Among the ancient architecture of Korean, Buddhist temples are still used for the purpose of worship, prayer and performance, and residence. Buddhist temples are vulnerable to fire due to their special nature, but the majority of temples often destroyed by various wars, however, they were preserved over the thousand-year by heavy construction and reconstruction which has completed since the war unless they had been destroyed by fire. In the preceded study found that the nation's temple architecture contained various sectarian characteristics, especially in Gongju, South Chungcheong Province, where the Buddhist temples of the Taehwasan Mountain Magoksa Temple and Gyerongsan Mountain Gapsa Temple, which are based on Hwaeomgyeong, one of the Buddhist scriptures in the Three Kingdoms period. We are going to find out the characteristics of the location and layout of the Temple in the Gongju area of Chungcheong Province by making a comparative study of those two temples.

Healthcare facilities are visited and used by a large number of people who are physically vulnerable to fine dust. In hospital architecture, the exterior space has been a positive factor to give healing effect, but now, due to the fine dust, the exterior environment can be harmful. Thus the meaning of exterior space of hospital architecture should be changed, and our purpose is to construct the basic data for this research field with exterior space categorization. Through literature studies, generation and movement characteristics of fine dust were investigated. Then we defined the exterior space of architecture, and based on the preceding research, the categorization of the exterior space of hospital was conducted. Through 12 regional public hospital cases, the categories and the spatial elements within them were verified. The exterior space of general hospital was divided into ① site entrance area ② vehicle and pedestrian area ③ parking area ④ building entrance area ⑤ internal-external connection area ⑥ exterior activity area, and ⑦ service area. Each category was classified by function and also by physical location of the space, so that the subtle relationship between the subspace elements can be considered in the view of coping fine dust. This study provides the basic data for the architectural study considering fine dust. The changed meaning of exterior space of hospital architecture, and the categorization of exterior space of hospital architecture were given in this study. The categorization will be used for the measurement and simulation of fine dust in the succeeding study.

With the recent issue of empty houses emerging as a social task, various policy measures have been proposed to tackle the problem. In the case of renovating empty houses, it needs to emphasize the aspects that can be viewed from a larger perspective, including the value of architectural assets and the revitalization effects of local areas. Korea is still in the stage of understanding the current situation of empty houses. But Japan has been facing this empty house problems faster than us, and have attempted to accumulate a series of successful examples of empty house regeneration as local assets in collaboration with private sector. In case of Onomichi City, Akiya Bank(Empty House Bank) plays a key role in the revitalization of empty houses. Renovated houses are also used not only as a center of community space for culture and arts activities, but as a catalyst for local commercial revitalization. From the result, it is necessary to provide policy supports for enhancing the value of empty houses through private activities while providing a professional and active view on regeneration of empty houses as architectural assets.

With the development of economic globalization and the information age, architecture has gradually become a product of politics, capital, and culture and it has lost its architectural significance. In modern architecture, narratology has gradually become a part of it that can be used to improve the expressing method of architectural space. With the help of narratology, we attempt to regain the spiritual meaning that the building should have. This article analyzes the narrative design method at Luyeyuan Stone Carving Museum through a discussion of Chinese architect Liu Jiakun who has a literati background. Through observing the narrative content and getting to know how the narrative is expressed in the building, we may improve the design theory of the existing building and complete the revival of the meaning of the architectural spirit.

It was intended to study the nature of architecture from the 19th century modern architecture. Human life related to modern architecture is gradually changing into a uniform form despite many changes in life and environment caused by technological development. Recently, a study has been conducted on the senses of users according to new materials that make up space as a way to plan architectural spaces related to such modern architecture. The Therme Vals is located in Surselva, the Gravunden Canton in Switzerland, and is designed by Peter Zumthor architects in the center of the town of Vals, which has a population of more than 1,000. In this architecture, space by light, matter, and user's senses is the biggest feature. Peter Zumthor is positively evaluated for the material and user's sense of space, and in order to explain his architectural characteristics, analysis of materials used in buildings and a good understanding of users' senses must be made. Therefore, the meaning of the sensations felt by the users through his work was considered, and the rational interpretation of light, matter, and sensation and the connection with the space constructed in the building were analyzed. The purpose of this study is to recognize architectural features through analysis of the Therme Vals, analyze design intentions and architectural characteristics in the design process, and analyze spatial meanings linked to the senses of light, materials, and users, to see that his architecture cannot exist without considering the location of the area, and that the design concept is in human respect as well as the sound of materials considering users' senses.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the plans of Eul-3 district of the 1st central land readjustment project and to identify the architectural characteristics of the join-wall buildings on the main street. The results of this study as follows; The small and narrow parcels and buildings were constructed by the project, which were not completely consistent with the original objective. And Seoul Building Guidelines for urban beautification greatly influenced on the coincident constructions, the heights and unified elevations of buildings on the main street. However, the level of perfection of interior spaces was low due to the limitations of land conditions, technologies and finances. At the same time, they showed the public responses to make the most use of parcels in each condition.

