This study aims to explore the possibility that artificial intelligence can identify human preferences through images using the convolutional neural network (CNN). To determine if people had a consistent preference for form, experiment participants were asked to select the preferred images among 200 images twice, which were automatically generated in dynamo. In the two consecutive image selection processes, ten participants repeatedly selected the same images at a rate of 79 percent. These results confirmed that there is a consistent preference for form. Next, the possibility of identifying the preference for form using CNN was investigated. Data for each experiment participant was divided into two sets. The preferred and non-preferred images were included in each set at a certain percentage. A classification model was produced by conducting supervised learning using CNN with one of the two sets. The classification accuracy was measured by applying this classification model to the other set. As a result of these tests, the classification model created by CNN could classify the preferred and non-preferred images with 82.7 percent accuracy. In random selection, the probability of correctly classifying the preferred and non-preferred images with more than 82.7 percent accuracy was 6.5 × 10-12 percent. Therefore, 82.7 percent reflects a fairly high classification accuracy. Based on this high accuracy, it was possible to identify human preferences for form using CNN

Global climate change, global warming potential and climate shock have been interesting topics for climate researchers to discuss for more than a decade and people over the world no longer expect natural normalization of the climate crisis. Buildings, among other issues, have been a center of the climate change discussions because they play a key role between preservation and development. In addition to its balancing responsibility, building industry has been known for emitting a large portion of CO₂ and consuming a huge amount of energy. The industry needs to seek changes for both sustainable and decent development strategy. In this regard, G-SEED system has been operated to contribute to the conservation and sustainability of the nature since 2001. But this system does not provide explanation for how much its building materials and components affect the environment. Therefore, it is needed to assess the amount which have effects on the environment, by taking into account of the material and components in building planing and construction. This paper examines Remicon assessment unit to estimate the assessment amount of Resource footprint, Global warming potential, Ozone depletion potential, Photochemical smog potential, Acidification and Eutrophication. These units are to estimate the environmental assessment in building planing and construction and to select the optimal alternative. Results of this study are as follows: first, Remicon has a assessment unit 1.028578 kgSb-e/m³ of the resource footprint, 264.886362 kgCO2-eq./m³ of the global warming potential, 7.5150×10^-6 kgCFC-11-eq./m³ of the ozone depletion potential, 0.361334 kgSO2-eq./m³ of the acidification, 0.043495 kgPO43-eq./m³ of the eutrophication, 0.2135715 kgC2H4-eq./m³ of the photochemical smog potential and 0.783181 m³H2O-eq./m³ of the water footprint.

This study aims to present an actual case study of address as the reference point, for the integration of public open application programming interface (Open API). Possible improvements were suggested for address data management by investigating error cases of address data. An algorithm for automated distinguishability of address data error was presented. After that, 86,586 address data from the government public data portal (data.go.kr) was processed with the algorithm. The results of the error cases were classified into five categories, the reasons for occurrence were discovered, and improvements were then suggested. This study mainly contributes to the analysis of actual cases of public address data with the purpose of facilitating data-based integration of public open data. Further study is needed to develop an algorithm to consider detailed addresses and to expand the range of data to private data with a de-identification process. This study hopes to serve as the basis for improved address-based utilization of public data in the construction field.

This study aims to reanalyze barrier-free certification based on universal design, develop universal design evaluation criteria, and evaluate buildings certified by barrier-free certification. Literature studies and site visits to five office buildings located in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do were examined. Upon analysis, their office facilities for the disabled regarding obstruction of obstacles, comfort of space and facility convenience applied to the general public reflected significantly low scores. Additionally, the installation of convenient facilities in their barrier-free certification revealed low scores. These results verified the necessity of universal design evaluation criteria. Specific case studies and continuous research on universal design needs to better reflect the relevant system and its policies. After evaluating buildings certified by barrier-free certification that focus on access and use for disabled people, pregnant women, the elderly, and public, this study has the potential to provide direction for improving future evaluation guidelines.

