At a time when the number of single-person households are soaring and approaching a super-aged society, the Seoul Metropolitan Government's Generational Empathy Under a Roof project was launched. This is a housing sharing program between generations for practical purposes in terms of social welfare for the elderly and housing for the youth. This study focused on identifying factors affecting the matching results of this project, which could be a new residential type in the upcoming super-aged society. Quantitative analysis was made to understand this project in the urban context of districts, excluding the sociocultural perspective, using national statistics. Five quantitative indicators that represented housing needs were selected as home visitors, and 13 indicators representing housing characteristics were selected as home providers, including population characteristics, gender, and local economic conditions. In addition, the matching results data of the elderly and the young in the dependent Generational Empathy Under a Roof project were disclosed on a district basis, the data of independent variables representing young and old participants were organized into 15 districts, and a multiple regression analysis was performed. According to this analysis, the number of universities and the number of apartments where older women reside were factors that significantly affected the performance of the Han-roof generation empathy project. Since each of these two factors represented the quantitative housing needs of the young generation represented by the number of universities and the housing characteristics of the older generation who provide housing, these aspects should be simultaneously considered for this project.

The purpose of this study is to understand the international trends of previous studies related to single-person housing and compare the last ten years and the preceding decades. Using bibliometric analysis, the publication patterns of literature by year, the changes in research achievements and topics over time by country and journal were reviewed. The reviewed articles were extracted from Scopus using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. To analyze this massive amount of extracted data efficiently and systematically, the Bibliometrix R Package and VOSviewer software was used. A network and cluster analysis of keywords was performed that examined a nation's performance in terms of article production, research exchange and a journal's performance involving the field of topical research. The results revealed that over the last ten years, single-person households have rapidly increased along with the research done on single-person housing. Over the last decade, studies on single-person housing have diversified, becoming more complex. Asia-Pacific countries have emerged and significantly contributed to the literature on single-person housing studies. The academic fields of these journals have diversified as it seems to relate to the diversification of research topics. This study could be used as basic data for understanding single-person housing and in solving future demographic and housing problems.

This study explores a place as an experience of boundaries and examines the process of how the architectural experience on thresholds is constructed, leaving a strong impression on body-memory. As Edward S. Casey in 2000 noted, body-memory is intricately tied with place-memory. When reminiscing on a place, not only can people recall it, but also how they intimately acted in it with the emotions they experienced. Casey argues that a place has a certain boundary; therefore, experiencing it allows a body to perceive being inside. Also perceiving being inside involves kinesthetic experiences-body schema(container&path-goal), focusing on the literature of traditional Korean architecture. This study analyzes how old buildings create bodily movements, which lead to the unique sense of the place. The analysis reveals that these thresholds created inter-leaving of moving and pausing, and constructed thresholds in our bodies. Body memories at each threshold formulates a series of sequences; it eventually provokes a deep architectural impression.

This research aims to propose an efficient genetic algorithm model that generates a high-quality set of alternatives in architectural design where various objectives interact and compete. By integrating a novel location-based genotyping expression approach into an architectural design domain, an automated model would generate architectural layout forms using a genetic algorithm. Depending on the degree of fitness to the architectural layout form, the initialization and crossover method based on adjacent nodes proposed in this study exhibited different morphological characteristics. However, both quickly accomplished the desired result. The evolutionary algorithm and the fitness function for evaluating architectural layouts provided the opportunity to rapidly produce the best alternatives out of a large pool of options by evaluating user requirements and properties as used during the preliminary stages of architectural design. In a generating environment where many degrees of fitness are applied simultaneously and that contribute to fitness, the Pareto optimal method was utilized to provide balanced alternatives between multiple user requirements.

