The purpose of this study is to analyze the space organization characteristics of the senior welfare center, which is one of the welfare facilities for senior citizens, based on the typology of 14 the senior welfare center in Chungbuk region, and to study the architectural planning of the senior welfare center. The typology of plans is achieved by field survey and analysis about the drawings of 14 facilities. Plans of 14 facilities have been categorized into 3 types which were BR, BCR, and BCRA. The characteristics of the space organization in each typology have been analyzed based on current status of use. The analysis of the space organization in facilities shows there are lots of improvements under consideration. The space organization characteristics of the senior welfare center should be considered to maximize level of satisfaction of the facility user, and facility criteria of the senior welfare center should be complemented by specific space program and area standard.

This study attempted to clarify the problem of the cemetery in our urban situation, and to find a clue of solution through analysis of new types of cemeteries. The cemetery has always been considered one of the most important architectural facilities. The cemetery was a place to visit the dead and share the memory of the community by commemoration, and a place to reflect on existential meaning. However, with the progress of modernization, the cemetery has undergone radical changes. As new means of transportation appeared, cities expanded, myths and religions lost their power, and the cemetery began to be neglected. The isolated cemetery became a place only for the dead. However, several new types of facilities have recently emerged, opening up a way to rethink the essence of the cemetery. Each of the three analyses showed a new strategy. In the first case, visiting the cemetery was interpreted as an experience similar to visiting the house of the dead, and tried to consistently create a homelike atmosphere on the overall layout of the interior. The second case reinterpreted the cemetery as a center of leisure activities in the suburbs by combining it with a hotel. The third case combines the woodland burial near a campsite, making it a place where people who get away from the city can rest and look back on themselves in nature. Analysis of these cases has found that cemeteries can play an essential role when actively engaging with the living.

The purpose of this study is to identify the staining factors through experiments with plastics vulnerable to pollution and to propose grounds of the staining prevention for application in the design stage. A total of 30 prototypes were built for plastic experiments, with eight thermoplastics and various sloped walls and azimuth angles. The results of the experimental survey by type, angle, azimuth in six phases over a year are as follows. The staining rate of plastic is proportional to the static amount and surface roughness, and the higher the staining rate, the more efficient the antistatic agent is. And the staining degree was high from the angle below the critical angle. In order to reduce the staining rate at critical angles, the results of the application of various antistatic agents showed that conductive inorganic materials were the most efficient. In addition, the staining rate for each azimuth was proportional to the wind speed, and the higher the staining rate, the higher the wind speed, the more efficient the antistatic agent was found. These results provide convincing evidence in choosing antistatic agents, and it is expected that the experimental data collected and the staining factors according to material, angle, and azimuth will be used as useful grounds to staining prevention in the initial design stage.

This study aimed to examine desirable spatial characteristics that early childhood education(ECE) settings are expected to have. For the purpose, a literature review was conducted focusing on domestic academic journals published since 2010 in the fields of architecture and early childhood education respectively. A total of 28 articles, which satisfied the selection criteria, were reviewed, and in the process, desirable spatial characteristics were extracted and categorized, which finally converged into 11 domains: Suitability, Amenity, Safety, Flexibility, Individuality Supportability, Self-esteem Supportability, Aesthetic, Dynamicity, Comfortibility, Connectivity, and Mobility Supportability. Among these characteristics, spaces that support self-esteem, promote interactions among users and between indoor and outdoor environments, and are multi-functional were the most emphasized across the two disciplines in common. The two disciplines differed in terms of relative emphasis on some of the characteristics, particularly on Comfortability, Mobility Supportability, and Dynamicity. This study contributes to the literature in that it identified the essential desirable characteristics of ECE interior spaces in both of the architectural and educational perspectives and provides the basis for future interdisciplinary studies on ECE interior settings to better support young children's development.