Among the public architectural planning systems established in South Korea, this study aims to examine the current state and through relation analysis derive predictable problem scenarios. With regards to improving this system, priority was placed in the execution order or major review items between procedures. And, it is essential to consider interrelationships and mutual synergy between procedures while understanding the relationship between investment appraisal and the preliminary review of public building project plans. In terms of reexamination and its standards, it is necessary to operate and internalize a building planning system that embraces an efficient and rapid project promotion with increased site utilization. Regarding the exemption conditions of the preliminary review of public building project plans, the procedure is exempt if the total project cost exceeds 50 billion KRW. Thus, institutional supplementation is needed to substantiate the architectural planning system. Existing research mainly addresses the ACT ON THE PROMOTION OF BUILDING SERVICE INDUSTRY, but this study attempts to break away from that by fixating on the architectural planning stage, placing significance on the relation analysis, while including architectural quality, construction technology and a balanced budget. The limitations of this study involved the procedural aspects based on the provisions of the statute at the basic research level.

This study explores the city as a museum object that acts as the establishment's background and renews the permanent exhibitions of city museums that typically collects, preserves and studies cities. As a place that captures the zeitgeist, the museum displays the city and, in the process, sets the standards to objectify a city. This analysis was conducted on early city museums (the Carnavalet-History of Paris Museum, the London Museum, the New York City Museum, the Amsterdam Museum) and the Seoul Museum of History. The results revealed that city museums were built during a unique conflict between urban development and urban heritage preservation. Compared to focusing on tangible heritage like in the early days of city museums, gradually a shift in focus expanded the intangible heritage such as individual experiences, memories, and opinions from the local community. The standard of collecting changed from the monumental approach of the ruling class such as royalty, the elite, and entrepreneurs to the everydayness of citizens. Rather than presenting a unilateral interpretation of experts, city museums have become a venue for communication by respecting various interpretations and opinions regarding the past, present, and future of a city.

This study aims to propose a checklist for architectural reviews based on the internal elements of small-size collective housing from an architectural committee's results of 25 district offices. From January 2019 through March 2020, approval documents of 25 Seoul district offices that were made public on the architectural committee's website were analyzed. Based on the review classification system in Seoul, a high frequency score of review comments produced an internal elements checklist. Frequency analysis with more than five comments among 2,907 cases revealed that internal elements were sorted into seven large-scale classifications of 39 elements and middle-scale classifications of 110 elements. During the first round, seven class types were arranged as public space, exclusive space, service space, section, insulation, waterproofing, and equipment. These elements counted as frequency for further content analysis. Middle-scale elements were rearranged according to the public classification system while prior elements were extracted from review comments and the frequency score. These research findings could act as a fundamental base in practically contributing to the use and establishment of a related research system.

The rapid spread of COVID-19 not only created a global public health crisis, but also affected almost every aspect of our lives. After investigating the fundamental impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on housing needs, this study envisions what multifamily housing will look like in a post-pandemic world. Through the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, the design of residential architecture should incorporate preventive and mitigating measures to cope with any future epidemics. After factoring this new reality, this study aims to develop architectural planning strategies for multifamily housing, particularly mid to high-rise apartment housing as a predominant housing typology in Korea. An in-depth multi-disciplinary literature review was carried out to examine previous outbreaks and their impacts, assess the transmission of viruses in built environments, and observe the emerging lifestyles that resulted in the new approach of living, working, and interacting. Comparative analyses of existing guidelines for multifamily housing in response to COVID-19 were also conducted to develop a conceptual framework of architectural planning more suitable for multifamily housing in Korea. As a result of this study, a set of architectural strategies that accommodated new lifestyles while promoting quality of life through an occupant's health and well-being were established. This strategy set is intended to provide a foundation for further research to generate more detailed design considerations for future residential developments.

