This study is about material image and form image applied to memorial and museography. Gaston Bachelard had explained that the imagination of creator would be thought in the aspect of material cause. Architect's schema mediates between imagination and expression in architecture work. Daniel Libeskind has expressed the architectural concept through the lines with drawing works. According to Daniel Libeskind, Jewish Museum Berlin is about two lines thinking, organization, and relationship. One line is oriented to temporality and the other line is oriented to spatiality. The purpose of this study is to analyze expression methods of Daniel Libeskind in memorial architecture with body perception. Daniel Libeskind has tried to use material image in exhibition as axis and void made of lines. This method has a role to spatialize the contextual architecture into a form image. It makes visitor's experience as otherness with combining images(invisible matrix). It would be understood as metonymic characteristics. Daniel Libeskind has characterized museography and memorial architecture as counter-monument. Through this, the exhibition makes possible the dialogic representation in memorial architecture. The exhibition space provides a path with connection of invisible placeness. Therefore this study explicate how the material image works together with the concept of lines.

The purpose of this study is to understand how the architectural design competition has been operated since the enforcement of the act on the promotion of building service industry and to draw implications for future system improvement. In this study, 2,083 projects announced from January 2015 to June 2019 were analyzed for the application characteristics of the design competition method and the compliance status of the design competition operation guidelines. In order to analyze the application characteristics of the design competition method, the order time, the size of the project, the use of the building, the design competition method, and the type of ordering agency were set as units of analysis, and the correlation was investigated. In addition, the status and characteristics of compliance with the design competition operation guidelines were investigated for four items: design competition period, format and specification of submissions, list of judges, and compensation for public offering costs. As a result of the analysis, the proposal competition is continuously increasing, but school facilities often do not present clear proposal request tasks. It was also confirmed that it was very low that the compliance rate with the regulations on disclosure of the list of judges and compensation for public offering costs. Based on the above, we proposed the necessity of inducing the adoption of appropriate proposal request tasks consistent with the purpose of introducing the proposal competition method and the need to strengthen procedures and monitoring to improve the compliance ratio of design competition guidelines.

Most of the housing types in Korean cities are composed of apartment houses, and the proportion is increasing more and more. And the living environment tends to get worse due to high-density development. In particular, the sunlight environment of inside and outside the residential complex is becoming poor by high-density development. Since the sunlight environment is a factor directly connected to human health, this situation is recognized as a social problem. In order to solve this problem, in this study, a new planning process was established by applying the parametric design methodology to high-rise apartment plans. This study first examined the concept and principle of parametric design through literature review, and confirmed the possibility of application to Korean apartment site plans. In order to optimize the sunlight environment in the complex, a process that allows real-time analysis of the sunlight environment by modifying the alternative plans at the initial stage of planning was proposed. In addition, a process was established to minimize the external impact of the new development and its effectiveness was verified. As a result, it was possible to optimize the sunshine environment in the complex through the real-time planning evaluation process. In addition, by using the new planning guide derived through the parametric design process, it was possible to achieve optimization of the plan that maximizes the floor area ratio of the project while minimizing the impact of sunlight on the adjacent area caused by the new development.

Amid the growing number of disasters in South Korea, various disaster safety-related apartment specialization plans are being pushed forward as the risk of disaster damage in apartments increases. The purpose of this study was to develop specialized apartment planning elements related to disaster safety that reflect residents' opinions through the online survey conducted on 322 housewives living in apartments in the Seoul metropolitan area. We derived the elements of a disaster-safety-related apartment plan in terms of space and system elements, and identified the overall importance of residents, additional requirements, and the importance of each family life cycle. The results are as follows; firstly, external vacant lots for emergency evacuation are presented as common elements in terms of planning the complex and community facilities, Therefore, in addition to the existing unit household balcony evacuation space, additional evacuation space plans are required. Secondly, safety sign which have increased cognition and solar power generation system were presented as common factors when planning residential building, Accordingly, it is necessary to develop a disaster safety design from a universal design perspective and it is necessary to develop various planning elements for maintaining living after disasters. Finally, the safety glass, an entrance door that can minimize the distortion of the door frame, and outdoor escape stairs that can be evacuated through a balcony were suggested as common elements of residential unit planning. Therefore, it is necessary to apply specialized planning elements that can secure the safety of unit household evacuation route. Since this study has a limitation in that the scope of the investigation is limited to housewives in the metropolitan area, further research is needed by expanding the scope of the research target and area.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the methodologies of 119 offices of education and propose the improvement alternatives in enrolling freshmen at middle schools. Each investigation office has own inherent method and there are many different allocation ways and processes. However, complaints due to distant and non-preferred school assignments have continued, it is not easy to change the student assignment method as it is with the change of school group. Though Each education office should respond temporarily to complaints by reassigning or adjusting the number of classes and students per class, it should be revised and supplemented through a close analysis of the middle school assignment method from a mid- to long-term perspective. This paper proposes (1)a short-range allocation that minimizes allocation, (2)balanced student placement between regions and schools, (3)transparency and fairness in the allocation method and process, and (4)a smart allocation method using Big Data and AI technology.