The purpose of this study is to underline the architectural characteristics in Lacaton & Vassal's architectural design works through 24 case studies. For the classification of architectural characteristics, this research analyzed the characteristics of the architectural planning including spatial configuration with physical and phenomenological visual and experience aspects of architectural design works. The result of this study is summarized as followed. There are new concepts of architectural design such as economy, largeness, transparency, continuity, generosity of space in Lacaton & Vassal's architectural design. The spatial configuration has been modified with diverse design methods such as lightness and transparency, voids, plus principle according to the existed system conditions and programs. There are three architectural characteristics of the spatial configuration. One is that the spatial and phenomenological largeness formation with light structure and transparent polycarbonate materials based on the economic consideration which is impacted by African culture with cheap and temporary materials. The second one is the void and doubling architectural form which juxtaposed same form and volume in public architecture like FRAC Nord-Pas de Calais. Lastly, the plus principle concept which balcony and garden are added and openings are expanded with transparent glasses for more space, light, and circulation in social and multi family housing projects. This study has implication that Lacaton & Vassal reconsidered architectural works as a result of combination of space and economy.

The protection of cultural heritage has always been one of China's important cultural projects. China's National Archaeological Park is a large-scale cultural project officially launched in 2009 under the State Administration of Cultural Heritage leadership. According to the selection criteria and planning direction of the National Archaeological Park, the establishment of the archaeological park system is closely related to China's social development at that time. Through the analysis of the classification method of archaeological parks, the result shows that the geographic location of the park and the nature of the site have a great influence. In addition, further analysis results show that the location of the archaeological park and the nature of the site can affect the spatial characteristics of the archaeological park. The analysis of the spatial characteristics of the archaeological park mainly analyzes from four aspects: the protection scope of the site, the space planning inside the park, the circulation planning, and the expansion of the cultural experience area. The research on the spatial characteristics of archaeological parks is of significance for future new construction of archaeological parks or the transformation of existing archaeological parks.

In Korea, the types and sizes of important national facilities have steadily increased as the economy has grown and industry has advanced. Not only government facilities, but also private industrial facilities, there are a number of facilities that can affect the entire country when the facility's function is lost due to terrorism. However, many important national facilities are vulnerable to external attacks due to insufficient design considerations for external intrusion and terrorism. Therefore, this study aims to develop a system that quantitatively evaluates and analyzes the physical protection system of a facility that must be designed safely from external intrusion. In addition, this system makes it possible to accurately and quickly analyze the physical protection system information for the facility at the initial stage of design by using BIM. Through this, the designer can design a facility that can satisfy the required performance of the facility's physical protection system, and it can be used to reach the standard of an increasingly strengthened trend. The BIM-based physical protection system quantitative evaluation system analyzed detection and delay factors and their attributes based on the EASI model of Sandia Nation Lab. To this end, the sequence diagram of the external intruder of the EASI model was reproduced with the space and components of BIM as edges and nodes. The reproduced Edge and Node can find the physical protection system's effectiveness and weak paths of all paths through Python-based programming. Finally, the vulnerability analysis of the physical protection system for the sample facility was performed through simulation, and an improvement plan was proposed to reach the target value through three upgrade processes.

The purpose of this study is to present a specialized high school's student wood workshop planning method. To this end, four schools in Seoul were surveyed for visits, user surveys, interviews, and user satisfaction. Factors to be considered in the planning of a student wood workshop were divided into the workshop's composition method, the area of the workshop, the work moving line, the workstation arrangement method, the tool storage method, and the harmful and uncomfortable. The study suggests that, as a result,: First, the area required for mechanical work space and manual work space is calculated respectively and reflected in the NCS design standards. Second, work movements should be convenient by improving workstations, class personnel, and space layout. Third, the tool storage method is recognized as the main item when constructing the workshop. Fourth, more realistic dust collection facilities should be planned considering the area of various workshops, work characteristics, state-of-the-art dust collection facilities and window areas for each school. This study is expected to be used as a reference for remodeling woodwork student workshops and revising NCS standards.