In South Korea, the modular housing industry is invigorated by governmental support, the academic research involving this industry predominantly focuses on constructability and technical improvements. Under these circumstances, this study aims to enhance the spatial quality of a modular house for 1-2 people by developing a flexible system for a homeowner to rearrange and reorganize their home accordingly. After considering various factors to modular housing, the methods of introducing flexibility in the residential typology were investigated. To better support people to live in a more flexible environment, an adaptable cartridge in the form of a 'plug-in' based system was developed. Residents could then easily use the cartridges to work with different configurations to meet their immediate needs; these cartridges are customizable, replaceable, and disposable however a homeowner sees fit. New types of flexible modular housing for 1-2 people were proposed through the integration of an adaptable cartridge system with a deliverable size of factory manufactured modules. Furthermore, a prototype project consisting of these new modular housing types for 1-2 people with a flexible system was designed to calibrate the idea's feasibility.

Deterioration of space within local universities that developed in the 1980s has led to demands for spatial rearrangement and facility improvements. In accordance with the decreasing number of school-age population, reduction in student admission is expected, and the projected occupied space per head needs downsizing. Based on a spatial characteristics analysis of the Wonkwang Academy campus by period and through a survey conducted on university members, a sustainable master plan for improvement in a school's physical space was established. The strategic points of this plan involve a corporate-friendly campus, stimulation of specialty fields related to a local university, and open-typed campus to coexist with a region were applied to the "2046 Sustainable Master Plan." The local government and Wonkwang Academy will team up to construct an open space for local residents and create places for culture, amusement, and exercise. This has the potential to attract a floating population inside of campus and revitalize its unused space. In addition, it newly establishes zones for history, business, sports, and events for citizens that are relevant to the times while maintaining the existing zone. Each zone is connected to trails to have a cyclic structure, evolving into a park for locals and university members. Based on the needs of the times, it builds an independent developmental strategy for local universities and presents a sample master plan.

Augmented reality (AR) space enables humans to interact and experience various fields in a real space. Particularly, in the fields of design and education, AR leverages virtual content by introducing it into existing learning curricula and extends the technological benefits through interactivity and immersion. In this study, a research method was established by subdividing the user's spatial perception range in an augmented reality environment and empirically verifying the differences in dimensional response. An experiment was designed from literature and previous studies on whether the factors of an AR concept and empathy affect users. The 1:1 and 1:20 scale divides the sense of empathy in AR by the difference in the scale to understand how it affects dimensional perception. A total of 129 participants were recruited based on classification and characteristics and divided into two groups: individuals who experienced design education and those who did not. The data extracted defined perceptual characteristic variables according to a user's traits involving gender, height, experience in the AR environment and design education. Statistical analysis such as cross-analysis was carried out to determine the difference in the ratio of the dimensional response range; they were based on user characteristics, independent sample t-test and a one-way ANOVA analysis to find the dimensional differences for each characteristic. This confirmed that there was a difference in the perceptual characteristics in the 1:1 scale and the 1:20 scale. Additionally, different scales had different effects on user characteristics such as AR experience and design education. This study was different from previous studies in that it confirmed the practical design education effectiveness of AR through user-centered data, unlike the studies that devised various methods to utilize AR in the existing design field.

Jakarta, Indonesia's capital, is the fastest-sinking city in the world. Ground subsidence is the main cause of the city's sinkage; most of Jakarta's residents depend on wells for water, and the overwhelming extraction of water from Jakarta's lands continues to exacerbate the city's subsidence. Recently, flood-induced water contamination in Jakarta has rendered the usage of traditional wells dangerous not only for the city's survival, but also for the residents' well-being. This architectural feature-"levitating well"-addresses these urgent issues by reimagining the traditional well. Over the last century, Kampung Muka(one of villages in North Jakarta) has become synonymous with environmentally hazardous zone. This architectural project attempts to gain control of the region's water infrastructure by proposing a sustainable water network that would substitute contaminated wells. This architectural project becomes part of their living, providing a space to live daily life no matter what environmental crisis may occur. Instead of manipulating the environment to fulfill our needs, the "Levitating Well" proposes a way to coexist with our planet while preserving it.