Recently, as the awareness of the historical value of the building has increased, interest in adaptive reuse buildings that restore value through regeneration and add functions is increasing. In Gunsan, where urbanization rapidly progressed due to the opening of the port, there are many cases in which industrial heritages were regenerated as service facilities such as cafe or restaurant. In this study, three cafes with differences in the degree of remodeling were selected among warehouse-type buildings in Gunsan. First, the degree of remodeling and the seat density were identified through the on-site survey. Afterwards, post-occupancy evaluation was conducted on the atmosphere of the space and satisfaction of the environment through survey at each site. As a result, there was a difference in the satisfaction of the visitors according to the degree of remodeling. Visitors were satisfied with the reuse motif, but they tended to prefer buildings with a lot of remodeling rather than preservation. In addition, the indoor spaces for service purposes, like any other service facilities, were satisfactory when they were spaced at appropriate intervals and were well maintained. In the case of service facilities, it has been found that maintenance is the most important factor that satisfies consumers. This study attempted to present basic data to understand the consumer needs of adaptive reuse buildings with characteristics of service facilities. Through further research by expanding the regenerated architectural cases and target areas, the guideline of adaptive reuse facilities can be presented based on more comprehensive data.

As the range and types of mental illness have diversified, the mental illness has changed to suffer from diseases easily, So it is necessary to create an open healing environment where the mind can be healed. By proposing the spatial components of the mental illness healing environment, this study tries to suggest the direction of the mental illness healing facility to be built in the future. As an example for finding and verifying the characteristics of the spatial components of a healing environment, a healing facility adjacent to an overseas city center was targeted. Through prior research and theoretical considerations, the concept is organized and elements of the healing environment are derived. After reclassifying into spatial elements, the spatial composition method is verified through overseas cases and its characteristics are confirmed. To this end, the elements of the healing environment are largely divided into environmental elements, external space elements, internal space elements, and visual elements, and individual elements are found and characteristics are analyzed. As a result, the mental illness healing environment forms a close relationship with the city center. There are external spaces of various sizes and sizes around the building and inside the building so that people can communicate with each other. It should be arranged in connection with the characteristics of the space in the interior space. In this way, an open healing environment can be created for effective healing. This study proposes an architectural plan by deriving spatial components to build a mental illness healing environment. Furthermore, arranging the elements of the healing environment for mental illness will help build a healing environment for various medical facilities.

The purpose of this study is to survey the characteristics of the pedestrian node of the underground-connected complex for the establishment of the convertible evacuation route and safety area. Through this, it is intended to find out the planning techniques of convertible evacuation routes and safe zones in response to urban disasters. The sites of the survey are 4 cases of building with underground buildings. (Wangsimni Station, Seoul, Dongdaemun History & Culture Park, and Suseo Station) The procedure for the study is as follows. First, the regulations and literature on the evacuation route and safety area of Building with Underground connections are reviewed. Second, the pedestrian node factors are derived through literature review and preliminary investigation. Third, the characteristics of the pedestrian movement, evacuation route, and the pedestrian node of 4 cases are analyzed. Finally, we propose a planning technique for setting convertible evacuation routes and safe zones in underground-connected buildings that can efficiently respond to urban disasters. The conclusion of the study is as follows; First, it is necessary to plan a convertible evacuation safety zone at node such as transit path, concourse, and squares on the first basement floor with the highest connectivity and accessibility. Second, considering the connection type of the transfer station, it is proposed to install a convertible evacuation safety zone in the transfer space. Third, if you plan a convertible evacuation safety zone in the transfer space, you should plan a simple and accessible variable evacuation route. Finally, it is necessary to match the general movement and evacuation route so that it is easy to recognize even in emergencies.