In Korea, more than 50% of buildings are over 20 years old. In addition, in the case of houses, 45% of buildings that are more than 30 years old are rapidly deteriorating. Large-scale complete removal methods, which has been actively conducted since the 1970s, has been carried out without considering the regional characteristics or the historicity of the city. As a result, a repair-type maintenance method was introduced to induce small-scale development. However, there are lots that are difficult to develop under the conditions of the lot. These lots need cooperation with adjacent lots. Methods for development in cooperation with adjacent lots include maintenance through parcel-union or building agreements. The study of small maintenance was conducted on more than 90m² of land. Under parcel less than 90m², it occupies more than 15% of the core, so research on core-sharing is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics that appear when small-scale maintenance is performed according to the number of lots that share cores in a dense area of undersized parcels, such as increasing the dedicated area and flat type and increasing the number of households, parking space, and utilizing external space. As a result of the study, if cooperative development is carried out through core-sharing, the exclusive area of 73.2~325m² can be used, and the type of residence varies according to the layout of the lot. In addition, it was found that the securing of parking spaces and the utilization of external spaces were also increased. Although cooperative development is still not actively carried out, this research is valuable in that it can bring great effects when cooperative development is carried out in at least two parcels.

The Exhibition "Parallel of Life and Art", held by Alison and Peter Smithson, Nigel Henderson and Eduardo Paolozzi, is one part of the early Brutalism discourse with House in Soho and Hunstanton middle school. The 122 unfamiliar image panels were hung in the exhibition, ICA in London. The editors of the exhibition, selected and arranged images and there were certain 'photographic image system'. This system constructs a series of cross relationships and creates 'the new landscape'. This study analyses Smithsons' discussions on Parallel of Life and Art, especially with 'Document 53', and examines how the exhibition worked as a manifesto for the New Brutalism.

Massive open space is one of the most noticeable traits of socialist urban planning. A large public square, located at the center of a city, expresses a political ideology. In North Korea's capital, the central square, named for the country's founder, was placed between Namsanjae Hill and the Daedong River, creating a strong axis for the city and linking green space to it. From 1951, when it was first conceived, the plan of the square was continuously modified until 1982, when it attained its present form. Making use of rare documents from inside North Korea, this article sheds light on the decision-making framework shared by its policy makers, politicians, and planners during the creation of the square, and also uncovers the principles guiding North Korea's postwar urban planning.

Until now Le Corbusier has been accused of the sin separating modern architecture from nature. However, Le Corbusier had never insisted that his architecture was disconnected from the outer world, rather he had tried to establish a close relationship between the built environment and nature. The purpose of this study is to track where the negative perception of Le Corbusier's perspective on nature was originated from and how it had been developed. In the 1920s, Le Corbusier's attitude on nature reflected in his abstract and mechanic architecture was blamed by Haring and Wright who supported the concept of Organic Architecture. Later on, the interpretation of Hitchcock and Gideon strengthened the bias on the separation between architecture and nature in Le Corbusier's theory and practice. Even though Le Corbusier's attitude towards nature had changed significantly in the 1930s, the schema of the 1920s was fixed by both his supports and dissenters as his international influence of works and theory of the 1920s became greater. New theoretical interpretation on Le Corbusier in the 1960s, suggested by Rowe and Eisenman did not change the stereotype view but reinforced it. In the 1970s Rowe provides a complete version of abstract schema on architecture and nature by expanding Gideon's interpretation of Le Corbusier to the city. After the 1980s, there have been ongoing efforts to reevaluate Le Corbusier's thoughts and works on the landscape, it is hard to say that the theoretical view on his perspectives on nature is changed much. Le Corbusier's influence and contribution on forming the framework of the modern landscape still remains to be further discovered.