In 2022, Korea entered as an aging society with 17.2% consisting of the elderly population. New countermeasures are needed to cope with the upcoming super-aged society. The health production model allows active health to be maintained beyond the concept of simple disease treatment. The purpose of this study is to propose an aging-friendly housing regeneration strategy, conduct a survey and derive planning elements according to the health generation model and WHO's aging-friendly city guide. The theory behind the health generation model and the urban regeneration projects were reviewed and a survey was conducted on experts and the elderly using the derived factors of the elderly-friendly housing regeneration plan. Based on these survey results, the importance and satisfaction surveys were then conducted using the IPA technique and a strategy was proposed. As a result of this study, both experts and the elderly showed a high level of importance in expanding medical facilities and removing obstacles in the street environment. There was a lack of satisfaction with the mobility and safety of the elderly, and an environment that supports these aspects should be created for the active aging elderly. Lastly, considerable improvement is required for jobs involving the elderly, such as senior village designers and silver cafe support.

The purpose of this study is to derive specific realization plans and priorities for strengthening the publicness of urban public spaces that closely affect the quality of life for its urban residents. In this study, the perception of young people and the elderly were analyzed to derive environmental planning factors that affect the improvement on publicness of urban public spaces. These eight factors were explored: environmental planning considering emotional satisfaction, inclusive space planning, pedestrian-centered environmental planning, sustainable operations planning, easy-to-access facility planning, sanitary management planning, shared facilities planning, community support and integrated design planning. To improve the quality of life for individuals, the overall publicness of society needs to be strengthened. The youth and the elderly perceived publicness as important in all public spaces, and the elderly tended to perceive it as more significant. In particular, there was a tendency to perceive publicness as meaningful as medical and transportation facilities. There was a difference between generations in public administrative facilities and culture and arts facilities. It was found that the younger generation sought to expand publicness through efficiency and convenience, and the elderly through a sense of belonging and integration of the community. To improve the publicness of a neighborhood unit facility, a detailed operation plan considering the behavior and specific situations of major demand groups is required. In addition, the regional base facility should ensure access to facilities and programs as a top priority regardless of age. In future studies, based on the planning factors derived from this study, it will be possible to present practical plans and management plans for improving the publicness of a space created by surveying specific public spaces.

This study aims to examine the methodological approach of integrated design based on ecological standards of the overall architectural collaboration process centered on the Stuttgart Central Station project. The development background of this project focused on references based on the common guidelines of the master plan of urban and architectural integrated plans and examined all aspects of the architectural design. This integrated the entire design around Light Eye, a module structure in which a skylight-column was integrated. Christoph Ingenhoven's skylight plan was bio-form, Frei Otto's column plan was bubble form, Werner Sobeck's roof plan was shown as the design concept of a hole punching form. This design approach had a tendency toward a net-zero energy structure and implemented eco-integrative architecture. The Stuttgart Central Station project suggested the possibility of a new design methodological approach within the scope of an urban project, and will be a great reference for future explorations of integrated design methodologies based on ecology.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of housing poverty on mental health in single-person households. Using the 15th Korean Welfare Panel research data, single-person households were classified into young, middle-aged, and elderly people, and analyzed using Heyes' process macro model 6. The sample size was 2,092 households. The results of this study were as follows; 23.8% of young single-person households, 28.6% of middle-aged single-person households, and 28.2% of elderly single-person households were found to be housing poverty. Single-person households for young people were the most influenced by the overload of housing costs, and single-person households for old people were the most influenced by falling short of the minimum housing standard. For middle-aged single-person households, the simple mediating path to housing poverty→self-esteem→subjective happiness and the double mediating path to housing poverty→self-esteem→depression→subjective happiness were statistically significant. For elderly single-person households, both the simple mediating path to housing poverty→self-esteem→subjective happiness and the simple mediating path to housing poverty→ depression→subjective happiness were statistically significant. In addition, it was found that the double mediating path to housing poverty→self-esteem→depression→subjective happiness was significant. Based on the results of this study, suggestions on housing policy were made.

