A plan, to utilize active development and image improvement of urban regeneration places as cultural and exhibition spaces, has emerged. A user's perception and evaluation of a reproduced space reflects a subjective viewpoint based on experience, which is an important factor. The purpose of this study is to grasp and discuss the design perception of visitors regarding the sense of space at an objective level while focusing on urban regeneration cases involving cultural and exhibition spaces. The analysis results revealed a sense of place through cultural and historical symbols derived from design recognition for storytelling. The sense of place by objects and materials was derived from design recognition of materials and properties. The importance of design recognition by body movement was derived from the sense of place that processed movement and gaze. These rediscovered features exhibit unique historical and cultural values of urban regeneration sites where visual, tactile, and body movement elements were applied. These factors suggest that attractive shapes and artifacts such as aesthetics can be perceived as attractive spatial elements by visitors.

This study aims to identify the essential characteristics of unit spaces necessary for facilitating future teaching and learning processes. Additionally, it seeks to propose guidelines for future school space planning and policy implications. The activities outlined in the 2015 National Curriculum's teaching and learning materials were categorized into 58 activity types that were further grouped into six categories: data collection and utilization, instrumental exploration and experiment, expression activity, playing, discussion, and performing. Subsequently, drawings of unit spaces suitable for each activity type were created. To enhance the validity of the proposed designs, feedback was obtained from 54 gifted education teachers who actively engaged in designing future teaching and learning processes to refine and improve the unit spaces for optimal functionality. Through the analysis of the plans provided by the teachers, four key planning directions for futuristic learning spaces emerged: connecting classrooms of various sizes, supporting convergence activities through multi-functional unit classrooms, fostering flexibility in the boundary between learning spaces and support spaces, and creating a digital/AI educational environment. Furthermore, recommendations were made for implementing policies at the school, local education office, and national levels. This study proposed a futuristic teaching and learning process along with a well-suited learning space design based on the invaluable insights of teachers who actively utilize such learning spaces.

The study aims to compare the perceptions and needs of urban shared housing according to different age group, and conducted a survey as a mean of analysis. Survey participants were those living in Seoul and Gyeonggi area in South Korea, who responded to an online questionnaire. For comparative analysis by generation, survey-takers in their 20s and 30s were classified in the "Youth" group. those in their 40s and 50s in the "Middle-age" group, and those in their 60s and older in the "Elderly" group. According to research findings, the greatest generational difference was in the survey participants perception of relationships with neighbors. Preference towards friendliness and interaction with neighbors increased with older age group, while youths wanted less interaction with neighbors. In the case of youths and middle-aged participants, they saw urban shared housing as a short-term residence type, living there for only a short period of time in the form of chonsei (multi-year, large deposit rental method unique to South Korea). On the other hand, while some elderly participants shared similar thoughts as their younger counterparts, others wanted to spend the rest of their lives there by having ownership over such housing type. Furthermore, regarding the physical space of urban shared housing, small households across all age groups wanted to maintain similar personal spaces, but showed differences in their needs for communal spaces. Older generations preferred to have leisure-related spaces, while youths sought after convenient and practical facilities. Existing studies on shared housing have been mainly carried out with fragmentary case studies of one age group or a specific target. In this study, the difference in perception of shared housing for various age groups will be compared together, and it will be a meaningful data when planning or developing urban shared housing in the future.

The roof of traditional Korean buildings is a part that suffers much damage, whereas monitoring is not performed smoothly due to accessibility difficulties. This study aims to detect automatically damaged roof tiles using AI and drones to maintain traditional buildings. Information on roof tiles is extracted through drone image photography, and an automatic object detection function is utilized through the YOLOv5 algorithm. As a result, through this study on the maintenance of traditional Korean buildings, it is possible to easily inspect the tiles and check the damage status of the roof tiles.