The concept of urban regeneration emerged with the importance of a social and cultural approach in the reflection of indiscriminate urban development in the late 1980s. Meanwhile, public art, which combines artistic elements with public space, is utilized to enhance and brand the city image. Having the advantages of relatively short construction time and its strong visual effect, public art has been introduced in many cities as urban regeneration strategy. The purpose of this study is to find out how public art is related to urban regeneration and used as an important means in urban regeneration by analyzing its urban regeneration characteristics and roles, and the actual implementation method of public art projects as well. A comparative analysis of three selected contemporary public art projects showed that each project had executed in different ways in terms of implementation method according to the conditions and the circumstances in the region. Having said that, the analysis of the urban regeneration characteristics of selected projects revealed a common trends. In all three cases, the role of the users and the public was excluded at the early stage of the project due to the emphasis on the role of the operating and the performing actors, but the role of public participants had increased and the public more actively intervened in the implement process, strengthening the public art's democratic and process-oriented character. In conclusion, it was confirmed that contemporary public art is gradually being used as a medium for social and cultural urban regeneration from the means of physical regeneration.

This study examined the strategies for implementing urban living labs through an analysis of the ways in which the concept of urban living lab is portrayed through theoretical discussions, and an analysis of European cases based on the key components of urban living lab. Results of analytical implications of the three cases, including De Ceuvel, Living Lab Vuores, NBS City Lab showed that urban living lab is used to develop urban spaces or solve urban problems based on citizen participation, not user participation, and the role of public sectors such as legal and policy support, and financing is emphasized in contrast with traditional living lab. In order to guarantee the success of an urban living lab, various participation methods for social inclusion and educational programs to strengthen the capabilities of participants are required. The nuances of the urban context and local demands should be taken into close consideration and a wide-area network is necessary for spatial expansion of individual project outcomes. In addition, there should be a regulatory sandbox system focusing on urban living lab, a cooperative system between public departments and a strategic approach to financial support. This study contributes to the literature by expand the discussion on urban living labs in Korea through an analysis of urban living lab projects that are attracting global attention.

Recently, the traffic congestion problem is intensifying in cities due to the high population density and the increase of vehicles. As a solution to alleviate traffic congestion, the concept of UAM was introduced as a new means of transportation. UAM has a big difference from means of existing transportation in that it uses airspace. The introduction of UAM will significantly shorten the travel time between regions, and thus will have a great influence on the urban spatial structure. The purpose of this study is to predict and analyze changes in the urban spatial structure of the metropolitan area following the introduction of UAM, focusing on the distribution of housing prices. The research method analyzes the influence of variables on the current housing price through the hedonic price model. And it is to use this to predict changes in the distribution of housing prices, assuming the introduction of UAM. The analysis results are as follows. First, the gap in housing prices has decreased. Second, the quality of housing improved. Third, the urban spatial structure was formed in a more balanced manner. The results of this study suggest that the gap in housing prices between regions in the metropolitan area can be alleviated through the introduction of UAM. In the future, it can be used for follow-up research to understand the impact of UAM introduction on urban spatial structure.

In elementary school, the classroom is a living space for students and an important place of education that has a physical and mental impact. Among environmental factors such as light, heat, air, and sound that affect students in classrooms, the light have a significant impact on the learning effectiveness and physical and psychological development processes of elementary school students. So, it is very important to maintain an appropriate lighting level in elementary school classrooms. For the study, four elementary schools located in Gyeonggi Province were selected, and then, the illumination levels to play a critical role of maintaining the light environment in elementary school classrooms were measured, and a survey on lighting satisfaction for students and teachers in the classroom was conducted. The first step of the research is to examine the lighting theories for school classroom through literature study. The second step is to analyze the lighting measurements of each school classroom. The third step is to analyze and evaluate the survey results on lighting satisfaction of students and teachers. The measured illumination levels showed that four elementary schools had two or five times higher lighting distribution than recommended illumination level of 300-400-600 Lux. The survey results on lighting condition in classrooms showed very high satisfaction of 72.4% to 100%, and in a survey on glare, 0% to 22.9% of the respondents said they had experienced glare. However, direct sunlight entering the classroom resulted in visual imbalance in the classroom. Therefore, the shading devices such as louvers, and light shelves should be installed to control excessive inflow of natural light, and the inflow of natural light must be considered when designing artificial lighting levels.

