This study aims to analyze the usage behavior of shared e-scooter users based on GPS data. By examining the characteristics of user behavior and classifying them according to their purpose of use, three types were identified: type one is commuting as a single section type, type two is leaving work and personal life, and type three is personal life. The average travel distances for each type were found to be 0.76km, 1.58km, and 1.38km, respectively. Additionally, this study examined the usage behavior based on the purpose and type of travel. It was observed that when e-scooters were used for commuting, the movement radius was narrow. On the other hand, for leisure purposes, the activity radius was wider, and users utilized various streets. Furthermore, the findings from the interview analysis revealed that enhancing vehicle and pedestrian awareness, providing safety helmets, encouraging the utilization of alternative shared transportation modes, and implementing a fare discount system would yield positive outcomes in terms of promoting shared mobility and mitigating environmental pollution.

This study focuses on improving walkability in the city center through infrastructure interventions involving a literature review and research on specific characteristics of urban spatial structure. The analysis employs space syntax and axial maps to extract the distinctive features of pedestrian spaces in the old city area of Seoul, particularly Cheonggyecheonro and Seoullo7017. The results revealed there were two approaches to improving pedestrian walkability in Seoul city center. One involved demolishing existing highways and regenerating Cheonggyecheon waterside pedestrian road, while the other focused on Seoullo7017, which transforms into a three-dimensional pedestrian space with functional changes. Additionally, quantitative analysis using space syntax revealed that Cheonggyecheonro and Seoullo7017 exhibit low connectivity, integration, and ERAM(3) values. These roads include Jongro in the east-west direction, Sejongdaero in Gwanghwamun, and Donhwamunro/Chungmuro in Jongro3ga, Daehakro/Donghoro in Dongdaemun in the south-north direction. Lastly, Cheonggyecheonro offers spatial characteristics with water spaces on the underground level and a pleasant streetscape for leisurely walks. Seoullo7017 provides a unique cityscape with a three-dimensional pedestrian space aboveground, catering to both leisurely strolls and purposeful walks. Based on these findings, Cheonggyecheonro and Seoullo7017 can be recommended for enhancing walkability through sustainable infrastructure regeneration. By connecting isolated spaces in the city center through pedestrian networks, a continuous linear park can be established, leading to urban regeneration with a focus on sustainability in Seoul city center.

Sustainable development was initially discussed in the context of the environment, but as the importance of social and economic sustainability has recently emerged, the 'environmental', 'economic' and 'social' sustainability have developed into three pillars of sustainable development. Social sustainability is a broad concept including various conflicting elements among stakeholders and clear and specific standards are needed to be accepted in the local context. In order to set clear and specific standards for social sustainability in urban and neighborhood development, this study reviews goals, guidelines, and assessment tools of social sustainability pursued by international organizations such as UNSDGs, OECD, and WHO to form a frame for analysis and common elements of social sustainability were identified. Through this frame, assessment factors drawn from the recently developed global environmental assessment system for cities and neighborhoods are analyzed and it was possible to find similarities and consistent features for social sustainability in the scale of urban and neighborhood. Social sustainability pursued by international organizations in terms of the urban environment could be identified as the 'urban physical environment', 'social activity environment', and 'personal psychological environment' and through this frame it was possible to analyze the characteristics of social sustainability derived from global environmental assessment systems such as LEED and BREEAM at the level of neighborhoods and communities. As a result, key features of social sustainability such as accessibility, safety, amenity, equity, sense of community, inclusivity, and sense of place (locality) are drawn as critical factors through the analysis of LEED-Cities & Communities, LEED-ND, and BREEAM-Communities.