Lee Hyeong served two North Korean dictators as a high-ranking state architect, working for over four decades since the end of the Korean War. By examining Lee's architectural projects and writings, this study analyzes the relationship between an architect and his dictatorial clients. Using his technical skills, Lee faithfully assisted his leaders-Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jung-Il-by designing their monumental architecture and testifying their architectural genius, and as a result, Lee remained the top architect in North Korea for an exceptionally long period. In this process, Lee did not develop his own unique architectural style; rather, he acted as an architectural expert to realize the various forms of architecture that his leaders desired to build. At the onset of his career, Lee went to the Soviet Union and studied architecture. After his return, he built a great number of Stalinist classical buildings in war-torn Pyongyang. During the 1950s, as Kim Il-Sung consolidated his absolute power, Lee helped build functional buildings that were in line with national policies or, sometimes, buildings that promoted national pride. In the late 1970s, Kim Jong-Il emerged as the center of national power, and in the process, Lee participated in Kim Jong-Il's key construction projects such as the Changgwang Street redevelopment. Toward the end of his career, Lee served the regime by testifying that Kim Jong-Il's construction projects in Pyongyang succeeded Kim Il-Sung's postwar accomplishments. The understanding of Lee Hyeong's varying roles as a state architect in a dictatorship will cast new light on the symbiotic relationship that North Korean elite architects had with their autocratic leaders.

This paper tried to examine various thoughts related to the formation of French follies in the 18th century. The background in which various kinds of follies were built was related to the learned associations established by Locke, iconography based on ancient Greek and Roman mythologies, French Enlightenment, Rousseauism, Freemasonry, exoticism, and archaeological excavations. After the introduction, chapter two defined the term for the folly, and then tabulated representative folly gardens with major follies there, relating them to the various thoughts described above. Chapter three introduced theories for each thought and examined the cases of follies related to them. In conclusion, the characteristics of follies built in connection with these various thoughts are varied, but nevertheless they had an idea in common. French folly Gardens in the 18th century showed a fantastically alternative world, a kind of utopia beyond the real world, and follies may be interpreted as a sign of a new situation, into which people tried to change the reality with various thoughts.

This study investigates the architectural and regional characteristics of Kurdish tribal chief's tent (dīwānkhāna) based on the travel documents written by the British travellers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Kurdish black tent has been defined as not only a black tent for a nomadic family in the Middle East, but also an ethnographical model presenting the Kurdish identity up to now. The Kurdish tribes, however, were hierarchical groups with independent forces and the tribal chiefs had used a kind of public tent until Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria were established. The chiefs' tent was the multi-used facility for own dwelling, reception, and travellers' guesthouse to perform the traditional duties of the tribal leader, as well as the symbolic architecture on a large scale distinguished from the other tribesmen's. The tent is classified into three types based on the spatial composition, especially the placement of dīwānkhāna space. The distribution of the types, like the Kurdish dialects, were divided by the main mountain ranges such as the Zagros and Taurus Mountains. The distributional pattern could be understood to represent one aspect of the ethnic composition of the Kurds who consist of various origins.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the features of outdoor spatial composition in apartment complex-type public permanent rental housing to provide the architectural planning information of apartment housing in Korea. Current status of outdoor space for transportation, pedestrian in apartment complex and road system around 1km from apartment complex were analyzed with field survey, architectural drawings review and space syntax in 6 selected apartment complexes(Seoul deungchon 7th, Hanam poongsan 4th, Seoul eunpyeong 1st, Incheon chungra 4th, Seoul gangnam 3rd, Suwon homaesil 21st) in Seoul metropolitan area. The characteristics of outdoor spatial composition of 6 apartment complexes are followed. First of all, the spatial composition of road system in and around 1km of Seoul deungchon 7th and Hanam poongsan 4th apartment complexes after development is similar with that of before development, and others have changed with development of public housing and the development is not constricted in the boundary of previous developed road system. The second one is that relationship between housing complex and neighborhood has weak network and strong physical boundary, but some cases tired to share transportation and pedestrian roads and main entrance with neighborhood. The third one is that Integration(3) value reveals the main space is usually center of housing complex, but Seoul eunpyeong 1st and Incheon chungra 4th apartment complexes have increased network connection with landscape and neighborhood living facility and main gate area in Suwon homaesil 21^st case. It is necessary to analyze the relationship between other complexes to develop spatial composition of apartment complex-type public rental housing architecture.