The library has an extensive history that occupies a special place within a city's topography; it's a communicative institution and social infrastructure that is recognizably important in one's daily life. This study examines the inspiration and original form of the library that accommodates various roles, acts as the living room of a city, and represents an extraordinary place to experience. Louis Kahn explored the origin of institutions throughout his life in the concept of 'Form' and 'Design'. He believed that true innovation was possible only through the inspiration that already exists in the given nature of an institution. In the Bibliothèque Nationale, Étienne-Louis Boullée tried to evoke a sublime through the poetic act of transmitting knowledge while utilizing the grandeur of space. At the Exeter Library, influenced by Boullée's remarkable architecture, Louis Kahn created sanctity through a solemn display of books. Focusing on the concrete situation of reading a book, which is the next scene imagined by Boullée, the carrels were organized. Evidently, Louis Kahn embodies the ordinary nobility, which is the latent essence situated at the origin of the institution: the library.

From simple theories to concrete elements of practice, this study aims to explore the different characteristics of phenomenological architecture in staircase designs. In architecture, stairs are symbolic, empirical architectural components on top of being functionally used as a vertical mobility device. Architects attempting phenomenological architecture exhibit different architectural elements for each line with the assumption that each aspect reflects the differences in stair composition. Peter Zumthor and Steven Holl were selected as representative architects with different phenomenological approaches to identify its characteristics and to compare their art museums' stair designs separately and collectively. Peter Zumthor tried to secure independent stairwell space through emphasizing direction and the presence of stairs mainly by using straight stairs. His stairs were separated from the walls, and the steps were treated strictly and simply with gray and black achromatic colors. Steven Holl's stair design is based on a part of continuous flow path. His stairs were connected to surrounding spaces such as the atrium, lobby, corridors, and ramps that were used to show movement. Peter Zumthor represents the ontological line of phenomenological architecture evident in his stair design that integrates step independence and independent presence with a tectonic emphasis. Steven Holl is part of the line that highlights the experience of phenomenological architecture; his stair design emphasizes the spatial experience of multiple views with continuous movement.

Punghwaru's "Pungwa(風化)" has a Confucian meaning that symbolizes the military learns manners, learns music, and edifies a local village. Consequently, Punghwaru is often used in the name of many local Confucian schools across the country. Most of the country's Punghwaru Pavilions have three bays in the front and two bays on the side. Anseong Hyanggyo Punghwaru Pavilion has 11 bays in the front and one bay on the side, which is very distinct compared to other regions. This study aims to analyze the attributes of that period by estimating the construction phase of the Anseong Hyanggyo Punghwaru Pavilion and examine the architectural characteristics as it relates to the architectural structure and its techniques.

In 2014, an urban regeneration pilot project took place in Seoul, particularly in areas surrounding Sangdo 4-dong; a comparative analysis was done prior to implementation and after completion despite much time having passed. Quantitative and building license data was used to analyze the changes occurred during a 10-year span of Sangdo 4-dong, Sangdo 3-dong and Sadang 4-dong where the local government office in Dongjak-gu, Seoul is located. The results indicated that after urban renewal proceedings, there was an increase in new construction projects, specifically an increase in total floor area of individual buildings and in the household area. Consequently, it was made evident that urban renewal efforts influenced greater regional activation, building scale expansion and residential environment improvement. Therefore, this study is significant for contributing to the direction of urban redevelopment in low-rise residential areas by empirically analyzing changes brought about by urban regeneration projects.

In the last few years, heat-reflective insulation materials have been supplied in the form of polyethylene (PE) foam covered by aluminum films, which enhances constructability compared to typical aluminum sheets and secures air layers. As composite materials comprised of aluminum films, PE foam, and air layers, they are easily distinguishable from organic insulation materials, beading insulation materials (EPS), extruded polystyrene insulation boards (XPS), rigid polyurethane foam (PUR, PIR), and inorganic insulation such as glass wool and mineral wool. Due to the use of low-emissivity materials in heat-reflective insulation and the formation of air layers, the assessment of insulation performance factoring radiant heat has been an issue over the years. Testing standards have yet to be established for heat-reflective insulation. Thermal performance is evaluated based on the criteria for evaluation of thermal transmittance of walls and roofs containing heat-reflective insulation (KS F 2277) for composites instead of individual materials. Further verification is required as this method of evaluating thermal performance of heat-reflective insulation is different from that of existing organic and inorganic insulation materials. Against this backdrop, this study reviewed the status of heat-reflective insulation in Korea and overseas, and examined methods used to evaluate their insulation performance.