The purpose of this study was to extract buildings located within flood and landslide hazard areas using spatial information of domestic buildings. By identifying the characteristics of buildings in disaster-prone regions, this research aims to contribute to the identification of buildings requiring urgent preparation. This study employed a combination of building ledger data and land characteristic information to generate building spatial data. Building properties were defined based on the number of basement floors and the years that elapsed since the use approval date of the buildings. The resulting building spatial data were then categorized into seven distinct clusters based on their properties. To analyze the differences, ANOVA and posthoc tests were conducted to examine the average variances in flood hours and landslide hazard rates among the seven clusters. Furthermore, this study identified the building properties located within flood and landslide hazard areas. By implementing the proposed method, central and local governments can more efficiently and effectively prevent accidents in buildings during disasters through proactive measures.

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of younger-generation students opting for shared housing, indicating a rapid adaptation to new housing trends. This study aims to gain insights into the specific requirements of international students, particularly Korean students studying in China referred to as Group K, and Chinese students studying in Korea referred to as Group C. The analysis focuses on two key factors: housing consciousness (HC) and housing lifestyles (HL). These factors serve as indicators that reflect residents' needs in response to housing trends and demonstrate their adaptability to such trends. To accomplish this, a structured survey research method was employed following an extensive literature review. A total of one hundred students from Group K and Group C respectively participated in the survey. The collected data was analyzed using statistical techniques such as crosstabs, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and ANOVA. The results revealed both Group K and Group C could be divided into six subgroups: Cluster K1, K2, and K3 and Cluster C1, C2, and C3 based on the factor and cluster analysis results. These six subgroups exhibited significant variations in the types, sizes, and themes of their shared houses. Substantial differences were observed among the subgroups concerning the students' preferences for a living room, dining room and kitchen, the ratio of living rooms to bedrooms, and the importance of shared spaces. However, no significant variations were found among the subgroups regarding the number of household members, the size and function of individual bedrooms, and the types of spaces within the shared houses.

Stuttgart Central Station, designed as an underground station, features a greened upper part known as the Urban Void, serving as a public space. This development strategy encompasses three key considerations. It focuses on creating a Transportation-oriented Corridor, promoting a mixed-use transfer linkage system that integrates both motorized and non-motorized vehicles. It aims to establish a Green Network Corridor, connecting major parks in the city center to form a Wind Ventilation forest. This complex system acts as a working landscape, serving ecological and urban spatial structure functions. Lastly, it prioritizes accessibility by developing an interconnection pattern that aligns with regional characteristics, effectively restoring the function of previously disconnected urban structures and physical connections. The high-speed railway station, a significant development area in the city, serves as a central hub for the Urban Eco-corridor development, creating a wide-area corridor that fosters synergy in urban development. It plays a crucial role as a catalyst for social and economic activities while serving as an ecological channel for urban climate control. In conclusion, the establishment of an Urban Eco-corridor construction strategy necessitates public-private win-win consultations, considering the laws and institutional frameworks established for each level of the urban spatial structure. By prioritizing collaboration and employing suitable institutional devices, the vision for an environmentally sustainable and interconnected urban landscape can be realized.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the transformation of modern buildings from standalone structures juxtaposed amidst streets, representing the dissolution of the urban block, to contextual objects that contribute to the construction of traditional urban spaces. This evolution is achieved through the adjustment of the envelope composition method at block boundaries in response to urban block reconstructions. Through a case study focusing on French housing examples that exemplify the urban architectural trend of delineating distinct exterior spaces on both the front and rear sides of the building, this study investigates how the envelope composition method is adjusted to differentiate the exterior of the envelope from the interior while preserving the characteristic forms of modern architecture known as pellicle and object. The findings demonstrate that the pellicle is reconfigured through the use of folded, overlapped, or attached planes, which generate spatial layers on the envelope and establish a boundary between the urban space and the dwelling space. This process signifies multiple stratification, wherein traditional architecture's binary separation, characterized by a thick poché, and modern architecture's unidirectional continuity, defined by a thin pellicle, transition into a gradual articulation with multiple thin spatial layers between the inside and outside.