This study aimed to develop a cutting-edge GIS-based accessibility analysis technique for living cultural facilities in Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do. The ultimate goal was to identify vulnerable regions and propose appropriate facility planning directions. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of relevant literature and public facility complex projects was conducted, categorizing the characteristics and types of living and cultural facilities. Furthermore, an accessibility analysis of living cultural facilities, encompassing cultural and public sports facilities, was conducted to identify vulnerable regions. The analysis methodology was based on E2SFCA, combining both walking and driving scenarios to obtain an accessibility index. Vulnerable areas were identified as those with significantly lower accessibility indices, measuring less than 0.0001. Based on the distribution of vulnerable areas, a model for new facilities was proposed in the southern region of Hoehyeon-myeon. This particular area exhibited a high concentration of vulnerable regions. It is an agricultural area situated in a plain, devoid of local history, tourism resources, or local products, and falls within an endangered high-risk area. Among the various complex types considered, a healing care facility was suggested to facilitate the influx of outsiders. The proposed plan incorporates elements of smart farming and healing agriculture, featuring a generation-integrated healing agricultural experience center, nursing facilities, and rural shared offices equipped with accommodation and convenience amenities. The integration of metaverse technology enables remote participation through an online platform, ensuring accessibility anytime and anywhere.

The purpose of this study was to propose practical measures for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the architectural design industry. A comparison was made between the fact-finding surveys stipulated in the Act on the Promotion of the building service industry and the fact-finding survey specific to the building service industry. It became evident that the existing fact-finding survey items were insufficient for capturing the true state of the architectural design industry. Consequently, an assessment was conducted to determine whether an information system for the building service industry could serve as a viable replacement for fact-finding surveys. This study involved a comparison of survey items between the fact-finding survey and the information system. To enable the information system to generate the necessary data required for fact-finding surveys on the architectural design industry, the integration of architectural administration information and data on architectural professionals was examined, necessitating the addition or revision of certain items. By implementing the proposed methodology for the information system, it becomes possible to comprehensively comprehend the actual conditions of the architectural design industry and the professional workforce associated with it, without the need for further fact-finding surveys. The information system proves to be highly effective in generating diverse data essential for promoting the architectural design industry. However, it is important to note that this study's scope is limited to the architectural design industry, emphasizing the need for follow-up studies on other architectural service sectors.

The purpose of this study was to identify the housing welfare policies of each major local government more closely, to identify the need for changes in the housing welfare system for decentralization, and to seek directions for improvement. To this end, the domestic housing welfare policy and current status were analyzed through theoretical consideration of housing welfare policy. In addition, in order to ensure the objectivity of the research survey, prior studies such as literature research, data from the National Statistical Office, and data and reports provided by each local government were conducted. More specifically, the current status of housing welfare for each of the 10 local government, which are the subject of the study, was investigated, and changes in relevant laws and regulations and systems and housing-related statistical data were examined. The selection criteria for the 10 regions to be studied were intended to be helpful in deriving implications as local governments carrying out projects related to housing welfare among regions with housing welfare support ordinances or local governments in which projects related to housing welfare are progressing well. Through this study, it is expected that the housing welfare policies and systems of the metropolitan area and local governments in Korea will become more robust and the housing welfare system will develop more systematically.

This study aims to collect and analyze unoccupied house improvement plans implemented by both metropolitan and local governments following the enactment of the 'Act on Special Cases Concerning Unoccupied House or Small-scale Housing Improvement.' The objective is to identify variations in these plans and establish fundamental data that can serve as a reference for future development and restructuring of unoccupied house improvement initiatives. When all seven metropolitan governments included in this study have established ordinances related to unoccupied houses, it has been observed that specific guidelines for formulating unoccupied house improvement plans at the autonomous district level remain insufficient. Furthermore, findings from the unoccupied house survey indicate that a significant portion of local governments predominantly focus on addressing Grade 3 and Grade 4 unoccupied houses in their improvement projects, despite the majority of unoccupied houses falling under Grade 1 and Grade 2. This discrepancy is largely attributed to financial limitations. To address these challenges, it is crucial to establish a detailed business plan that supports physical improvement or facilitates the acquisition of institutions for future utilization post-renovation. Additionally, when formulating utilization plans for unoccupied houses, a customized approach considering the distinct physical and social characteristics of each region becomes essential.