Various accidents can occur during the process of boarding transportation. Among them, the act of boarding a ship can be more dangerous due to it occurring at sea, unlike public transportation that's on land. However, the boarding environment of ships is inadequate compared to land transportation. This study aims to uncover the dock environment with a focus on excursion ships by analyzing legal issues related to the boarding of ships, the space, and facilities of an excursion ship terminal. Compared to the laws and regulations imposed on boarding land public transportation, detailed regulations placed on each facility were insufficient; the excursion ship terminal required facility standards for each boarding passenger. The waiting area and elevation area of the terminal were places that did not have basic facilities subject to the law and were narrow spaces expected to accommodate the boarding capacity. Since the side berth has a lower risk of a passenger falling compared to the front berth, it is recommended that the side berth should use the mooring space of the excursion ship terminal.

Accompanying patient safety, the surgical team needs protection from secondary infection particularly when an infected patient has surgery in a negative pressure room. Even if the room is excessively depressurized, cases of surgical teams acquiring secondary infections have increased. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of altering the supply and exhaust diffusers in negative pressure rooms, in terms of aperture area, diffuser type, and location of exhausts. A CFD pre-analysis was first performed to comprehend the alteration scenarios; field experiments were performed in a real negative pressure room of Myongji Hospital in Korea. This study found that replacing the existing perforated SA diffuser with a register type diffuser directly provided fresher air to a surgical team and significantly reduced the exposure of secondary infection. Additionally, keeping only two exhausts near a patient's feet, rather than four at each corner, secured more apparent air flow patterns within the negative pressure room. The combination of the two alteration scenarios were effective in reducing the spread of infectious particles emitting from a patient while enabling a faster discharge of the presumably infected air.

An experimental study was conducted on the anchorage performance of post-installed anchors according to aged concrete. An aging simulation was performed by assuming the surface aging depth was 10, 20, 30, 40, 50mm and setting the compressive strength of concrete after 40, 30, and 20 years of construction to 10MPa, 15MPa, and 21MPa. As a result of this experiment, for both the 30-year and 40-year aging simulation groups, the pull-out strength before the aging simulation depth of 30mm showed a difference of less than 10% from the test with a 24MPa compressive strength. The strength decreased rapidly after the simulation depth of 40mm; it was found to show a difference within 20% compared to 18MPa concrete. In addition, the pulling strength increased as the embedding depth of the anchored concrete increased. The verticality of the anchor and the drilling depth of the concrete were affected at the aging simulation depth of 10 to 30mm.

This study aims to examine the practical feasibility of self-healing pellets that were manufactured using cementitious materials to repair mortar cracks. Two types of the crack self-healing pellets were prepared: surface hardening coating treatments and double coating encapsulation treatments. The crack healing efficiency of the pellets was assessed by the water-permeability tests for mortars with artificially induced cracks. The compressive strength development of mortars including the self-healing pellets treated with surface hardening coating was comparable to control mortars not inclusive of the pellets. For the crack closure against the nominal width of 0.3 mm at an age of 56 days, the mortar specimens with pellets treated with the surface hardening coating exhibited a 91% healing rate, whereas the pellets treated with the double coating encapsulation displayed a healing rate that did not exceed 75%. Overall, the self-healing pellets with surface hardening coating treatments were promising in repairing shrinkage or thermal cracks developed in mortars.