The objective of this study was to contribute to the improvement of small-scale housing, which has been constructed since the mid-1980s. Through an analysis of the evolution of small-scale housing, this study identified urban and architectural issues associated with existing structures, as well as institutional barriers that hinder small-scale housing improvement. In response, a comprehensive plan was proposed to revitalize small-scale housing improvement, with a focus on increasing business feasibility and enhancing public appeal, including diverse usage options, street revitalization, and community recovery. To ensure the economic viability of housing improvement projects, it is necessary to revise the limitations on the floor area ratio. An analysis of virtual land indicated that the floor area ratio could be increased by up to 350%. However, it is recommended to restrict the application of increased floor area ratios to housing improvement projects within city blocks, which can contribute to enhancing public appeal by incorporating underground parking facilities, mixed-use developments, and community spaces. Additionally, cost reduction measures for underground parking installation were proposed, such as revising parking lot regulations and promoting joint construction initiatives involving the local government. The feasibility and public appeal of small-scale housing improvement projects were proactively assessed through an analysis of comparable development cases. This study is expected to inform policy revisions and legislation for future revitalization efforts concerning small-scale housing improvement projects.

This study analyzes the spatial attributes of Toyo Ito's public institutions, focusing on the concept of boundary ambiguity. Toyo Ito, a renowned Japanese architect, and recipient of the 2013 Pritzker Prize, argues that public institutions should not merely serve as functional spaces, but rather as environments where citizens can freely gather, relax, and forge new communities. He emphasizes the freedom of user movement and the potential for communication, prioritizing these over strict functionality and efficiency. Toyo Ito consistently advocates for a sense of freedom and ambiguous order, inspired by the natural world, to grant autonomy to spaces and enhance communication. His architectural concepts encompass Blurring Architecture, Emerging Grid, and the merging of internal and external boundaries. Through these concepts, it becomes evident that Toyo Ito's spatial compositions within public institutions evolve through shifts in grids and structural elements. Furthermore, boundary elements undergo various forms of deconstruction that align with natural characteristics, revealing the ambiguity of physical and cognitive boundaries. These ambiguous boundaries create overlaps in programming and foster new interactions through interferences. Instead of conventional public spaces, Toyo Ito's architecture features fluid, blurry, and ambiguous boundaries, designed to encourage interaction. This can be seen as a pioneering endeavor in response to the demands of a new era.

The objective of this study is to conduct field surveys to identify and analyze the living conditions and households in Gosiwon residences in Seoul. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and systematic approach to managing and operating Gosiwon facilities. Furthermore, the research process seeks to derive implications and propose measures for improving the living environment in areas with concentrated Gosiwon establishments. This study involved analyzing the background and current status of Gosiwon, investigating relevant policies and systems, selecting representative targets, conducting in-depth interviews with Gosiwon operators, managers, and residents along with carrying out physical and environmental surveys. Subsequently, implications were derived from the physical environmental surveys and in-depth interviews, and future directions for enhancing the residential environment of Gosiwon were proposed.

In light of societal changes emphasizing the individual's significance over the traditional family structure, this study delves into the housing proposals put forth by the Union of Contemporary Architects (OSA) during the 1920s. Drawing upon the Soviet concept of new individuals and collectives replacing the conventional family, this research investigates diverse concepts of spatial organization and the potential linkage between private and public urban spaces. The results revealed that OSA's proposals can be categorized into seven distinct periods, reflecting changes in their organizational structure and the evolution of their housing ideas. Notably, these proposals present varied approaches to unit configurations and the integration of individuals within the urban fabric. However, a recurring theme among them is the replacement of the communal spaces traditionally centered around the family, now replaced by group-oriented communal spaces, without the inclusion of individual rooms in the contemporary sense. Thus, while advocating for the dissolution of the family and the formation of new communities, the housing proposals from that era demonstrate similarities to contemporary schemes while maintaining spatial organization and connections reminiscent of traditionally family-centered dwellings.