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of antimonument by examining the historical transition process and case studies to explore the application of antimonumentality in the projects of Kuma Kengo and RCR Arquitectes. Both architects reject the rigid artificiality of concrete and instead use materials that embody a flexible concept of time, allowing for intervention and adaptation to actual temporality. Kumo Kengo utilizes natural materials, while RCR Arquitectes employs iron and incorporates the passage of time through the aging and corrosion of each material. Furthermore, the manipulation of light and shadow is utilized to introduce an element of actual temporality. Both architects challenge the prevailing artificiality by embracing the surrounding environment. They reject dichotomous thinking such as artificial versus natural or interior versus exterior, opting instead for a nuanced expression of architecture characterized by gradation, in-between spaces, and the fragmentation of materials with boundaries that blur into the natural surroundings. Lastly, the two architects establish a strong connection to the surrounding landscape and actively engage in a dialogue with nature. Their designs seek to create a sense of place and foster interactive communication with the natural environment by seamlessly integrating nature into the architecture. Amid various changes in contemporary architecture, their approaches to antimonumentality offer diverse paths to transcend the traditional concept of monument architecture. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of antimonument as a counterpoint to monument architecture and specifically focus on the works of Kuma Kengo and RCR Arquitectes from the perspective of antimonumentality.

With the rising popularity of Virtual Reality (VR) technology across various industries, its application in architecture design has gained significant traction. As technological advancements continue, the use of VR technology is expected to increase in the architecture design field, and it is predicted to play a leading role shortly. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the integrated design process with the use of VR technology that is used in conjunction with Building Information Modelling (BIM). This study offers a step-by-step approach to the integrated design process based on an analysis of the basic architecture design process and integrated architecture design process with BIM. Furthermore, a model for the integrated design process employing VR technology was presented. The final suggestion of the integrated design process with the use of VR technology, which is based on the integrated architecture design process with BIM, is predicted to save time and effort in the overall architecture design process. This process is anticipated to enhance the efficiency of architecture design while providing valuable guidance for professionals in the field. Moreover, the integration of real-time update data services such as digital twin or Augmented Reality (AR) within the integrated design process with VR technology creates new possibilities for architecture design. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize the industry, offering dynamic opportunities for exploration and innovation. In conclusion, the fusion of VR technology with BIM in the architecture design process promises substantial benefits and unveils novel prospects for the industry. Understanding the integrated design process with the use of VR technology is crucial for architects and designers to remain competitive and efficient in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape.

VE(Value Engineering) is a systematic process in which members of team, an expert group, reviews the feasibility of design and field application by function and alternatives through cooperation in various fields of expertise. This study is aimed at analyzing how far the current design VE has developed theoretically and practically. Accordingly, the current status was analyzed based on the application of the design, construction VE document research methodology and researcher's activities of design VE reviewed work from 2015 to the present. Based on the design VE common elements, the entire process was divided into 6 components: process, utilization plan, task performance stage, application case, technique use, and others. The study found that the absence of considerate awareness of design VE members, data management and systematization were required for review, implementation of design VE review tasks, overall management operation with guaranteed expertise from step-by-step tasks to follow-up management. Construction projects suggested such improvement measures as the expansion of design VE review, implementation period, payment of fees, and supplementation of compulsory approval of proposals in building construction stage. This will be used as a guideline for improving the process of activating design VE and work performance manual.

As women's social roles have expanded, corresponding changes have occurred in the social structure and residential landscape. Women's housing has become increasingly diverse, encompassing various arrangements such as divorced households, single-parent households, migrant women, and single-person households. Consequently, there is a growing need to conduct in-depth and multi-layered research analyses on specific aspects of women's housing to develop tailored policies that align with these unique characteristics. The objective of this study is to explore global research trends in literature related to women's housing and identify key research topics within the field. To achieve this, bibliographic information was gathered from the Web of Science (WoS), enabling the extraction and analysis of research trends and major research topics in women's housing. A total of 529 bibliographic entries were extracted for women, 529 for housing, and 757 for women overall, covering the period from 1982 to 2022. Detailed analysis techniques such as network plots, simultaneous appearance word analysis, and strategic diagrams were employed to delve into these research topics. The final analysis revealed that research on women's housing has been extensively published in various Western first-world countries, including the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, robust research networks have been established between these nations. Additionally, the most significant research topics in the field of women's housing include homelessness, health concerns including HIV, and violence. These findings reinforce the notion that women's housing insecurity and women's poverty are primary areas of research focus.