The study aims at proposing the basic concept and direction of Korean-version of the Continuing Care Retirement Community (K-CCRC), recently announced by the government (Presidential Committee on Ageing Society and Population Policy). As for the research method, a logical development methodology is used to conclude by theoretically examining the age-integrated system, location characteristics, and conditions, spatial composition, and planning characteristics, which are the demands of the times that K-CCRC must contain. The results are as follows; first, it is inevitable to promote policies that seek to transition from an age-segmented society to an age-integrated society based on the previous studies on housing and society related to demographic change; next, based on the review of previous studies on CCRC's, the K-CCRC found that the location conditions of rural areas linked to the local community and the spatial conditions of the low-rise distributed arrangement in a horizontal relationship; finally, K-CCRC should consist of up to six spatial functions: independent living, nursing home, nursing hospital, adult day care center, assisted living facility, community care. In conclusion, the basic concept and direction of the K-CCRC should be set based on the spirit of age integration, planned in a regionally distributed manner, and satisfied with the six spatial functions.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the energy saving performance of Electrochromic window (ECW) by various control variables through sensitivity analysis. To this end, control variables were established as daylight illuminance, solar radiation and indoor air temperature, and then energy performance of ECW applied to residential buildings were evaluated using building energy simualtion tool, EnergyPlus (ver. 9.2.0). In addition, regional trends of Cheorwon (Jungbu1), Seoul (Jungbu2), Busan (Nambu), and Jeju (Jeju), which have different climate condition, were compared. As a result, among the all control variables, the best reduction rate in the sum of cooling and lighting energy consumption was found to be daylight illuminance, which was the same in all regions. In addition, the energy saving effect was in the order of Cheorwon (9.1% to 12.3%) > Jeju (7.1% to 9.5% ) > Seoul (6.1% to 8.7%) > Busan (5.8% to 8.2%). In the case of solar radiation, the lower the interior illuminance, the better the effect, but the best setpoint for tinting were different by region, so it was judged that prior consideration about solar radiation setpoint for tinting is needed when conducting related research in the future. In the case of indoor temperature, the higher the interior illuminance, the greater the energy performance, but the energy consumption saving effect was not significant.

This study is to analyze the operation status of profit-type shared facilities created by urban regeneration projects, and to analyze the influence relationship between social enterprises' participation inducing factors, sustainability, and intention to participate. As a result of analyzing the operation status of profit-type shared facilities, ① After the facility was completed, actual sales activities were difficult due to recruitment of operators, lack of space utilization, lack of reflection of opinions, and insufficient administrative implementation. ② After the completion of the project, there was a shortage of professional manpower and participating members. ③ In a situation where they had to bear operating costs, labor costs, and material costs, they were experiencing financial difficulties due to instability in the profit structure. As a result, attention is being paid to social economy organizations as follow-up management for sustainable urban regeneration projects. Therefore, based on the spirit of social entrepreneurship, I would like to suggest a way to induce participation in social enterprises that pursue both profitability and publicity. First, 12 detailed factors were classified by reviewing previous studies and conducting FGI and interviews with social enterprise representatives and experts. Second, after establishing a hypothesis and a research model, it was verified using PLS-SEM. The results and implications of the research hypothesis are as follows. ① It was confirmed that strategic factors can affect social performance and have a significant effect on participation intention. ② As an institutional factor, it was found that both economic and social performance had a positive effect, and the intention to participate was also positive. ③ It was confirmed that the financial factor had a positive effect on both economic and social performance, and in particular, the final effect leading to the intention to participate was the highest. ④ It was found that the environmental factors had a significant effect on both economic and social performance and positively on the intention to participate. In the future, it will be necessary to develop a profit-type common use facility operation model and pilot simulation research by utilizing the factors that induce participation in social enterprises.

This study aimed to obtain basic data in order to seek directions for a long-term living in-place environment in the future considering the new elderly groups of the baby boomers, who have been key housing demand groups for the past 30 years. The study analyzed the time series changes in residential situations using Resident Registration Data, Data for estimating future population, and 2% data from the sample of the population and Housing Census (A Type) from 1985 to 2020 when baby boomers enter the elderly. Through this, the study tried to prospect changes in housing demand by life cycle and suggest the direction of the residential environment in consideration of the diversity of life style and regional housing conditions along the aging life cycle after the preliminary aging period. As a result of analyzing the qualitative and quantitative changes in housing demand in the future due to the entry of the baby boomers into the elderly, it is predicted that housing demand will increase rapidly along the aging stage of the current preliminary elderly group. Also, in the process of responding to the aging housing demand, diversity of housing options is required in consideration of the diversity of lifestyles by household. In addition, as the demand to continuous living in the residential area (Aging in Place) increases, regional residential factor analysis was conducted not only to improve the quality of the house itself but also to consider the settlement environment considering regional characteristics.