This study investigates quantitative value analysis of the right to light and right to a view, comparing flat-type apartments and tower-type apartments. Since tower-type apartments have notable advantages such as sunlight and right to a view which are important factors in living places, tower-type apartments, in general, are more preferred than flat-type apartments. Thus, it is necessary that providing quantitative results on sunshine and view for both tower- and flat-type apartments. For quantitative value analysis of the right to light and right to a view, a survey is conducted on 131 residents and 26 estate agents. Then, flat-type apartments are rearranged to tower-type and their right to light and right to a view are simulated. The main results are obtained as follows; the ratio of right to light in total housing prices is 30.1% and its right to a view gives 31.7%. In addition, more than 22.3% of tower-type apartments households satisfies to sunshine hour limit; however the invasion of prospect is 17.4% lower than flat-type apartments. We can conclude that right to light and right to a view are considered as essential factors in housing price and tower-type apartments are more advantageous in securing right to light and right to a view.

Several studies have been conducted on the characteristics of energy consumption of residential buildings. Among them, Choi et al. (2017) and Shin et al. (2018) of the Korea Appraisal Board presented residential energy consumption and unit intensity as of 2015 and 2016 based on the big data information related to energy consumption in Korea. In May 2019, data on energy consumption by domestic administrative area and residential type in 2018 were released to the public through greentogether.go.kr. However, the research results related to the factors affecting energy consumption and unit-level characteristics by housing type and the development of a model for predicting energy consumption and energy unit intensity are still insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to present relevant basic data for GHG reduction of residential buildings by finding the factors and linear regression models that can predict the total energy consumption and energy unit intensity of residential buildings in Korea along with the characteristics of energy consumption based on the national data of 2018 announced on the GreenTogether website.

This study is to derive the melting temperature range for applying phase change materials to buildings, and propose climate zones for each administrative region in Korea based on outdoor weather data variables affecting the melting temperature range of PCM, and analyze simulations. Through this, the melting temperature range of the PCM module attached to the building envelope was derived, and the results are as follows. (1) Factors influencing the melting temperature of PCM are surveyed by Heat Degree Hours, Cool Degree Hours, and solar insolation amount, and 14 climate zones were classified by selecting the ASHRAE classification method. (2) PCM increases heating energy consumption, but as cooling energy consumption decreases significantly, total energy consumption decreases. It is analyzed that the energy saving rate is reduced by 0.87 ~ 2.4%. (3) The proper melting temperature of PCM is a valid result, because it is analyzed that the phase change temperature is different according to the proposed climate zone. It is judged that classification by climate zone will be effective when constructing PCM design data for building applications.

This paper reviews a method of measuring the tilted of horizontal angle of modular unit roof that occurs during fabrication and site assembly phase using three-dimensional restoration image process. Checkerboard patterns were used for camera calibration, and image analysis performed 3D reconstruction by locating the center coordinates of the circular target. A miniature model experiment was conducted before it was applied to the actual modular unit. The experiment measured the target at a distance of 300mm, 400mm, 500mm for the eight tilted angles of 0.5°, 1°, 1.5°, 2°, 3°, 5°, 7° and 10°, depending on the quantity (4,8,16,32,64,128 sheets) and distribution of concentration and distribution of the image data used for camera calibration. In sections with a tilted angle of 4 degrees or less, the error of the measurement angle using the concentrated image data was less than the error of the measurement angle using the dispersed image data. The result of the target at a distance of 400 mm, 500 mm, excluding 300 mm, showed a small error at a tilted angle of less than 3 degrees. The result of 300mm distance showed very large errors due to distortion of circular targets. Errors were reduced by the number of images for camera calibration, and the quantity of image data used for camera calibration from 32 sheets did not significantly affect the error.

To obtain reliable results for time history analysis of structure under earthquake loads, it is required to selecting proper input ground motions and constructing numerical model for the structure. Especially, for high-rise or irregular building, structural engineers should conduct three dimensional dynamic analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate of seismic design criteria for selecting ground motions to conducting three dimensional time history analysis of structures. For this purpose, 134 earthquake records which are composed of two horizontal ground motions, respectively, were collected. Then, several three dimensional time history analyses for 3, 9-story steel moment resisting structures with or without irregularities. Input ground motions were selected according to KDS 41 17 00 criteria for design ground motions using proposed method from a companion paper. The results show that one can predict seismic responses of three dimensional structure within an error of 20% using more than 10 ground motions. However, if less than 7 ground motions are used, the responses may be overestimated.

As the vortices around the structure are transferred to the dynamic wind load, across-wind vibration is induced, and the magnitude of the vibration is larger than the along-wind vibration when the height of the structure is increased. In this study, in order to quantitatively evaluate across-wind response, the vortex-induced load components are classified according to their own original source, and the effect of each component on the vibration is analyzed. The load is identified from the response of the structure by inverse problem, and these load components are obtained by Kalman filtering based on the state equation realized from the distribution characteristics of loads spectrum in the frequency domain. The proposed load decomposition process for vortex-induced load components is verified by performing an aero-elastic model test for the circular cylinder model in the atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel, and the pattern in which each load component contributes to the across-wind response is analyzed, and finally the original source of the loads as well as the unique behavior of across-wind response can be precisely understood.