The objective of this study is to propose effective measures for enhancing the G-SEED certification process and optimizing work efficiency by analyzing the correlation between the building design process and the green building certification process. A notable Issue with G-SEED is the separate pre-certification and final certification phases, resulting in duplicated efforts for preparing green certification documents. During the design stage, the building designer is required to prepare credit documents for unconfirmed items and subsequently prepare additional credit documents for items in the construction stage to complete the pre-certification process. To address these challenges, it is crucial to explore more flexible approaches, such as integrating the entire certification process and allowing for process selection. Additionally, the development of an integrated online platform capable of consistently managing G-SEED data throughout the certification process is essential.

The plan to develop a school into community life and as a cultural center was well received in urban areas where there are limited sites and facilities. In Korea, community facilities in schools were introduced through the complex facilities of a school project in the early 2000s; in particular, the new town complex elementary school drew attention as a new type of future school. However, many issues surfaced since the opening of these schools; POE can provide improvement direction to prevent the same problems from being repeated. Three elementary schools were examined and the frames of analysis such as expansibility, convertibility, versatility, accessibility, adaptability, safety, and security were derived as critical spatial characteristics necessary for planning community facilities through a literature survey. The results of POE through site visits, questionnaires, and interviews with users such as students, parents, local residents, and teachers showed that separation between school buildings and complex facilities should be minimized for active use by the entire community. Additionally, overlapping spaces should be avoided for efficient use of the space.

In this study, stylobate and stone terrace were categorized in terms of topography adjustment to analyze their time-periodic characteristic and distribution of building use. The purpose of this categorization was to apply the drawn conclusion to the layout composition and comprehend the meaning of its application. To attain this particular purpose, 236 state-designated cultural heritage sites and 78 ruined temple sites were examined. As a result, the phenomenon of integrating stone terrace and stylobate in the mid-Goryeo dynasty was identified. This integrated form was universally used throughout mid-Goryeo regardless of the building use. The usage of the stylobate was different between the central building and the independent building, and the integrated stylobate on the stone terrace was mainly used in the central building. The reason for this seemed to be caused by the stratification composition and the method of placing it on a slope. Subsequently, the form of land composition was further diversified due to functional factors and arrangement order, and thus stylobate on the stone terrace was used as the means of space composition.

This study has the purpose of investigating the structural characteristics and tendencies of the distance relationship between the framed-structure that comprises the outermost bays of the hipped and the hipped-gable roofs with middle purlins. The scope of the study was limited to 53 official-style buildings designated as national cultural heritage buildings. The outermost bays subsume outmost pillars, external pillars on plinths at the front and back facades, columns that form outermost bays at side facades, and the inner columns, middle purlins, and protruding eaves that support framed structures at outermost bays. By defining the distance elements based on the location of these members as 'dori', 'beam', 'middle beam', and 'inner columns', and classifying them into combinations that represent the structure of the outermost bays depending on the case-to-case relationship between the distance elements. Among 53 buildings, the 212 outermost bays were investigated. Resting on the survey results, this study analyses them in detail drawing upon the one-to-one distance relationship of the main wooden members at the outermost bays and the building scale, and then interprets the trends and meanings of these framework systems.

This study aims to propose ways to reduce the loss of construction projects caused by preservation measures for buried cultural heritage. To this end, 52 construction projects have been investigated since the 2000s in Jongno-gu, Seoul, where project implementers have carried out preservation measures. And then, the investigated cases were classified according to the location of the preservation space. As a result of reviewing the cases according to the new preservation type, the size of the construction project, the contents of design changes, and the losses incurred were different for each preservation type. Losses in terms of period, area, and management occurred in the Exhibited-Inside type, and losses in terms of period and management occurred in the Exhibited-Outside type. In the Buried-Inside type, area loss occurred in the way of development restrictions, and in the Buried-Outside type, there was no loss in terms of period, area, and management. This study proposed the revision of the excavation-permit procedure for period-side losses as a reduction plan. For the loss in area aspect, the incentive policy and the excavation cost support system were reviewed to propose a reduction in loss through compensation. Finally, the publicization of management was proposed for the loss of management.