This study analyzes the characteristics and types of roundabouts in Seoul from the perspective of multi-level development with consideration to the spread of autonomous vehicles in the near future. By utilizing the criteria of multi-level development derived from literature review, 69 roundabouts were examined; their attributes of space usability, traffic safety, and local connectivity were compared by living sphere, and then cluster analysis was conducted. As a result, roundabouts were classified into three types: Type 1 was distributed throughout each living area, Type 2 was concentrated in the city center and Type 3 was mainly distributed adjacent to the Han River and outskirt arterial roads. A sectional design concept for each type was proposed as smart parking, public transit, and local fulfilment corresponding to the change of future mobility demand. The result of study could be used as a resource to support the planning and management of roundabout multi-level development in preparation for the era of autonomous vehicles. Further studies on related policies and design issues for the implementation of multi-level development is necessary.

This study was carried out to develop a model that can predict a user's relaxation-arousal state by using electroencephalogram (EEG) data and machine learning algorithms of users experiencing a virtual reality space. Specific ways were proposed to improve the prediction accuracy of this model. Upon learning about this model, the prediction performance was compared while changing the hyperparameter conditions of each model using supervised learning-based machine learning models suitable for the development of predictive models known as the random forest, support vector machine, and artificial neural network algorithms. As a result, the random forest model had the highest prediction accuracy when there were 300 trees, the support vector machine model when a sigmoid kernel was applied, and the artificial neural network model when there were five hidden layers; these results confirmed that each optimal parameter condition could be met. Each model was learned by applying the feature extraction method suggested in feature engineering to derive an improvement method in the prediction performance of each model. The results revealed that when the frequency-specific statistics and filtering-based feature extraction method was applied, the prediction performance improved in the random forest and artificial neural network models. Additionally, it was shown that the machine learning models that could best predict the relaxation-arousal state from the EEG data of users experiencing a virtual reality space was the artificial neural network model with five hidden layers applied with the frequency-specific statistics and filtering-based feature processing method; its predictive accuracy was 70.21%. The results of this study could be useful basic data to implement an automated system that evaluates the design drafts of a healing space by utilizing virtual reality and EEG data.

Since the COVID-19 epidemic, the response of educational facilities regarding infectious diseases has been through software quarantine guidelines that involved installing partitions and keeping distance. However, this is a temporary prevention method, and hardware supplementation is needed with consideration of the placement of space or movement path of infectious diseases that could occur in the future. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the infectious disease guidelines of educational facilities that could occur even afterwards, and derive implications through surveys and interviews with related officials and experts. Reports and documents from the Ministry of Education and the provincial education office related to infection prevention management and response manuals were analyzed. This study was divided into institutional and spatial aspects that entailed the prevention of infectious diseases related to school facilities after 2019. Opinions were collected through a survey conducted on operators of these educational facility guidelines and implications were derived from status analysis based upon interviews and surveys taken from architectural design experts. Finally, the direction for improving these guidelines for preventative COVID-19 measures in school facilities was suggested from the responses of school operators and architectural experts.

This study focuses on architectural planning from the users' standpoint. For 58 public sports facilities (National Sports Center), which are close to local residents, the status of user consideration in architectural planning was diagnosed by detailed type. The items that needed improvement were derived. Since the revision of the 「Act On The Promotion Of Building Service Industry」 in 2018, building planning is mandatory when constructing public buildings. According to this law, one of the goals of architectural planning is to realize the public value of buildings. It is time to discuss whether these procedures are playing a sufficient role in realizing public values. In particular, public values are not only realized by the administration. However, the current legal system is being implemented, centering on the work of departments and experts that promote business. As a result of reviewing the status of a total of 27 user-related items among the architectural planning contents, it was found that six items require active expansion. Most of the methods of considering users were based on data-based surveys. As a result, 14 items that need to be expanded to collect opinions through surveys, interviews, public hearings, briefing sessions, and consultations were derived. This study is meaningful in that it specifically presents the points to be considered when planning the construction of the National Sports Center from the users' standpoint in the future.

Although biomimicry is being applied to sustainable architecture with all its possibilities, biomimicry architectural practices have mostly focused on the esthetic design method. The reason why biomimicry architecture is not activated in terms of environmental function could be due to the lack of information and the absence of a systematic methodology. Therefore, this study aims to provide a basis for constructing a web-based information system that could overcome these limitations and provide practical information. For this purpose, a theoretical review on the concept of biomimicry and its application along with biomimicry architecture cases were analyzed. In addition, website related theories were investigated to find actual construction plans. Based on these, the structure of a web-based information system and the type of information provided were presented.