(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many aspects of the society including the built environment. This study examined architectural and urban design concepts coping with the pandemic, using the data collected from architectural and urban design competitions held in South Korea in 2020. (2) Methods: We selected 102 submissions from 5 design competitions as the study sample. All submissions were annotated and labeled with design concept keywords. We used Semantic Network analysis and Latent Dirichlet Allocation Topic Modeling analysis. (3) Results: The most frequent design concepts include green infrastructure (GI), space flexibility (SF), elevated circulation system (EC), and social density control (SD). Of the concepts, GI and SD had high centrality values within the semantic network of the concept keywords. The LDA topic modeling shows that the topic involving SD, common space, GI, temporary buildings, mobility hubs was common among the study the sample.

This study aims to examine the difference of the influencing factors on the Residential Satisfaction among Public Housing for the Elderly with Seniors Welfare Center Before and after COVID-19. Also this study used multiple regression and a paired difference analysis by using 80 persons panel data as an empirical study by Post Occupancy Evaluation for 2 years. The research results revealed several features. First, the satisfaction of 'unit design' variables increased and the satisfaction of 'Community Service Facilities' variables decreased after COVID-19. Second, there are no significant differences on the satisfaction of 'Management' variables among programs, the satisfaction of 'expenses' variables decreased and the satisfaction of 'Social Activities' variables increased after COVID19 on the contrary. Third. there are significant differences in unit design factor, expenses factor, Social Activities factor and accessibility on the Residential Satisfaction among Public Housing for the Elderly with Seniors Welfare Center after COVID-19. The 'Defect Repair' and 'Kindness Of Employee' variables on management factor and The 'Pubic Sports Facilities' and 'Performing Arts Facilities' variables on Neighborhood Facilities factor are important regardless of COVID 19. Last, the most inflencial factor on the Residential Satisfaction among Public Housing for the Elderly with Seniors Welfare Center is 'unit design' factor and second is 'Social Activities' factor.

The purpose of this study was to derive a priority space to be apply universal design to public rental housing. To this end, 6-sites of 4-types that are still being supplied were selected. The space of the target site was classified into outdoor space, communication & welfare building, public space in apartment building, and unit, and each detailed spaces that constitutes them, and then surveyed experts, manager, and residents. An analysis result of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, It was found that the 3-outdoor public space in the site was more important than the unit. In outdoor space, entrance of site, sidewalk & roadway & square in site, and around the mall showed high importance. In communication & welfare building, exclusive domain was found to be more important than public domain. In public space of apartment building, experts and managers showed high importance of corridors on each floor, cross domain of corridor and porch on unit, and stairway for evacuation, but residents showed high importance in entry domain & public domain of ground level of apartment building, E/V halls on each floor, and stairway for evacuation. In unit, experts showed the highest importance in living rooms and rooms, managers on the porch and balcony, and residents in the kitchen. In addition, residents showed high importance for most of the space in the unit. These results are presumed to be due to the minimum construction standards, lack of flexibility in space, the structure of the narrow unit, subdivided space composition, and the area of the public space smaller than the number of households from limited public resources. Accordingly, it is suggested that the space and facilities for the community need to accessibility, convenience, and flexibility, and that the units need to expand their width and increase their supply area.