Recently studio apartments for singles increase fast. However, legacy residential use profile for family is still used for evaluating energy performance ratings of the studio apartment. For reasonable and widely agreeable energy performance evaluations, residential use profile by singles must be suggested. This study suggests architectural overview and HVAC system specifications of studio apartment for singles as well as residential use profile, in particular, for single young adults via market survey, statistics, and literature reviews. Then the suggested use profile for single young adults is compared with the residential use profile of the Building Energy Efficiency Certification and that of the ECO-CE3, a certified energy audit tool for existing buildings. Heating and cooling energy demands, building loads, and energy uses by the three profiles are also compared when they are topped on the studio apartment. For the comparison, an energy model based on DIN V 18599 is developed. Also energy performance and billing gap between an actual studio apartment and the developed model is analyzed. Finally, this study wraps with suggesting energy efficiency measures for studio apartments.

In 2017, universities and colleges in the Korea spend an average of 218,774 toe on electricity and 125,516 toe on natural gas annually. University campus energy consumption was second-highest among the building types. Because of the higher energy consumption, energy saving planning becomes more and more important for university campus. However, insufficient energy use data accumulation has been a significant barrier against fully understanding of energy use characteristics, and demand load features of campus buildings. This study aims to develop and implement an energy audit protocol to tackle the questions of energy efficiency for education buildings. Many universities have utilized a statistical data which may not fully capture the energy flow within the individual campus buildings. With the goal of overcoming these limitations, a methodology to reveal the campus energy flow of demand load and the five standard prototypes of energy flow for university building were developed. Taking H university for example, this paper proposes systematically how to make and analyze the campus-level energy structure. As a case study, the 3-year energy data of the electricity, natural gas and geothermal usage of a H university campus were analyzed by the descriptive statistics. The energy consumption structure in H university is summarized which can provide the basis for energy saving measures. The methodology for university energy structure analysis presented in this paper can give inspiration for a more thorough energy improvement approach, either for new single buildings or as renovation road-maps for a complete university campus.

One of the most important techniques utilized in the maintenance of existing structures is structural health monitoring. Innovative and sensitive sensors as well as real-time measurement systems that can collect more accurate information and evaluate structural performance more explicitly have been developed. Starting from the static equilibrium equation constrained by eigenvectors of stiffness matrix and generalized coordinates, this work presents the optimal sensor placement (OSP) algorithms of D-1 and D-2 algorithms as direct method, FIM-based approach, EI-based algorithm, and the orthogonalization methods using Gran-Schmidt orthgonalization and proper orthogonal decomposition. The validity of the proposed methods is illustrated in a truss structure. The FIM-based approach, EI-based algorithm, and EV-based approach indicated similar sensor locations along the entire span. It is analyzed that the difference of the OSPs comes from the establishment of different weighting matrices, numerical approximation, and the numerically inappreciable difference during the iteration.

Nonlinear time history analyses are frequently carried out for performance-based seismic design. In order to carry out these analyses, the selection of appropriate seismic waves is very important. Since no seismic wave data of the design spectral acceleration level existed in Korea, the seismic wave data of the PEER Center is generally used. However, many of seismic waves selected from the PEER Center seismic wave selection system tend to have predominant short period. Therefore, this study proposes a seismic wave selection method with various predominant periods from the PEER Center seismic wave selection system. This paper introduces the current building seismic criteria for design seismic wave selection and the PEER Center seismic wave selection system, and is investigated the maximum response acceleration distribution using the PEER Center seismic wave selection system and the proposed seismic wave selection method. As a result, the maximum response acceleration of the PEER Center seismic wave selection system was distributed in a specific range of predominant period, and no significant difference of the spectral accelerations was found in before and after the site response analyses. On the other hand, the proposed method was properly distributed in various predominant period domains, and the predominant periods maintained almost the same values after the site response analyses.