Based on future population projections from Statistics Korea, the population decline issue in Korea is expected to intensify. Even in the planning of correctional facilities, the declining number of unconvicted prisoners was not taken into account because of the immediate overcrowding situation. The number of unconvicted prisoners also decreased due to the continuous decline in population. It has been confirmed that by 2060, the number of unconvicted prisoners will reach 74% to 50.3% of the current number of prisoners by region. Therefore, this study proposes a quantitative method for reorganizing correctional facilities to reflect the decreasing number of unconvicted prisoners in a correctional facility plan based on the number of unconvicted prisoners over the past five years and future domestic population estimation data until 2060. In the cases of the Seoul Regional Correctional Headquarter (RCH), the Daegu RCH, and the Gwangju RCH, some of the currently in use facilities must be reorganized rather than reconstructed to keep the occupancy rate close to the target occupancy rate. Meanwhile, at the Daejeon RCH, the overcrowding situation is expected to continue for the time being, even if the number of unconvicted prisoners decrease. To maintain the target occupancy rate of 85% by region through the method proposed in this study, by 2060, eight facilities in Seoul RCH, ten facilities in Daegu RCH, none in Daejeon RCH, and four facilities in Gwangju RCH should be reorganized.

This study suggests a design plan for a clinical education and training center that could provide a more systematic learning approach for local medical personnel that includes students on the campus of Chungnam National University. This center would strengthen the publicity of the National University Hospital and contribute to the public health system reinforcement. Throughout investigating case studies such as the START Simulation Center at the Catholic University, the Simulation Center at Asan Medical Center, and the MESH at Hanyang University, one of the key architectural attributes was that simulation rooms were guided and managed by their own control rooms. Through one-way mirrors, and debriefing rooms, students had a chance to review clinical processes and medical treatments in adjacently placed simulation rooms. In addition, the floor plans were generally composed of a double aisle, which made the overall circulation more effective. Based on these architectural attributes, the architectural design project presented a newly defined simulation-based clinical education training center. This clinical education training center aims to enhance clinical performances and problem-solving processes of medical and nursing students through medical simulators and provide an opportunity for local health professionals to educate them on how to use advanced medical equipment.

Mixed-use single apartment buildings emerged from the late 1960s and proliferated outwards from the city center of Seoul during the 1970s. This housing type was mainly implemented to provide housing, however, commercial facilities were inevitably incorporated due to insufficient urban infrastructure set on the outskirts. This study aims to examine spatial planning and user behavior of mixed-use single apartment buildings. Mostly located along the main street, mixed-use single apartment buildings interact with pedestrians by planning shopping quarters on the street level and placing housing units and common areas above. In addition, these urban architectural housing types exemplifies various architectural planning features such as implementing an atrium or courtyards, single or double loaded corridors, specific common areas and so on. Residential and common areas tend to be more open depending on the degree of vitality and dominant proportion of commercial facilities combined in mixed-use apartment buildings. Overall, this housing type has provided an opportunity to interact and connect with its surrounding urban fabric over time. However, due to obsolescence and transformation of urban contexts, these particular housing types are on the brink of extinction. It is expected that appropriate documentation and meticulous analysis could provide further worthwhile implications to future mixed-use urban housing typologies.

The "Green Smart Future School" started as a core policy project of the Ministry of Education to transform an old school building into an integrated future school with an educational environment, learning methods, and curriculum. A common characteristic of many schools shown in the preceding analysis is the priority consideration for securing the southern classroom. As a result, schools still had a monotonous spatial composition consisting of only classrooms and corridors, and students' space use and access were limited as the classrooms were separated into common, multi-purpose open spaces. The school is summarized as an innovative reorganization of the school space, a learning method that emphasizes smart and green, a school that contributes to the local community and safe schools. This project will be an opportunity to transform many old schools that were rigidly and uniformly planned according to the standard design into an environment optimized for the future curriculum. This study analyzed the key elements of future schools and suggested 12 elements through research related preceding researches on educational environments that are effective for promoting children's creativity and learning, and considered their common characteristics as the key elements of this plan.