According to statistics from the Korea Disease Control & Prevention Agency (2020), as a result of analysis of the occurrence of first-class infectious diseases from 2001 to 2020, the onset cycle of new infectious diseases is gradually shortening. The COVID-19 pandemic started just one month after the first confirmed case in Korea. The supply of facilities that can accommodate patients is not keeping up with demand. The purpose of this study is to present the appropriate spatial composition and area plan of the modular screening clinic by analyzing the spatial plan of the screening clinic and the current use of the screening clinic in the currently operating public health centers and hospitals. Research methods are reviewed through analysis of existing facilities through literature review, field interviews, and drawing surveys. The conclusion of the study is as follows. First, The essential space units are the support space and the treatment space. The support space is the medical staff room, the front room, the waste disposal room, and the locker room, and the treatment room is the reception area, the front room, the treatment room, and the sample collection room. Essential facilities should be planned so that they can perform the functions of a screening clinic with a minimum number of units. Second, the additional space unit performs the additional functions of a support space and a treatment space, and a waiting space is required if necessary. The support space is a warehouse facility, a rest room for medical staff, and a toilet, and the treatment space is a face-to-face treatment room and X-ray examination room. The waiting space is also installed outside or planned to allow natural ventilation. Third, considering the modularization of the unit, it is based on a 3,000mm×9,000mm module. The required requirement unit is 27m² and the recommended requirement unit is 27m².

With the increase of aged apartments nationwide, many apartment complexes are being promoted for remodeling. Although floor plan proposal through remodeling is an important factor in the remodeling business, discussions regarding design processes for remodeling have not been sufficiently taking place in the academic world. This research aims to analyze the initial stage remodeling floor plan processes. In order to do so, we conducted an expert design experiment with six licensed architects on the corridor type and staircase type of a two-bay floor. The entire course of the experiment was recorded, and we analyzed the remodeling floor plan processes of each expert by processing this video. As the result, we derived the floor plan processes of six professional architects, and by putting them together, an six-step planning process. This six-step process had partial differences with the planning process considered in existing studies. The results of this study can be utilized as guidelines for apartment remodeling plans, and as basic data for subsequent researches.

Providing a safe patient environment is one of the basic rights of patients. The environmental conditions required for patient safety can vary depending on the severity and vulnerability of the patients. Given that the accidents related to patient safety, including all types of errors, mistakes, or accidents occurring a hospital, are directly related to the patient's lives, providing an appropriate medical environment for patients is the most important factor when determining the quality of medical services. Recently, the number of geriatric long-term care hospitals has increased. However, it has been revealed that many safety-related accidents are occurring in the geriatric long-term care hospitals due to a lack of understanding of the physical characteristics of elderly patients. In this regard, this paper aims to provide guidelines to ensure a safe hospital environment for elderly patients in geriatric long-term care hospitals. In this study, we initially reviewed domestic and international standards, guidelines, and related previous studies and safety-related factors were summarized. Secondly, based on an analysis of the existing factors, expert interviews and case studies were conducted according to the factors and the current statuses of facilities were analyzed. Lastly, the guidelines for ensuring patient safety in geriatric long-term care hospitals were provided.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the direction in which the concept of 'expendability' or 'deterioration' has developed in Archigram's architecture and urbanism in the social context of a mass consumption society through the analysis of Archigram's works. Starting from the concept of 'expendability', Archigram has pursued the development of an open structure or architecture (system) and related units that can be adapted to any environment and changed or replaced according to the decision of the occupant. Archigram has also explored the quality of city life in the background of the reality at the time defined as mass production and consumption society, and has created architecture and urban models that can represent mass-consumer society, and a space that can respond to changes in the lifestyles of residents. Through this analysis of the position, applied aspect, and expression method of the concept of 'expendability', I intend to explore new possibilities in modern architecture.

In recent years, construction projects have become large and diversity in project type. Therefore, construction management system was introduced as a method of managing the entire construction process from the design phase to the construction phase and the maintenance phase. Among them, design VE for design management is actively applied mainly to public construction projects. In this respect, the background of this study is the need for improved practical application skills for repeatedly performed educational facility design VE. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to extract the optimal alternative evaluation factors through case analysis and expert workshop of educational facility design VE. In addition, in this study, AHP analysis was performed on the extracted evaluation factors, and weights for each factor were presented. The presented results were confirmed to have practical efficiency and utilization through case verification. Therefore, it is expected to be able to support objective evaluation in the process of promoting educational facility design VE.

The Korean government is putting a lot of effort into the spread of electric vehicles as a measure to reduce greenhouse gases. Electric vehicles are a cheaper means of transportation than gasoline vehicles, assuming long-term operation. Therefore, it is necessary to enable the active use of electric vehicles by the low-income class. However, it is expected that there will be differences in access to electric vehicle charging infrastructure according to income groups. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial equity of the location of electric vehicle charging stations. The spatial scope of this study is Korea and the Seoul metropolitan area, and location data of electric vehicle charging stations and monthly average income data by dong were used for analysis. Moran's I and Bivariate Moran's I analysis were conducted. The results of this study are as follows. First, electric vehicle charging stations are spatially concentrated in a specific area. Second, there is a spatial autocorrelation between electric vehicle charging station location and regional income. Policy implications based on the research results are as follows. First, the public sector should consider spatial equity in the process of selecting a location for a charging station. Second, the concept of a vulnerable area for electric vehicle charging infrastructure should be introduced.