According to "The structural design manual of timber frame structure" of National institute of forest science, the number of wooden structure has been increasing since 2000. However, the scope of structure safety verification for wooden structures is defined as more than 3 stories or as more than 500m². So, wooden structure buildings that are mainly composed less than 2 stories are usually excluded the scope of structure safety verification. Therefore, a horizontal loading test is performed on the beam-column joint of timber frame structures that have been recently built. Based on the experimental results, the behavioral performance and safety for connector of beam-column joint are evaluated. In addition, the damage curve suggested by "Development of postearthquake safety evaluation manual for buildings" of National disaster management research institute and the load-displacement curve for each member are compared and reviewed. As a result of the experiment, the strength of each specimens was different, but the story drift ratio of member for each damage level was similar. And the story drift ratio of member of each damage level was more than that the story drift ratio of member of damage level suggested by "Development of postearthquake safety evaluation manual for buildings"

In this study, As a study on the recovery characteristics of concrete exposed to high temperature, the effect of DCG on the chemical recovery of cement paste exposed to high temperature was investigated. As the conditions for examination, the cracked surface was cured using a DCG to the cement paste test body heated to a high temperature of 800 ℃. Curing conditions was experimented with 20 minutes of DCG exposure, 40 minutes of retention. Experiments focused on chemical analysis using XRD and crack observation using high magnification cameras. Experiment result, Calcite appeared to increase in all sections, and Portlandite and C3S were chemically combined with DCG to produce Calcite and reduced in all sections and the width of the crack could also be confirmed to be reduced in fine detail. In other words, in the case of DCG cured specimens, the amount of cracks after heating decreased compared to the non-cured specimens.

The entire process from manufacturing in a factory to on-site assembly is running sequentially in modular building construction. Therefore, an unexpected delay in factory manufacturing would impede the overall construction schedule. Hence, the implementation of appropriate progress monitoring is essential in modular building construction. In this study, a method of vision-based progress monitoring for a modular building factory has been developed. Instead of actual images of modular unit manufacturing, videos created from 3D modeling were used to train a deep learning model. Then, videos recorded during modular manufacturing in a factory were used to test the system. Although the deep learning model was trained with the virtual model, the test results demonstrated that all six processes were successfully detected. Out of 225 image frames on average, the number of unrecognized frames was 28-53, resulting in an average recognition rate of 83.1%. The recognition accuracy of the developed progress monitoring system ranges from 62.5 to 100%, and the average value was 84.4%.

According to the Ministry of Employment and Labor's industrial accident statistics over the past decade, the number of accident deaths in the construction filed is the highest among all industries. Although participants in the construction process and institutions like Ministry of Employment and Labor and Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency for safety inspection, have been conducting intensive management over the past years to reduce deaths in the construction industry, there has been no significant reduction in occupational accident. The construction industry and academia have been conducting various research and development to improve construction site safety. However, because there is a limit to increasing safety at construction sites only through individual research, efforts should be made to understand between the studies. This study explores domestic research trends in studies related to construction accident using text mining techniques. For this, a corpus was compiled, comprising published papers related to 'construction accident' from KERIS and KISTI during a period from 2000 to 2020. From this corpus, keywords were extracted using KoNLPy in Python and then a Network was built for Semantic Network Analysis by using the keywords. As a result of this study, the keywords 'Worker', 'Accident' and 'Site' found to be the main Keywords as hubs. In addition, the analysis of communities within the network identified five research directions; direct accident factors such as types and original cause materials, specific site safety management factors, working environment factors due to social structural changes, human error, and safety climate in construction site. The results show the trend of research on topics related to construction accident in Korea, which can contribute to identifying domestic research directions and determining subsequent research topics in the field.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the change in the image of high school students in the construction industry, which is an important potential resource for the future construction industry, and to suggest ways to improve the negative image that is urgent to be solved. According to the results of this study, the common negative images of high school students in the industrial and humanities industries are 'successful construction', 'business ethics' and 'working environment'. In addition, the analysis of image improvement activities by domestic institutions showed that most of them have a lot of social contribution meaning and that there are few activities that teenagers can experience in person. This study shows that high school students did not have a large number of surveys due to Corona 19, and that the image improvement activities of advanced countries were limited to Japanese cases. As a result, further research needs to be conducted to overcome the limitations of this study in the future and to prepare policy measures to utilize the image of the construction industry in practice.