This study aimed to analyze the background and significance of post-digital drawings, with a specific focus on the projects of Dogma and Office KGDVS. Post-digital drawings emerged in the early 2000s and have since influenced the works of numerous students and architects. The theoretical foundation behind post-digital drawings suggests that architects' expressions are not mere personal creations, but rather manifestations shaped by social, technical, political, and economic contexts. In this regard, the background of post-digital drawings and their associated characteristics can be derived from this theoretical background. The emergence of post-digital drawing can be summarized into four categories: changes in aesthetics, advancements and widespread adoption of computer technology, shifts in architectural trends, and the socioeconomic environment. Noteworthy characteristics of post-digital drawings include a return to history, artificiality, flatness, and frontality.

The intensifying heat island effect and rising temperatures in Seoul pose a serious threat to the city's residents and the urban environment. This study aims to identify the characteristics of urban spaces in both hot and cold spot areas during all four seasons for one year, using S-Dot temperature data. It also analyzed the impact of the main components of urban space in the concentrated area of heat island intensity. Temperature data from Seoul and its surrounding suburbs were analyzed for heat island intensity and spatial autocorrelation. The order of heat island intensity was fall>spring>winter>summer, with the number of administrative dongs in hotspot areas in the order of fall>summer>spring>winter, and the number of administrative dongs in cold spot areas in the order of winter>spring>autumn>summer. Significant differences were found in green areas, commercial land, apartments with 16 floors or higher, apartments with 5 to 15 floors or higher, detached houses, elderly population, and population density during all four seasons. This study identified the UHII concentration areas of heat island intensity during the four seasons, finding that the hotspot area was mainly located in the northeast and northwest regions, while the cold spot area was distributed in the northeast regions. The regression analysis results involving the main components of urban space in the UHII concentration area revealed the influence was large in the order of open space>high-density development area>high-density residential area>high-density residential area. This study is meaningful in that it provides insights into the phenomenon of heat islands in Seoul throughout the four seasons, identifies the effect of urban space main component factors in the UHII concentration area, and derives important implications for future heat island mitigation strategies.

This study analyzed network characteristics to understand population mobility in Gyeongsangnam-do before and after COVID-19. Mobile travel data from September 2019 and 2020 were compared to analyze daily movement during the same period. Data from 22 cities and counties in Gyeongsangnam-do and 16 cities and provinces nationwide were analyzed using network statistics and block modeling techniques. The analysis showed that movements were simplified into five blocks after COVID-19, compared with six blocks before, indicating a simpler movement pattern. Urban migration may continue regardless of surrounding areas, post-COVID-19. When a metro area's population surpasses half of the total population, fundamental measures are needed to address population concentration. Emphasize regional hub cities in development policies. This study is significant because it demonstrates changes in population movement in Gyeongsangnam-do before and after COVID-19 using centrality and movement pattern analysis. To fully understand population movement in Gyeongsangnam-do, analyze data on freight, information, and capital movement, as well as distance between regions, in conjunction with the study results. Address these limitations in future research.

This study attempted to clarify how the characteristics of each parcel of store housing land determined in the new town planning stage correlated with the vacancy rate of store housing stores after construction. The relationship was analyzed by setting the planned location factor and store housing vacancy rate of store housing sites as independent and dependent variables, respectively, based on the data constructed through a total survey of store housing sites in three new cities (Han-gang, Byeol-nae, and Wi-rye districts). The analysis results are summarized as follows. First, among the parcel characteristics factors of the store housing site determined in the planning stage, the factors affecting the post-store vacancy rate were the location type, complex size, parcel size, access number, parcel location in household, and distance from external roads, and some significant planning indicators were derived. Second, it was confirmed that the vacancy rate of store houses was also related to the number of stores in the lot determined in the construction and leasing stages. This can be used as a reference for planning store housing sites in the planned districts to be created in the future, including the 3rd new city currently in progress.

