various countries. Based on 52 detailed items in 6 areas presented by the child-friendly community self-assessment tool (CFC-SAT) developed by UNICEF, we analyzed and reclassified the indicators for child-friendly city certification in 5 countries including Korea. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the child-friendly city index differs greatly from country to country, and in particular, the Korean index has very little information on the improvement of the physical spatial environment and has limitations in not clearly presenting the criteria for the evaluation method. Accordingly, the following are the physical and spatial environment-related indicators that can be supplemented to the indicator system for the certification of a child-friendly city in Korea. First of all, indicators for securing various types of facility space for children should be supplemented, indicators for improving the quality of spatial environment, indicators for children's transportation means and accessibility, and indicators to create child-friendly community public spaces need to be added. Also important are indicators to reduce regional disparities in children's human rights, poverty, abuse and education. In the evaluation method of the indicators, it is necessary to present the actual conditions of the children's spatial environment and the goals to be achieved in more specific and clear units of measurement and analysis.

Recently, the importance of filters used in mechanical ventilation systems has been increasing in Korea due to a surge in the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere. The filter should be tested for performance and then issued a test report in accordance with specifications, and the performance test is currently conducted exclusively by the filter. However, air purifiers and ventilation systems are designed to allow filter replacement, so when a filter is installed, there is a possibility of leakage due to a gap between the machine and the filter. Because the particle removal efficiency of the filter is affected by various factors as well as leakage, it is not possible to know the exact filter performance without considering these. Accordingly, this study measured filter performance when filters were installed in ventilation systems in operation. Three other ventilation systems were used for the experiment, and test results and the test reports were compared to the particle size used for the performance test. As a result, all three models were less efficient than test reports, and three additional experiments were conducted in accordance with KS specifications to determine the cause of these errors. Experiments show that the filter efficiency itself is likely to be problematic, but there are several differences between the field test methods and the KS specification. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to conduct performance verification in a similar environment after minimizing these differences and emphasized the need for a new performance test specification to verify removal efficiency when used in the field by installing filters on mechanical ventilation systems.

This study aims to verify the effectiveness by applying a modular method in preparation for the mandatory certification of zero energy in private buildings in 2025, and eventually distribute zero energy buildings. Currently, modular methods are applied to small public buildings, and little research has been done on the modular application of private buildings. Therefore, we analyze the issues that new residential buildings need to be certified for zero energy. In this work, we will analyze and simulate previous studies to create basic data for low carbon societies. We want to change passive design such as area of the windows, Infiltrate performance, and insulation performance to implement as close to zero-energy buildings as possible. In this paper, we obtain zero-energy certification and verify that a modular approach can be applied to present the method.

The air supply and exhaust ports of the direct exhaust system installed outside the building are pressurized by external wind pressure, which results in poor exhaust performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of Double Damper developed to improve the exhaust performance of the direct exhaust system degraded by external wind. When external wind is generated through CFD analysis, the distribution of air flow velocity and internal static pressure of Double Damper are analyzed. As a result, the exhaust air flow from the exhaust system was emitted to the second exhaust section of Double Damper. In the case of downwash during external wind, there was no inflow of external wind through the vent cap because the internal static pressure of the Double Damper represents a negative value. The external wind was reproduced with headwinds of 0o, 23o, 45o, 68o and 90o based on vent cap. When Double Damper was installed, the exhaust system had a flow rate growth rate of up to 14.14%. Double Damper was able to improve headwind blocking and exhaust performance if the headwind was greater than exhaust emission and static pressure. Double Damper confirmed that it is effective when using a vent cap that is vulnerable to headwind.

Thermal comfort is essential to maintain a stress-free environment in a building. This study investigated the thermal environment to develop a thermal comfort prediction model based on physiological signals and thermal comfort-related responses obtained from a wearable device. Field experiments conducted in an office during cooling and heating seasons enabled the collection of real-time thermal comfort responses and physiological signals, such as skin temperature, heart rate, and electrodermal activity of the occupant using the wearable device. We analyzed the relationships between the thermal comfort responses, physiological factors, and thermal environment to develop an accurate thermal comfort prediction model. While the skin temperature and electrodermal activity exhibited a significant relationship with the thermal state, a low heart rate was observed in a more comfortable state. Moreover, machine learning classifiers predicted the thermal comfort state achieved an accuracy of 80% in both seasons using only physiological data. Thus, the feature importance of the random forest classifier verified that physiological factors aid the prediction of thermal states significantly. The proposed prediction model can be potentially applied in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control. The high performance confirmed the use of wearable devices in identifying the thermal status of building occupants.

This study analyzes the possibility of achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in building sector by 2050. This study used data on building energy intensity by building type and gross floor area of buildings. For this data, we get the data from the National Building Energy Database and national statistical database from 2015 to 2019. The types of buildings for analysis are detached houses, apartments, commercial buildings and educational buildings. These energy consumptions of building sector were converted into greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To this end, the prediction of GHG emissions in building sector has increased steadily from 156.9 million ton CO_2e in 2020 to 217.8 million ton CO_2e in 2050. The suggested reduction scenarios in this study were 5 scenarios as mandatory scenario for zero energy building for new buildings, green-remodeling scenario for existing buildings, dissemination scenario for high-efficiency energy facilities, scenario for behavior improvement and scenario for low carbon energy source. The result of this study shows that the potential reduction emissions is about 107.7 million ton CO_2e by these scenarios in 2050. This result told us that the possibility of 2050 carbon neutrality in Korea's building sector is low based on these scenarios. This study suggested the necessity for very challenging reduction plans and is expected to help establish the reduction policies for building sector.