Nowadays, feeling the local tradition and culture from architecture is no longer possible. A clear separation between the exterior and the interior makes it hard for a building to blend into its surroundings. There is an issue of incongruity between architecture and its natural surroundings. As a solution, Architect Kengo Kuma proposes natural architecture of gradational expressions such as the gradation from heaviness to lightness, the gradation from old to new, and the gradation from dark to light. The gradation from heaviness to lightness is represented by reducing the weight of walls, segmentation of materials, and the reduction of architectural volume. The gradation from old to new is expressed in architecture through the rebirth of materials, material upcycling, and reform of material construction methods. Gradation from darkness to light is achieved by spatial depth and by forming mediation spaces. In addition, the gradation created in this way not only changes the physical form of the building, but also induces users to experience psychological changes in this space. The gradation expressed in Kengo Kuma's architecture today will lead the world not towards a dichotomous architecture, but towards a decimal architecture that offers an ambiguous space in an intermediate area where boundaries between architecture and its surroundings disappear. By restoring the diversity of architecture and nature that has been lost, the problem of incongruity between architecture and the environment will be resolved.

Regarding the hub cities of Hohhot and Baotou in western Inner Mongolia, this paper analyzes the role of the Beijing-Suiyang Railway in the process of modern urbanization and urban spatial structure transformation. Based on the characteristics of the railway route and railway station location, this study particularly focuses on the analysis of the skeletal elements of urban structure such as road system, functional area structure, urbanization area and urban growth axis. The Beijing-Suiyang railway provides new development impetus for the area surrounding the station and serves as an opportunity for the transformation of premodern urban spatial order. A new urban functional area dominated by factories and circulating business is formed around the railway station, which motivate development of urban fringe belts. The major road system formed with the railway station has become the framework of the spatial structure in the subsequent urban development process. However, the railway plays different impacts on the reorganization process of the modern urban spatial order of Hohhot and Baotou. In Hohhot where the railway station is located between two major urbanized areas, Guihua and Suiyuan, the development of the fringe-belt around the railway station and the outward expansion of the existing urban area were carried out. And in this process, the axis of urban growth was changed. In Baotou where the railway station is located south of the city wall, after the construction of the railway, the development power was dispersed to the inner wall area and the area around the adjacent Deunggu railway station. And the function of the existing urban axis was strengthened with infilling development inside the wall rather than the expansion-type development. This difference can be attributed to the comprehensive effect of factors such as the location of the railway station, the urban characteristic and spatial structure around the railway construction, and the development agents of surrounding areas of the railway station.

To gain a new understanding of space closely related to daily life, this study comprehensively examines Lefebvre's space theory of everyday life and rhythm analysis to arrive at an analysis of a specific space. Prior to this, the core concepts of Lefebvre's thought, such as daily life, space production, and rhythm analysis were derived from conceptual arrangement and holistic thinking that was used in the concrete spatial analysis. The derived concepts of Torre David and Quinta Monroy were analyzed, which are examples of apartment houses with a uniform structure and other discriminatory spaces buried in rationality and economy. The reason for limiting the subject was to examine the possibility of producing Lefebvre's difference space and harmonious rhythm. Spatial analysis was conducted through the method of ternary dialectic developed by Lefebvre that adopted Hegel-Marx's dialectic. As a result of this analysis, it was confirmed that the spatial practice characterized by repetition and the normalization of a resident's daily life produced a space that was different from the form of space produced in an abstract space through interaction with the representation space. In addition, the rhythm analysis confirmed that the space that can contain active body movements was activated and produced a harmonious rhythm. The production of harmonious rhythm was possible when the user's various rhythms were captured through the harmony of temporality and spatiality.