Exit sign can help guide evacuees from a hazardous area, for instance fires, to a safe area. Legible exit signs would convey information about correct way-finding to the evacuees and would lead evacuees to a safe area rapidly so that Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) would be reduced considerably. In this study, the visibility and legibility of 13 pictograms combining running man-shaped graphic symbols, arrows and letters were measured to derive effective design of exit signs. Visibility and legibility were quantified based on the participant's pre-evacuation time to exit sign. Based on the experimental results, a composition of pictograms that can minimize pre-evacuation time was derived. As a result, it was measured that the pre-evacuation time of the pictogram using only the running man graphic symbol alone was the shortest. This is the current pictogram most widely used as a sign to guide the location of emergency exit in South Korea. The results of this study can be used as an engineering basis for the domestic standards for pictogram design for exit signs.

When classrooms are sealed shut, the level of PM2.5 infiltration is largely influenced by the effectiveness of airtightness. This study aims to evaluate the airtightness performance by remodeling the windows on the outdoor side, a primary source of PM2.5 inflow, in four classrooms in Korea. These classrooms, with a floor area of 65.6m2 and a volume of 170.6m3, are located adjacent to the same corridor. To evaluate airtightness performance, the main methods utilized were the Blower door test and the calculation of penetration factors through indoor and outdoor measurements of PM2.5 and CO2. The results demonstrated that, on average across the four classrooms, the ACH50 and ELA, calculated using the Blower door test, decreased by 5.8% and 10.1%, respectively. Additionally the average penetration factor for the four classrooms decreased by 14.6%. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of PM2.5 in the classroom with the weakest airtightness performance revealed an impressive 38.8% decrease in the I/O ratio.

This experimental study evaluated the seismic performance of a perforated masonry wall strengthened with a spring-damped steel-bar truss system. In the spring-damped steel-bar truss system, the spring dampers as variables were made with two types of steel: SS275 and SAE9254. An unreinforced masonry wall with a door-sized opening was strengthened with the un-bonded damping steel-bar truss system, and its performance was compared with unreinforced masonry walls and strengthened masonry walls by steel-bar truss system without a spring damper. Compared with the seismic performance of the unreinforced masonry wall, the energy dissipation, equivalent damping ratio, and m-factor of masonry walls reinforced with a spring-damped steel-bar truss system are approximately 2.18 times, 1.38 times, and 1.17 times, respectively, for the SS275 spring damper and approximately 2.35 times, 1.27 times, and 1.20 times, respectively, for the SAE 9254 spring damper. It is considered that the spring-damped steel-bar truss system significantly improved the seismic performance of the masonry wall. However, there is little difference in the reinforcement effect based on the steel type.

Precast concrete (PC) buildings with wall system are constructed by stacking wall panels and floor slabs, which are typically connected through grouted vertical and horizontal joints. The strength and deformability of vertical joints between PC wall panels play a crucial role in ensuring the integrity of PC wall-type structures. This study presents the test results on the shear performance of vertical joints that were grouted with concrete and reinforced with overlapping U-shaped (loop) bars. Four jointed PC wall panels were constructed and tested under monotonic and cyclic shear loading. Each specimen consists of two PC wall panels, assembled with 170 mm vertical joint and loop bars along the height for casting joint mortar. The deformed bars of 10 and 13 mm were utilized as U-shaped loop bars within the vertical joints. Direct shear tests showed that under monotonic loading, a specimen VJ-10M with 10 mm U-shaped bars exhibited more ductile shear-slip response than the specimen VJ-13M with 13 mm U-shaped bars while the shear strength of VJ13-M is 16 % higher than VJ-10M. Both VJ-10M and -13M specimens show higher shear strength and greater ductility than VJ-10C and -13C specimens loaded under cyclic shear. Furthermore, this study evaluated the existing empirical and shear friction design formulas by comparing predicted strength and measured strength of 192 vertical joint specimens from this study and available literatures.