Safety management of construction projects have a significant impact on the construction project's schedule and the control carried out on site. Current site safety monitoring methods are highly dependent on manual labor; human errors can occur through missing content. This study aims to resolve these issues by applying machine learning visual detection algorithms to identify unsafe behaviors of workers at construction sites, to enhance external monitoring of workers and to relatively reduce the occurrence of safety accidents. A proposed method combines an object detection algorithm and spatial localization relationship definition. Only the machinery and workers at the construction site need to be accurately detected and the definition of spatial location relationship can be used to identify dangerous behaviors. A monitoring network framework suitable for this study was constructed with the environmental characteristics and image features of a construction site. The machines and workers were detected from construction images based on the Faster R-CNN algorithm for a computer to obtain the visual detection data from the construction site. Three spatial concepts were defined to determine the position relationships of machines and workers in these images. The detected location information of machines and workers at the construction site were combined and presented in a visualized form. Based on the results of this research, it confirmed that the method and performance were suitable for construction site safety management, which is expected to contribute to the speed, level of accuracy and risk warning with the application of automated progress monitoring methods.

The quality of concrete at domestic construction sites were assessed through a conducted survey taken by construction managers and quality managers. The survey results revealed that quality managers had low awareness of their work due to poor training. External training and company provided education was not properly enforced. The management subject of formwork removal, the most important among the quality control items of concrete, was not clearly defined. Despite the standards set for removing the formwork being clearly stipulated in the standard specifications for construction work, there were frequent cases where they were not observed. At the construction site, big and small accidents occurred every year due to poor quality control involving the construction of concrete. Regardless of these accidents, many construction projects were carried out without additional concern and with an easy-going attitude. It was evident that bringing awareness to this issue needs improvement. Accident prevention through proper education of safety regulations should be provided at construction sites while increasing awareness to this issue. Continuous education is particularly needed to raise awareness of the importance of concrete quality control.

Construction accidents usually involve two or more injuries in succession considering various risk factors are present everywhere on site. This study aims to analyze the patterns of these multi-cause accidents through a text mining methodology. There were 1,300 accident reports from the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA). The collected data was refined and processed through a morpheme analyzer for semantic analysis. A Python algorithm was developed and applied to extract multi-cause accidents; 139 out of 987 accident cases were extracted. The occurrence patterns involving the 139 multi-cause accidents were based on the relationship of each accident type and the occurrence characteristics by type. The type of multi-cause accidents that occurred at the highest frequency were the narrowness or winded (Type 2) or fall (Type 1) due to the fall down or overturn (Type 5) of an object or structure. The rate of acting as a primary and secondary accident differed depending on the accident type. Falling (Type 1) and narrowness or winded (Type 2) had a very high proportion of secondary accidents, while the flying object, collision, fall down or overturn and collapse (Type 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) were more likely to act as primary accidents. Using the results from this study, once a specific accident is recognized, the scale of the accident can be minimized by closely examining the occurrence of similar accidents and possibly prevent future occurrences. Additionally, this study can provide direction to review data classified as a single accident from past instances.

As the era of the 4th industrial revolution begin, the introduction of smart construction technology in the construction industry is in actively. Among the various 4th industrial revolution technologies, in this study, the 3D laser scanning technology was applied to the structural frame construction to confirm the possibility by analyzing the cases to check the quality, etc. As a result, it was possible to check the spacing of wall rebar, the verticality and thickness of the concrete wall, and the horizontality and thickness of the concrete slab during frame construction. Therefore, when 3D laser scanning is applied to the structural frame work during the construction work, it will be possible to check the condition more quickly and with less manpower, thereby contributing to the improvement of the productivity and quality of the construction work.

This study proposes specific policy improvement measures for female employees working in design offices that involve relatively poor work environments in the construction industry by analyzing their employment status, working conditions, and gender discrimination. The perspective of female employees and policy preparation measures of employment conditions were analyzed to figure out ways to improve work efficiency and address work issues. Upon analysis, it was revealed that attaining a job for assistant managers and section heads with sufficient work experience was noticeably easier than for new employees without any work experience. Overall, the working conditions in every position involving female employees were generally poor regarding wages, benefits, working hours, convenience facilities, education, and training. Gender inequality involving female employees occurred frequently in all positions; the most common areas pertained to salary and incentives, promotions, department or work placements, and employee performance reviews. These aspects revealed that the work environment is in dire need of improvement. There were limitations of this study due to its focus on examining actual conditions of design offices based on positions that exclude variables such as gender, size and age; additionally, specific policy preparation plans for female staff was not presented. Therefore, further study is needed to complement this research.