Most smart city policies and service provision decisions are made in a top-down manner that are centered on the central government; hence, it is inadequate to only consider the improvement of a citizen's acceptance and willingness to use smart city services. Although, the ultimate goal of a smart city is to improve the quality of life for its citizens by solving urban problems, the efforts to improve a citizen's acceptance towards smart city services are essential. Therefore, in this study, key factors that had a significant impact on the acceptance of smart city services were identified and implications were derived by analyzing the relationship between factors that influenced the acceptance of smart city services and the intention behind the acceptance of smart city services. Through a literature review, factors influencing the acceptance of smart city services were largely classified and defined into user characteristics of smart city services, quality of smart city services, and expectation for smart city service use. Through a regression analysis, the significant factors were identified: attitude and social influence for user characteristics of smart city services, perceived risk, system quality, and suitability for the quality of smart city services, expectation for usability performance and expectation for user effort in the expectation of smart city service use. The results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for establishing policies and systems to improve a citizen's acceptance and encourage continuous use of smart city services.

The world has been establishing policies that consider the environment whereas the construction industry has created and implemented an eco-friendly building evaluation system. In Korea, the mandatory policy of zero-energy buildings has been established since 2020. Overall, awareness and understanding of the Green Standard for Energy & Environmental Design (G-SEED), green architecture, and the environmental certification system are needed. Active House Certification in Europe is a green building certification that has the advantage of being friendly and easy to understand for the public. This study aims to present concepts of environmental certification systems to identify solutions for the active implementation of sustainable features in Korea through the comparison of G-SEED in Korea and Active House Certification in Europe. This study compares, analyzes, and evaluates the evaluation classification system, composition and detailed criteria of Active House certification and G-SEED.

Korea's energy consumption is the 8th largest electricity consuming country in 2020, and it is necessary to diversify energy supply and demand. Presently, the demand for Renewable Energy is a steadily increasing due to eco-friendly policies, and the solar power system among Renewable Energy is increasing by more than 30% every year. However, due to the rapid increase in the supply of the solar power system and the differences of the mandatory supply amount and weighting between the government and the power generation licensee by the institutional change, we should prepare a realization plan. Also, environmental damage such as farmland damage, landslide, flood is consecutively occurring due to the indiscriminate installation of the solar power system. Therefore, due to the variability in the electric power supply of Renewable Energy, it is necessary to verify the efficiency and to conduct field empirical analysis research considering the geographical and environmental aspects of the domestic. So, in this study, we preferentially select the target city where the solar power system is actively installed and conduct the empirical analysis by comparing the power ratio between the city's power consumption and the amount of power generated by the solar power system and maximize the efficiency of the solar power system through optimal location analysis by using ARCGis and will contribute to the stable use of electricity to the planned site of the solar power system.

Accurate diagnosis in the thermal performance of opaque walls through in-situ measurement is required in various fields. Many studies have tried to reduce the difference between the theoretical resistance using ISO 6946 and the thermal resistance using ISO 9869-1. There are many factors related to the accuracy of thermal performance, but the most important factor involves the temperature differences between the internal and external. This study aims to compare thermal resistance and convergence by selecting measurement periods with internal-external temperature differences of 28.4℃, 19.7℃, and 10.8℃. The study results showed that differences between the thermal resistances was -2.3% to 0.9%, which is similar to each other; three to five days of measurement fulfilled the convergence conditions of ISO 9869-1. If the stable outdoor environment and sufficient internal-external temperature differences are satisfied, it is possible to obtain thermal resistance with convergent properties that satisfy all of the convergence conditions regardless of the degree of internal-external temperature differences.

As evaluation tools and methods for the Building Energy Efficiency Rating (BEER) are different from those of international green building certification such as LEED, the performance of the same energy efficient measure for the same building can differ significantly per certification. This study intends to identify what energy efficiency measures are more advantageous for which building energy performance certification by evaluating primary energy saving measures that are applied to a real building already certified by BEER and LEED. Considering that the required insulation and airtightness of a building envelope over the last decade have already been at a high standard, clients might not be willing to agree to a smaller fenestration ratio. Additionally, the reduction of energy demands by building envelope measures does not seem to be easily obtainable. Therefore, installing high-efficiency HVAC&R systems and introducing renewable energy systems would be a more effective strategy for both BEER and LEED. Specifically, efficient HVAC&R systems and PVs are more advantageous in achieving LEED credits. However, ground source heat pumps and fuel cells have led to less LEED credits, while they are more advantageous in raising the BEER grade.