This study aims to assess the shear ability, ductility, and energy dissipation characteristics of specimens intended for jacket application, utilizing the wrapping method. The two specimens include the moment frame and the composite plate frame with a wrapping jacket. The experiments were conducted under the condition of simultaneous application of axial load and transverse force. The experimental results reflect various seismic resistance abilities of a structure, such as story-displacement ratio, stiffness, energy dissipation, and plastic rotation. Additionally, the results reveal the distribution of cracks and failures in extreme stages.

In Korea, the prevalence of large, high-rise concrete apartments built since the 1980s exceeds 80 percent. With approximately 60 percent of the Korean population currently residing in such high-rise structures, it is evident that this typology significantly shapes the lives of Koreans. When these buildings reach the end of their operational life, two options typically arise: complete demolition and new construction, or renovation. To extend the lifespan of high-rise apartment buildings while minimizing environmental impact, prioritizing renovation becomes crucial. Moreover, to address the recent housing shortage in urban areas, it is essential to explore methods that increase downtown density by vertically expanding existing concrete apartment buildings. This research endeavors to investigate the utilization of mass timber as an alternative material for the primary structure of vertical expansion. By examining current design methodologies and typological standards, the study aims to establish comprehensive design guidelines for the construction, management, and overall implementation of mass timber vertical expansions on existing concrete apartment buildings. With the guidelines in place, a sample apartment complex will be designed, and extensive tests and simulations will be conducted to evaluate the building's performance. Of particular importance is the analysis of the carbon footprint associated with this new typology and its ongoing management, taking into account the surrounding environmental system. Furthermore, an assessment of the ecological relationship with the nearby forest system will be conducted, utilizing actual statistics and available technologies.

The aim of this study is to investigate the compressive buckling behavior of non-seismically detailed gusset plates welded to a column only and to predict their stress distribution through experiments and finite element analyses. Two gusset plate configurations were selected as specimens and finite element models, and it was experimentally verified that the compression strengths equations proposed in previous studies overestimate the compression strengths of gusset plates. The finite element analysis results revealed that gusset plates welded to a column only are subjected to both compression forces and bending moments due to eccentricity between the center of the weld surface, resulting in an approximately bi-linear stress distribution that approaches the tensile yield and buckling stress at the edges of a gusset plate. Based on the buckling shapes obtained from finite element analysis, it is assumed that the effective length factor for the free edge subjected to compression is close to 1.

Seismically isolated structures employ a structural system that incorporates an isolation layer within the building, effectively isolating the superstructure from ground motions. Typically positioned at the building's foundation, this isolation layer lengthens the structure's natural period, thereby reducing the acceleration response of the superstructure. However, concerns arise in seismically isolated structures regarding the potential for significant displacement of the isolation layer due to long-period ground motion. Furthermore, the amplification of the long-period component of ground motion by the isolation layer poses a risk of earthquake damage to both the superstructure and the non-structural components attached to it. Consequently, this study aims to examine the dynamic response characteristics of both the isolation layer and the superstructure through nonlinear time history analysis, taking into account the influence of long-period ground motions. The analysis model utilized in this study follows the energy-based seismic design method proposed by Akiyama (1985). The key variables considered in the analysis include the natural period of the isolation layer, the natural period of the superstructure, and the horizontal yield strength of the superstructure.

The study aims to investigate the architects' perception of Design for Safety (DfS) following the implementation of the Serious Accident Punishment Act and analyze the competencies required for them to effectively implement DfS. The construction industry has witnessed an increasing demand for safety management since the enforcement of this Act. By considering the safety of construction workers right from the design phase, accidents can be effectively prevented. However, the current knowledge lakcs an understanding of how architects' perception of DfS changes after the Act and what specific competencies they need to possess for its successful implementation. To address this gap, this study identifies the necessary competencies through the DfS work manual provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. It surveys architects to gauge their perception of these competencies and assesses the perceived difficulty level associated with each one. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of strategies that enable architects to effectively adopt DfS and fulfill the competencies required its implementation.