This study examines the increasing provision of buy-to-rent public housing through public contributions, which utilizes private developers' profits to alleviate the government's financial burden. By focusing on Station-Influenced-Area(SIA) youth housing in Seoul, the study empirically analyzes locational factors of buy-to-rent public housing using a multi-level logistic regression model. It considers a hierarchical data structure that includes both parcel-based factors and socioeconomic characteristics of each station. The results demonstrate that development opportunities, including land value, changes in land value, and development potential index, significantly influence the supply of buy-to-rent public housing through public contributions. This highlights the potential of public contributions as a mechanism for housing provision. In areas where government financing is limited, public contributions can provide public housing options for vulnerable households, such as low-income city workers, in areas with excellent accessibility to public transportation. However, reliance on market mechanisms tends to restrict the supply of buy-to-rent public housing to areas with high development potential or land values, potentially leading to regional disparities in the distribution of public housing. To address this issue, fostering a complementary role between public entities and private developers is crucial, with a focus on public interventions in areas that lack private development.

According to NFTC 303 and NFPC 303, exit sign lights are set to be installed at a height of 1.5 m or more from the floor, which is a common installation location for exit lights in Korea. However, there are cases where fire or electrical engineers arbitrarily interpret this and install emergency lights in unique locations. Such uneven attachment positions of exit guidance lights can cause confusion in the cognitive process of evacuees. Therefore, in this study, an installation location that can minimize the reaction time for recognizing evacuation route guidance was derived. According to the experimental results, people's reaction time was the shortest by about 20% compared to other cases when the evacuation exit guidance light was installed at the center of the emergency exit and at the location where the lower part of the guidance light and the upper part of the emergency exit face each other. The results of this study can be used as an engineering basis for evacuation guidance installation standards and cognitive performance evaluation.

In South Korea, Energy Performance Index (EPI) approach has been used as a building energy standard for new buildings. It quantifies the EPI score using two different weights based on selected design variables according to building usage, gross floor area, and region. However, it has been well acknowledged that this prescriptive approach does not sufficiently account for the nonlinear interwoven relationship among the design variables. With this in mind, the authors collected actual monthly energy data from 102,400 existing non-residential buildings in South Korea and investigated the correlation between the obtained EPI scores and the measured EUIs as well as between the design variables (U-values of the building envelope) and the measured EUIs. It is found that the current EPI rating method does not always explain the energy performance of existing buildings.

This study evaluated flexural and shear behaviors of high-insulation precast concrete panels utilizing artificially manufactured lightweight aggregates derived from sewage sludge referred to as SH-panel. The key parameters investigated include the compressive strengths of the concrete, longitudinal reinforcement ratios, insulation types, and the presence of thermal meta. The results indicated that the flexural and shear strengths of the SH-panel specimens could be conservatively assessed using the design procedure outlined in ACI 318-19 provisions. Furthermore, the SH-panel specimens demonstrate comparable flexural ductility when compared to conventional lightweight aggregate concrete beams. In addition, all SH-panels satisfied the performance requirements for grade 1 strength resistance, as specified in KS F 4736 for lightweight panels, as well as the wind load resistance criteria outlined in KDS 41 10 15 for exterior building materials with special wind resistance.