Precast concrete walls can be one of solutions to quickly build the core structure in modular buildings. The horizontal connection of PC load-bearing wall requires vertical continuity across joints to acquire the strength and stability of the structure. To achieve continuity, the horizontal joints are designed as an emulative connection which performs similarly to monolithic wall of cast-in-place structure. A common method of emulative detailing in the horizontal connection between PC walls is the use of splice sleeve, known as mechanical splices. In this study, the wall shoe, a temporary connector, which is necessary for construction safety when assembling PC walls and the splice sleeves that is able to secure vertical continuity are investigated experimentally in consideration of field conditions, and compared with the strength according to structural design codes.

Recently, studies on concrete that can develop early age strength at low temperatures have been conducted for the purpose of shortening the construction period in cold weather. In other studies, high fineness ordinary Portland cement or type III high early strength Portland cement were used as a binder to develop early age strength. In addition, to further enhance the development of early age strength, a liquid chemical admixture was used. However, in this study, powdered early strength admixture was used instead of liquid early strength admixture to further stabilize the quality of concrete, and it is possible to keep the ratio of cement and admixture unchanged by premixing. In this paper, early age strength properties of concrete using premixed binder of high fineness ordinary portland cement and powdered early strength admixture were evaluated. Also, finally, the conditions that could satisfy the target strength of 5 MPa to remove gang form were analyzed. As a result, it was possible to get the target strength of 5 MPa within 18 hours if the curing temperature was 13 ℃ or higher, and it was possible to get the target strength of 5 MPa within 15 hours if the curing temperature was 15 ℃ or higher. The maturity value to reach the target strength of 5 MPa was calculated 363 ℃·hr. and 340 ℃·hr., respectively, for unit cement weight of 340 kg/㎥ and 370 kg/㎥.

The aim of the research is to verify the efficiency of the double-layered bubble sheets method by evaluating the basic properties and temperature history, and analyzing the economics through the field application under the conditions of mass concrete construction during cold weather. In the case of the fresh concrete, all tested properties of slump, air content, and chloride content were satisfied the target values. Furthermore, the compressive strength at 28 days achieved designed compressive strength. From the temperature history of the mass concrete constructed during cold weather, gradual increase of the temperature up to 50.3℃ was observed about 60 hours after the placing. At this time, the top-surface temperature was 32.6℃ which was 17.7℃ difference to the core part and it could restrain the cracking due to the heat of hydration with 0.85 of thermal crack index. It can be analyzed that the combined effect of decreasing the maximum temperature of the concrete at core part by controlling the mix design to decrease the heat of hydration, and further reducing the temperature difference between top and core parts of the mass concrete by keeping the surface temperature by insulating cure using bubble sheets was successful. The measured values of average curing temperature at all measuring points were confirmed higher than 10℃. Additionally, since all measuring points were calculated 66°DD of maturity, 5 MPa of minimum compressive strength of preventing early-age frozen damage was secured. In aspect of economics, comparing with currently used heat-curing method, the suggested double-layered bubble sheet method showed cost reducing effect in all parts of materials, labor, and other costs. Furthermore, the cost could be reduced more as the number of re-using was increased, so it could reduce 85 % of cost to the currently used heat-curing method.

In this study, the purpose of the study was to verify the relationship between construction workers' safety consciousness, organizational trust and turn-over intention. A survey for 357 workers was carried out and a statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 25.0 program. As a result, the following main results were obtained: First, it was found that worker's safety consciousness factors such as safety understanding, safety & process importance and regulation strictness have significant positive effects on their organizational trust. Second, it was revealed that the worker's organizational trust had a significant negative effect on turn-over intention. Third, it was shown that worker's safety consciousness factors such as safety understanding, safety & process importance and regulation strictness have significantly negative effects on turn-over intention. In addition, this study confirmed that the degree of safety understanding of the workers to control safety at the work site is the most important factor in safety consciousness in order to enhance organizational trust and to decrease turn-over intention.

This study aimed to analyze the working conditions experienced by Chinese construction workers in South Korea, and to suggest measures to improve the conditions as a means of ensuring the efficient utilization of the labor force in the future. The employment management of Chinese construction workers needs to be improved by thoroughly surveying the supply and demand of domestic construction workers and maintaining an appropriate level of employment of foreign workers. It will also be necessary to secure and manage accurate statistics on illegal aliens from a long-term perspective by extending and legalizing the length of stay of those who voluntarily report their status for a certain period. Education and training programs that will enable such workers to improve their Korean language proficiency and acquire certifications can be provided to Chinese construction workers to improve their ability to work, and this is expected to improve the quality of construction and productivity and to prevent safety accidents.