As of 2020, the '1st Basic Plan for the Promotion of architectural Assets' was carried out according to historical, scenic, artistic, and socio-cultural values for each city and province. When conducting the basic architectural asset survey, each city and province used the same value judgment criteria, but the value characteristics of architectural assets were different for each city. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between architectural assets and cities from the point of view of value judgment and the characteristics of architectural assets that appear in each city. Targeting Daejeon, Sejong, and Cheongju, the characteristics of the times of each city are identified. The characteristics were identified by classifying the types by historical, scenic, artistic, and socio-cultural values, which are the criteria for judging the value of architectural assets by city. As a result, historical values were given to the architectural assets that showed the characteristics of the times in the three cities. Sejong City, which developed relatively recently, gave historical value only to architectural assets in the form of hanok. Cheongju, with a long history, did not attach historical value to Gak Dang(閣堂). The scenic value is given to the architectural assets that harmonize with the surrounding environment. Daejeon and Cheongju were judged to be in harmony with the surrounding environment through the material and shape of the facade. Sejong City, where many buildings have been built in recent years, won the Architecture Award. In addition, a scenic value was given to architectural assets that would be in harmony with the natural scenic. Artistic value is given to architectural assets that reflect the characteristics of the times in architectural design and are in a good state of preservation. Also, Daejeon, Sejong, and Cheongju gave artistic value mainly to architectural assets that have won architectural awards. Through this study, it can be seen that the characteristics of architectural assets differ from city to city because the characteristics of cities and the criteria for value judgment for selecting architectural assets are related to each other. Accordingly, it shows that architectural assets should be preserved, managed, and utilized differently for each city.

The physical environment characteristics of urban spaces are closely related to the elderly's mental health, and it is becoming increasingly important to identify attractive urban spaces that the elderly prefer and spend a lot of time in their daily lives. It was found that traditional markets accounted for a large portion of urban spaces the elderly spend time during the daytime. Therefore, this study aims to obtain differences in the characteristics of the traditional markets and the physical environmental characteristics of the surrounding area located within the high-density areas and low-density areas of the elderly. The study found no significant effect of the physical environmental characteristics inside the traditional market on the effect of the gathering of elderly. The more convenient the public transportation and the more developed the surrounding business districts around the traditional market will affect the daily travel choices of the elderly. However, the diversity of planning for medical facilities, welfare facilities, and leisure facilities used by elderly in their daily lives in the surrounding areas has been more important ever. Furthermore, it will also have a positive impact on the revitalization of traditional markets by increasing accessibility and convenience between facilities.

This research presented a method to realize zero energy at the insulation and technology level by identifying energy use situation of standard public health center. The standard public health center's total floor area is 279m² and it is one story building of public health center. For energy use situation and zero energy realization, an analysis was performed through TRANSYS simulation. All energy of the standard model is supplied by electricity. For the cooling and heating system, the air to water heat pump was applied. According to the analysis, the annual electricity consumption of the standard public health center was 21,075kWh and it was indicated in the following order: heating - 36%, appliance and plug - 32%, lighting - 14%, cooling - 11%, and hot water - 7%. The installation capacity of photovoltaic for net zero energy realization was 15.84kWp, and annually 21,192kWh of electricity was produced, which is more than 21,075kWh, the electricity consumption of the standard public health center branch. Consequently, it was found out that net zero energy is realized at the current insulation and technology level.