This study aims to comprehensively understand the lateral behavior of a core outrigger system without shear walls. To achieve this objective, structural analysis and design of a 60-story building were conducted using the MIDAS-Gen program. The key variables investigated include the ratio of shear wall height to the overall building height and the stiffness of the outrigger system. Based on the analysis results, various aspects of the lateral behavior were examined. These included the distribution of shear forces and overturning moments transmitted from the shear wall, the lateral displacement distribution of the top story, and the distribution of axial forces from exterior columns transferred at the height where the outrigger is installed. Through this research, it was observed that the ratio of shear wall height to the overall building height and the stiffness of the outrigger system had a significant impact on the lateral behavior of the core outrigger system in high-rise buildings. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights for the proper design of high-rise outrigger systems in the absence of shear walls, serving as a foundation for securing essential data in structural design.

In this study, a finite element model and analysis results are presented to investigate the effect of the sleeve diameter and the strength of the grout on the behavior of the cylindrical half-grouted splice sleeve. The half-grouted splice sleeve, consisting of a threaded end and a grouted sleeve end, is a mechanical connector that can be made by milling instead of casting. The grade of rebar is SD600 D22, and the material of the sleeve is SM45C. The development length of rebar inside the sleeve is 7.5d (d: rebar diameter), which is the same in all analysis models. Additionally, true stress and ductile damage conditions are used to simulate the nonlinear behavior and fracture of rebars. The structural behavior of the spliced rebar system for four sleeve diameters (cover thickness rebar: about 3, 6, 12, 18 mm) and two types of grout compressive strength (60, 100 MPa) is calculated using finite element analysis software Abaqus/Explicit. As a result of the analysis, the effect of sleeve diameter size on the failure mode, the yield length of the rebar, and the yield of the sleeve cross-section is significant, but the effect of grout strength on the structural behavior of the splice sleeve is very small.

This study introduces a developed method that uses medium or small machinery called PRS Deque, which addresses the limitations of existing permanent retaining wall techniques that rely on large machinery. The PRS Deque method offers the advantage of being applicable to narrow construction sites while also reducing both the construction period and cost. It employs a continuous pile retaining wall approach, utilizing a combination of circular RC Pile and CFT-type Deque Pile. These piles are designed to exhibit similar deformation performance under service loads and are geometrically coupled. By utilizing a high-rigid Deque Pile, the PRS Deque method enables the construction of a high-performance retaining wall. Additionally, this method ensures the wall's verticality and waterproof capabilities, serving as a secondary guide. To establish a stable design approach for the Deque Pile, this study manufactured five specimens with varying variables such as the flange width thickness ratio and pile size. Through a 4-Point bending test, all specimens demonstrated superior flexural performance, surpassing a design flexural strength of 1.1 or more.

Aerial lime mortar was mixed by adding two types of admixtures that give waterproof function, and the pre-hardening characteristics were confirmed. As a result, The amount of mixing water required varies depending on the type of lime, and traditional admixtures increase or decrease the flow value depending on the type of lime. On the other hand, the longest time it took to harden is lump lime. In addition, traditional admixtures(Perilla oil) delayed the setting time in all kinds of lime, and modern admixtures(Waterproof agent) delayed the initial setting time of commercial lime, but the impact was relatively small. Also the two types of admixtures showed the effect of reducing shrinkage under most conditions, especially in powdered lime. Thus, according to the purpose and use of construction the type and amount of the admixture could be applied

This study purpose of analyze the individual and job competency levels of elementary and intermediate field managers in construction sites. It also proposes measures to enhance their capabilities by examining the current technical manpower education and training system. The results indicated individual competencies exhibited deficiencies in crucial areas such as planning, coordination, integration, visual presentation, and leadership. Likewise, job competencies lacked proficiency in quality management, environmental management, and safety management. The education and training provided for personal competencies were limited in scope, primarily focusing on moral aspects. Consequently, the development of essential personal competencies was not effectively addressed. Job competency education and training predominantly emphasized theoretical knowledge transfer, impeding the enhancement of practical skills. Moreover, the current programs failed to keep pace with technological advancements and societal trends, neglecting the incorporation of consumer demands. To bolster the job capabilities of domestic elementary and intermediate field managers, it is crucial to expand educational programs to emphasize practical skills. Additionally, educational content should be updated promptly to align with evolving times and technological developments. There is quite a need for diversification and subdivision of educational content across different educational institutions.