The study aimed to understand the lateral behavior of vierendeel outrigger system in high-rise building. For this goal, a structure analysis and design of 60 stories building was performed by using MIDAS-Gen. And the main factors of this research were the types of outrigger system, the stiffness of outrigger and the location of outrigger system. Based on the analysis results, we analyzed and studied the lateral behavior of structure members such as slab, outrigger and exterior columns in vierendeel and general outrigger system. The study results showed that the types and the stiffness of outrigger system had an any influences on lateral behavior in vierendeel outrigger system of tall building. Also the results of analysis research can be very useful in getting the significant engineering materials for the structural design of vierendeel outrigger system in high-rise building.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexural performance of CLT-concrete composite floors that used steel shear connectors for applying a light modular system. The proposed steel shear connectors are inverted U-shaped and T-shaped, and were installed in the notches of the CLT floor. As experimental variables, the shear connector types, the number and thickness of CLT layers were considered, and the flexural performance of six composite floor specimens was evaluated. As a result, the maximum loads of all specimens were determined by rolling shear fractures and the specimens using the inverted U-shaped shear connector showed excellent flexural performance. However, the composite effect between CLT and concrete was found to be insignificant, and it is considered that it is necessary to improve the shape of steel shear connector later.

The damages of Preah Pithu temple in Cambodia have been increased due to weathering and corrosion for a long time. In particular, the U temple was seriously damaged and required the evaluation of structural safety for the preservation of temple. Because the stones of the Preah Pithu U temple are individually stacked, it is necessary to introduce the modeling and analysis technique for the discontinuous contact surfaces of masonry structures. For this purpose, we examined the construction and damage status of Preah Pithu U temple. Then, we analyzed the structural behavior and evaluated the structural safety of Preah Pithu U temple using the discrete element method. The vulnerable parts were revealed at the sides of the north and west walls from the results. In addition, the assessment for compression or tensile failure for each member was performed. Also, it is necessary to be carefully checked because some slipping occured in the lower parts of the wall.

Steel-Polymer prefabricated floor system that contained infilled polymers between the shallow top and bottom steel plates was developed to apply to steel structures. The thickness of the floor system mainly has a range from 25 mm to 70 mm. Despite the shallow thickness, the floor system has great structural performance, such as bending capacity, floor vibration performance. However, the fire resistance performance of the system needed to be improved to apply to actual buildings without fire-proofing materials. With the development of the polymers adding an additive, the fire resistance performance of the system was significantly improved, and studies about the structural fire behavior of the floor system were actively conducted with experimental and numerical approaches. Nevertheless, the behavior of circular spacers that had a role in enhancing out-of-plane buckling loads and ductility under large deformations and taking advantage in the manufacturing process has not been investigated. Therefore, the thermal behavior of circular spacers under fire conditions was studied with simplified numerical methods. And, with transient heat transfer analysis including nonlinear thermal properties of steel and polymers, nonlinear thermal contact conductance of the contact area between steel and polymers, the temperature changes of unheated surfaces where the spacers were installed at or not were obtained under fire conditions. Finally, the relation equation was proposed to calculate the temperature changes according to various specifications of circular spacers. Using this proposed equation, the thermal insulation design for the spacers of steel-polymer prefabricated were carried out at the end of this paper.

Because of the high population density and topographical characteristics of the many mountainous regions in the Republic of Korea, the buildings are constructed not only on flat land, but also on relatively flat terrain between slopes and mountains. The wind speed may increase between these mountains owing to the convergence effect, which is called the funnel effect. Because the funnel effect between mountains is difficult to assess quantitatively, it is evaluated by reproducing the mountain range in wind tunnel tests. In this study, the wind speed amplification factor was calculated according to the gradient (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) of the mountain and the distance(1 to 5 times the height of the mountain) between the mountains based on the idealized 2-dimensional mountain, and an empirical formula was derived. The higher the gradient of the mountain and the smaller the distance, the greater wind speed amplification factor, and the maximum was about 1.12. An empirical formula to which this trend was applied was derived. Additional wind tunnel tests were conducted to verify the empirical formula, and the test data and the data calculated by the empirical formula were compared. As a result, the error rate of the empirical formula was about 2%. If the empirical formula is used in a case similar to the topography conducted in this study, it is expected that the funnel effect can be predicted more quantitatively.

In this paper, experimental study has been performed to investigate the structural behaviors of cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel (STS329FLD) single shear and double shear bolted connections with single bolt and two bolts for providing the basic data of domestic design specification for stainless steel structure. Main variables are shear connection type (single shear and double shear), end distance parallel to the direction of applied force and number of bolts (single bolt and two bolts). Specimens with single bolt failed by shear-out fracture except for some specimens with bolt shear fracture and two-bolted connection showed shear-out fracture at test end. Curling, i.e., out of plane deformation in the direction of plate thickness occurred in single shear two-bolted connections and it led to ultimate strength reduction. Moreover, test strengths were compared with those by current design specifications (Korean Design Standard (KDS)/American Institute of Steel Construction(AISC), Eurocode 3(EC3), American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE) and American Iron and Steel Institute(AISI)) and strength equations suggested by previous studies.

The purpose of this study was to establish measures to improve the efficiency of female construction engineers in the construction industry and improve the satisfaction of workers to solve the current manpower supply and demand problems in the industry. The conclusions from this study are as follows. 1) Items that can efficiently measure female construction engineers' work satisfaction were reorganized into three large categories, 18 large categories, and 58 small categories. 2) The management showed a moderate level of satisfaction with female construction engineers, but most female construction engineers were not satisfied with their jobs. 3) In this study, policy support measures for task environment, organizational environment, and personal environment were presented for labor dissatisfaction matters that need improvement first. However, it has limitations of failing to perform detailed analysis according to various variables such as business type, rank, gender and size. Therefore, further studies will be conducted to complement the above mentioned content.