Development of stochastic daylighting prediction model for a large open-space building was presented in this paper. The daylit prediction model uses solar altitude and azimuth, an illuminance value at a reference point and a cloud cover and predict daylit illuminances at sixteen workplane. The model can be regarded as 'virtual sensor' without installing actual photosensor. For capturing stochastic characteristics of daylit luminous indoor environment, Gaussian process was used. The daylit prediction model was then integrated to electric lighting control of the building. The optimal lighting control variables that can minimize electric lighting power consumption while satisfying required illuminance level expressed as a safety margin were found. Based on the eight days' validation, it is found that the proposed approach could save energy by 12.3%. It is expected that this stochastic control approach could be applied to other lighting control or indoor environmental control system.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the actual insulation performance of the apartment building PC (precast concrete) envelope to which steel tying materials are additionally installed between structures and hollow-core slabs are applied. Through three-dimensional steady-state heat transfer simulation, the energy performance and condensation risk of each envelope composed of RC (reinforced concrete) and PC having the same legal U-factor and insulation method were compared and analyzed. As results, it was found that the effective U-factor and temperature difference ratio of the RC and PC envelopes were very similar, indicating that the energy performance and condensation risk were almost the same. The effective U-factor of both the RC and PC envelopes was about 30 to 90% higher than the legal U-factor, indicating a large heat loss due to thermal bridges. Therefore, in order to improve energy performance, it is necessary to remove thermal bridges in both the RC and PC envelopes.

In Korea, public buildings are leading the green remodeling business as one of the carbon neutral strategies. Retrofitting envelope of existing buildings is considered essential for green remodeling because it affect appearance, energy use of buildings and, also occupant's comfort. In view of constructability and cost, prefabricated envelope system have an advantage and could contribute to the activation of green remodeling business. Therefore, as the previous research for developing prefabricated envelope system, this paper aims to analyze the characteristics of existing public office buildings envelope in Korea. The survey was conducted by using web portal site "road view" function after appropriate sample design. Based on the survey, the envelope characteristics were categorized into 9 items which the orientation of main entrance, shape of plan, elevation composition, shape of openings, shape of constructions, window to wall ratio, envelope construction method, window projection and window type. We will use this results for deriving representative envelope types of public building and prefabricated envelope module design.

In this study, a slab system using a new concept of deck plate that can be easily fixed and separated was developed, and the optimized detail that can be separated during construction and the safety of the construction load were presented. First, in order to examine the load acting on the contact surface of the fixing device, a finite element analysis was performed to predict and compare the structural behavior of experimental results. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the stress distribution showed a pattern in which the stress was concentrated to the curved part of the connecting member at the starting point of the load control, and the shape of the fixing device was determined based on the finite element analysis result. Tensile tests were performed using UTM with a capacity of 1000 kN to confirm the fixing performance of the fixing device based on the finite element analysis results. As a result of the fixing device test, it was found that the improvement of the cross-sectional shape has an effect on the fixing performance of the fixing device, and accordingly, the thickness reduction was also possible. Next, construction load test was conducted to examine the structural safety of the local failure of the fixing device during the construction, which is a problem that may occur when developing a removable deck plate. As a result of the deflection test, when considering the design safety factor in the construction load test conducted to examine the deflection, it was found that the installation distance of the fixing device should be within a maximum of 300mm. It is necessary to secure a sufficient safety factor based on the result of this technology development where there is a concern about the construction load and the concentrated load caused by the equipment in construction.

Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are commonly used in seismic performance evaluation. To achieve the accurate results of nonlinear analyses, modeling parameters should be determined accurately for structural members. In this study, the values of modeling parameters provided in ASCE 41-17 for diagonally reinforced coupling beams (DRCBs) were evaluated whether those values accurately reflect the measured behavior of DRCBs. To imporve the accuracy, this study proposed empirical equations to determine the values of modeling parameters for DRCBs. For this purpose, the test results of 52 DRCB specimens were collected, from which the parameter values of c, d, e Q_max, I_e/I_g were estimated for individual specimens. The empirical equations of these parameters were developed based on the measured values. The accuracy was verified by comparing the calculated and measured values of modeling parameters.

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the AIJ 2008 design formula; currently used as the design formula for the external diaphragm and CFT column moment connection; by comparing with FEA(finite element analysis) model of external diaphragm and CFT column connection. The external diaphragm FEA model was based on DIA-75, which was a external diaphragm specimen on a previous study of Li et al.(2010). Twenty variable models were produced based on the verified FEA model, and the shear strength and nominal bending strength of the variable model were compared and analyzed with the AIJ 2008 design formula, respectively. The analysis results are as follows; the shear strength equation showed an average error rate of 5.8%, and the nominal bending strength equation showed an average error rate of 5.6%.