Classical sensitivity methods such as Morris and Sobol methods have been widely used in the decision making of building design and retrofit. However, these methods require a large number of samples to obtain reliable results as well as detailed information on input variables. On the other hand, the explainable AI technique can convert the relationship between input and output variables to a degree that can be understood by humans as well as provide more meaningful sensitivity analysis results for rational decision-making. In this paper, three XAI-based analyses were selected including Feature Importance, LIME, and SHAP. The five methods of Morris, Sobol, Feature Importance, LIME, and SHAP were applied to a medium office building provided by US DOE. As a result, it was found that XAI-based sensitivity analyses could provide better results than the classical methods.

The issues and limitations of the current prescriptive domestic building energy code compliance, or EPI was addressed. In order to convert it into being performance-based, a global sensitivity analysis, Sobol was used. For this purpose, a medium office building developed by US DOE was selected. The Sobol sensitivity indices per design variables were substituted for weights (a) and (b) to calculate a new EPI. Based on the comparison between the new EPI, ECO2 calculation and EnergyPlus simulation results, it was found that the new EPI becomes more proportional to Energy Use Intensity (EUI) calculated from EnergyPlus (R² = 89.3%).

For the visualization of dominant vibration pattern or the separation of modal response from measurements, the mode shape is very useful parameter. In this research, a modal-based Kalman filter defined in the modal space was introduced to decompose modes from one sensor response and develop a process to identify the mode shape using the correlation between the separated modes and the measured responses. It was observed that the updated modal responses by the mode shape was more precise than the originally extracted modes by modal-based Kalman filter. Furthermore, it was shown that the process can be extended to estimate the mode shape of non-classically damped structure in the state space. To verify the mode shape estimation framework proposed in this study, numerical simulations and application for the site-situ measurements were carried out. From the simulation results, it was found that the proposed modal identification technique had noise immunity; it can be applied to estimate the state space mode shape of non-classically damped structure and utilized on a system with very closely distributed modes such as a structure-tuned mass damper system.

This study aims to verify the possibility of replacing the transverse reinforcement in the exterior beam-column joint where the developed headed bar with volume fraction of steel fibers, and to evaluate its seismic performance via experiment. Three specimens were fabricated using joint transverse reinforcements and steel fiber as variables and reversed cyclic loading tests were performed. As a result of this experiment, it showed the same failure pattern as the details of the special moment frame specimen when the transverse reinforcements were not placed at the joint due to the incorporation of steel fibers. According to the volume fraction of steel fibers, the effective stiffness of the specimen increased by about 20%, and the maximum strength also increased by 3.5% compared to the specimen with transverse reinforcement. Upon analyzing the contribution to the anchorage of the headed bar, it was found that the contribution due to bond increased when the steel fiber was mixed. As a result of the seismic performance evaluation according to ACI 374, the seismic performance of the beam-column joints was satisfied when the development length of the headed bar was reduced and when sufficient transverse reinforcing bars were provided. In addition, the seismic performance was secured when steel fibers were used instead of transverse reinforcement.

Reinforced concrete is the most widely used construction material for building structures. However, the durability of this material is reduced due to various factors such as the cracking of concrete and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material, which is highly evaluated for its applicability as a concrete reinforcement, is known to be effective in enhancing the durability of structures. In this study, previous research on concrete column reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) grid was reviewed. By analyzing these studies on replacing steel hoop, a concrete column reinforcement, with CFRP grid, it could provide reference data for future research on CFRP grid reinforced concrete columns and basic data necessary for designing CFRP grid reinforced concrete columns. The concrete column that replaced the steel hoop with the CFRP grid was divided into three categories: the column under concentric loading, the column subjected to bending and axial force, and the lateral confinement effect of the column. As a result, regarding behavior characteristics, there was no difference between ordinary steel hoop and CFRP grid; therefore, the possibility of substituting CFRP grid for ordinary steel reinforcement was confirmed. However, brittle fracture of the CFRP grid was observed during this experiment; further research on the improvement of joint strength of the CFRP grid edge joint is needed. Upon analyzing the proposed equation for the lateral confinement effect, it was found that the equations for estimating the ultimate strength of confinement concrete suggested by previous researchers could even be applied for the CFRP grid reinforced concrete column.