This study proposes a new technique for shape optimization of shell structures using visual programming. It aims to demonstrate the possibility and capability of visual programming techniques for shell shape optimization. The visual programming is achieved in the grasshopper environment. For the shape optimization process, the NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) definition is introduced to represent the geometry of shell structure. The response of shell structure is evaluated by using OpenSees via the plug-in Alpaca4d. The optimization is then performed by using the plug-in NM-opti. All the process is utilized with the generic components of the grasshopper and two specific plug-ins. The present visual programming technique can achieve better optimization results than the reference solutions and provide similar optimum shapes from numerical results.

In this paper, an experimental research was conducted to study the flexural performance of the basement wall composited with a square steel tube pile used for temporary retaining wall; the inside of the square steel tube is filled with grout concrete. The stud bolts were used for the connection of RC wall and square steel tube. The thickness of wall and number of tensile reinforcing bar in the wall were set as test variables. Increasing point load was applied at the center of the wall specimens under simple support condition. The failure process of the specimens was observed during the test and their behaviors corresponding to the variables were analyzed. From the test, the basement wall composited with infilled square tube box show initial crack at 20% of peak load. The initial stiffness and maximum strength of the composite wall increased as the wall thickness and the number of reinforcing bars increased.

Recently, as non-face-to-face culture spreads to COVID-19, the time spent indoors is increasing. Accordingly, indoor air quality management has become an important factor. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility that chitosan may exist as a building material for reducing air pollutants such as heavy metals and formaldehyde. As a result of the experiment, cement cured binder are better in terms of strength than non-cement cured binder, and as the chitosan substitution rate increases, flexural strength increases and compressive strength decreases. Chitosan has a similar structure to fiber, and chitosan powder has a dispersion-enhancing effect, which is considered to help increase flexural strength. The concentrations of heavy metals and formaldehyde tend to decrease. It is estimated that Chitosan adsorbed fine dust by attracting negative fine dust according to the principle of charge. In addition, it is estimated that heavy metals and formaldehyde were adsorbed due to its excellent chelate properties of chitosan. As a result of the board experiment mixed with chitosan, the durability of the board is excellent as the PVA fiber incorporation rate increases. Therefore, it is judged that this study can be used as basic data for the development of multifunctional building materials by utilizing Kitosan Mountain, which lacks research in the field of building materials.

Lime is a material commonly used for various functions in the repair of architectural cultural properties, but there are few studies and data on traditional methods. And it is a difficult material to handle because its physical properties vary depending on various environmental factors, but there is no clear standard for use at the site of repairing cultural properties. In order to prepare a standard that can be applied to the repair site of cultural properties, changes in the physical properties of lime according to the conditions were analyzed and investigated. As a result of analyzing the characteristics of limestone in the two regions and calcining under different temperature conditions, it was found that the calcination degree and reactivity were different due to the difference in crystallinity and textures, affecting the quality of quicklime. In addition, as a result of analyzing the particle size of slaked lime according to the amount of slaking water, powder type quicklime was advantageous for wet slaking, and the minimum amount of slaking water to improve workability was 128% (W/L) or more by weight. On the other hand, it was found that lump-type quicklime is more advantageous for dry than wet, and is stable when the aging period is at least 1 month.

Most energy generating systems in island areas are diesel energy generation using fossil fuel. The transportation cost of fossil fuel to the island areas makes generation cost three to four times more expensive. To solve this economic loss, the establishment of energy independent island through introduction of renewable energy generation system in the island areas is being considered. Prior research are generally focus on major island areas such as Jejudo, Ulleungdo and Gapado etc. However, to verify about applying renewable energy generation systems on the island areas, considering the all types of characteristic of the island areas such as high economic loss from energy generation or small population of less than 100 people is essential. This study is conducted as case study on Baengnyeongdo which has high economic loss and Oedo which has small population of less than 100 people. To examine the feasibility of applying renewable energy generation system in Baengnyeongdo and Oedo, a combination of existing diesel energy generation system and renewable energy generation system was proposed and economic analysis using NPV(Net Present Value) and LCOE(Levelized Cost of Energy) was proceeded. The experiment was conducted using simulation, HOMER(Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) was used as simulation program. Environment and weather data of Baengnyeongdo and Oedo and renewable energy genration system data obtained from KEPCO(Korea Electric Power Corporation), NREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory) and HOMER were used as simulation dataset. The optimal combination of energy generation system for Baengnyeongdo and Oedo was proposed and it was confirmed that there would be economic benefits if the introduction of the renewable energy generation system continued for more than 9 years.