In a performance based seismic design (PBD) of a high-rise apartment building, the exterior RC walls are designed as non-structural members; severe cracks and damages could occur even from a small earthquake which is a cause for anxiety for residents. In this study, vulnerable members to seismic load were classified and the occurrence of cracking in the exterior walls regarded as non-structural members of high-rise apartments were investigated by a linear time history analysis. In the linear time history analysis, a small seismic load of the operational performance level was used. A numerical analysis model was applied to the exterior walls and horizontal components regarded as non-structural members. The analysis results showed that the non-planar walls and the non-structured walls were classified as vulnerable members to seismic loads. Furthermore, the horizontal components located in the upper and lower parts of the large opening and the connecting beams adjacent to the core walls were also classified as vulnerable members to seismic load.

The hybrid systems of timber buildings were classified into three types according to the composite and combination types: member level, sub-system level, and structural system level. The member level hybrid system is achieved when more than two structural materials including timber are composed to make a single member. A sub-system level hybrid system is achieved when various material types of structural members are mixed to make a single sub-structure. And a structural system level hybrid system is achieved when several sub-systems are combined to make a complete structural system. There were 44 cases of mid and high-rise timber buildings analyzed according to these three hybrid types. Sub-system and structural system level hybrid systems showed more application ratios than the member level hybrid system. As a building becomes taller, the system level hybrid system showed more application ratio. The combination tendency of the structural material showed that the combination of timber and concrete showed the highest application ratio, and that the timber, concrete, and steel showed half of that. As the building becomes taller, the combination of timber, concrete, and steel showed more application ratio to achieve more structural performance.

This study proposes a size optimization procedure for geodesic dome. In particular, it aims to provide all the core process finding the optimal member size of a hemispherical geodesic dome. The present procedure includes four main steps, such as automatic generation of dome geometry, calculation of wind load distribution on the hemisphere, numerical analysis for calculation of structural responses, and optimization process. It is utilized by using the visual programming technique and the implementation is achieved in Grasshopper environment. Numerical examples are carried out to verify the capability of the proposed technique. From numerical results, the present method can effectively produce optimum member size distribution of the geodesic dome and it has great possibility and applicability to various dome structures.

The purpose of this study is to develop a single coat plaster finishing dry cement mortar (DM) for improving the workability and quality of DM for flooring. An effective admixture selection and mixing rate were determined to ensure high fluidity and material separation resistance, and the physical properties of DM for single coat plaster finished floors using it were reviewed. As a result of this experiment, the type and mixing rate of an appropriate plasticizer and viscosity enhancing agent having both high fluidity and material separation resistance were determined. A DM for single coat plaster finished floors premixed with this was developed. The developed DM for floors had high fluidity, which made it possible to improve workability, simplify the plastering process, and secure stable material separation resistance according to the fluctuation of the mixing quantity on site. It was verified that the compressive strength exceeded the quality standards of KS, and the length change rate was effective in reducing cracks due to the reduction in drying shrinkage caused by the reduction in W/DM.

In order to investigate the job satisfaction of construction engineers on-site work belonging to construction companies and CM/engineering companies, this study analyzed the work satisfaction by position based on the job satisfaction measurement items derived from previous studies. The current job satisfaction of construction engineers was found to be moderate overall, and the degree of dissatisfaction by position was found to be high at the employee and assistant manager. In addition, it was found that more than half of the construction engineers at the employee and assistant manager were highly willing to change jobs and retire. In this study, we first identified ways to improve job satisfaction in terms of task environment, organizational environment, and personal environment that need improvement through the improvement requirements of construction engineers, and presented a benchmarking plan for advanced countries' cases.