This study started with the intention of planning a housing environment that supports child care according to the measure to solve the problem of low birth rate and the rise of need for cooperative child care. Communal housing is an alternative to addressing housing and child care in modern society. It should be planned as a place suitable for the development of children and where parents can safely raise their children. Therefore, this study aims to develop a pattern language for communal housing of families with children. Three rounds delphi surveys were conducted on a total of four expert panels on communal housing for families with children. As a result, 22 items in residential space, 7 items in indoor mediation space and 27 items in community space of total 45 items had been proven to be important and feasible Design Strategy. Therefore, these were proposed as the final pattern language for communal housing of families with children. After analyzing the characteristics of the final pattern language, convenience, safe·feeling, comfortability and communication were high. This was consistent with Delphi's necessity for design concept in each space. This meant that the pattern language for communal housing of families with children was appropriate to plan an environment for families with children from their perspective.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness and differences of the weighted concepts of the weighted ERAM models within urban spatial analysis. This study confirmed that the existing weighted ERAM models differed in analytical power depending on the analysis target. This study also applied the weighted concepts in various ways to urban areas with different spatial structures. This study is significant in that it has a variety of approaches to the combination of weighted concepts applied to the ERAM model. The organically-occurring urban spatial structure was the most effective with the building population-weighted ERAM model. The planned urban spatial structure containing organic structures was most effective with the building population-distance multi-weighted ERAM model. Finally, the orthogonally planned urban spatial structure was the most effective with the building population-angle multi-weighted ERAM model. Each weighted concept showed a relatively higher correlation according to the different urban spatial structures than other weighted concepts in the analysis between ERAM results and floating population.

In this study, a map was prepared to predict the eco-friendly remodeling effect of improving the insulation performance while protecting the living environment of existing residents and maintaining a comfortable life considering the characteristics of high-density sloped residential areas. Through this, the standard proposed by scenario is proposed for each building type in the target area. It then analyzes the optimal scenario based on energy efficiency, economic analysis, and carbon emission improvement. It is possible as basic information for remodeling each house in a sloping area. In terms of energy efficiency, the insulation applied to all parts is the most effective in terms of energy and economy, the composition of the window system is the most effective, and in the carbon emission improvement., it is most effective to apply insulation to all parts. Considering everything, the installation of wall insulation is the most effective.

The purpose of this study is to present current status analysis data for establishing standards for emergency medical facilities at regional public hospitals. This study analyzed the scale, location, circulation and relationship of each zone in the emergency department to present basic data for establishing guidelines. The methods of this study are as follows. The function and distribution of emergency medical facilities by type, through literature surveys of literature, zone composition of facilities through behavioral analysis of users, analysis of zone relationship and net area by drawing analysis. The location and zone configuration of the emergency department should be given priority to factors such as efficiency of the operation, infection control, and patient privacy, and the results of this study are as follows. 1) Location and relationship of departments: It is desirable for the emergency department to be located adjacent to the relevant departments, such as the imaging department, the surgical department, intensive care unit, or to be linked by an internal corridor. 2) Zone configuration: The emergency department consists of major zone, auxiliary zone, support zone, and access zone based on the user's behavior. It is desirable to place each zone in the order of access, main, and auxiliary zones from the external space and the support zone is located where it is easy to access other zones. 3) Area composition: The area ratio and the area per bed for each zone in the emergency department are as follows. Major zone, 53.4%, 9.3㎡/bed, auxiliary zone 10.8%, 1.9㎡/bed, support zone 23.3%, 4.2㎡/bed, access zone 12.5%, 0.6㎡/bed. This study focused on the relevant departments and location relationships, user's behavior, zone composition and net area. Based on this, follow-up studies will be conducted on the composition of the required rooms in the zone, user's behavior by type of required rooms, relationship and the appropriate size for each required room.

As a result of the recent growth in children's spaces in urban entertainment centers targeting family customers, the concerns on child loss has been increasing as well. This research develops a guideline to prevent child loss in advance through the environmental design in urban entertainment centers. The guideline was prepared by reviewing literatures in order to determine the planning factors and environmental factors that prevent child loss in urban entertainment centers. In addition, it was finalized by deleting and editing the list that has no effect on child loss or problems in performance through consultations with experts. This guideline suggests the method of preventing child loss in the direction(aim) of the prevention required for each process of children getting lost, finding directions, and discovering their guardians. In other words, it focuses on enhancing guardian's child-watching, and preventing children's breakaway in the aspect of children getting lost. The guideline also concentrates on improving children's wayfinding abilities and employee's searching abilities in the aspect of children finding directions and reuniting with their guardians.

As the number of single-person households increases worldwide in the 21st century, the housing environment of single-person households has caused various problems, including a decrease in social relations. The number of single-person households has been steadily increasing in Korea and is expected to account for 24 percent of the nation's total population by 2030. In particular, those in their 20s and 30s are steadily increasing the number of single households in the long term due to school work and job preparation. Flathouse in Europe and Sharehouse in Australia and Japan are different names, but there is a growing demand for new types of single-family houses centered around single people in their 20s and 30s. However, most of the houses in Korea are leased and remodeled. In this study, the status of domestic shared housing, which has an increasing number of lone person households, is investigated and analyzed on personal space, public space, and operation methods. Based on the results of the analysis, we propose the size of each type of private space, public space, configuration, and usage of the newly created SharePoint House and the creation of community spaces that can be associated with the local community.

This study analyzed the discussion and plan related to the development of Busan canals in the Japanese occupation. As a result, in order for local manufacturing and industrialization in Busan at that time, the development of 'Nakdong River-Busanjin Canal', 'Busanjin Canal', and 'Yeongdo Salmagul Canal' was discussed and their plans were established from 1916 to the mid 1930s under the leadership of merchants and industrialists. 'Reclaimed land Canal' of 'Busanjin Canal' in 1932 and 'Yeongdo Salmagul Canal' in 1935 were established and had been used as actual canals. Particularly, with the 'Dong-Stream Canal Plan' of 'Busanjin Canal' which had been performed since 1940, Dong Stream as a natural stream was changed to an artificial canal-like stream. Dong Stream at present is an unfinished canal built in the modern period and a historic place used to look into the development of canals in the modern period. And 'Yeongdo Salmagul Canal' has been used as a small canal from its establishment in the modern period up to now. Therefore, for urban plan and development, it will be necessary to set up a plan for presenting the characteristics of these canals and using them as main resources.

The Busosan Mountain area is a historic site that is believed to have housed the royal palace of Sabi, the last capital of Baekje Kingdom from 538 until Baekje's fall to Silla in 660, and its attached facilities, as well as the mountains behind it. Based on the results of the long-term excavation, the southern foothills of the Busosan Mountain area continued to be used as an administrative place through the Unified Silla and Joseon Dynasties after the fall of Baekje Kingdom. The most dramatic recognition on the Busosan Mountain area began to appear in the Japanese colonial era. The place was regarded as a sacred site to aggressively push Koreans to assimilate to Japanese culture under the Naeseon Ilche or 'Korea and Japan are One' beyond the image of the old Baekje metropolis. It is upgraded as a sacred land for the construction of a Grand Shinto Shrine. Along with such a change of recognition, there were physical changes to the place accompanied by the reconstruction led by the Buyeo Historic Sites Preservation Society (Buyeo Gojeok Bojonhoe) for the renovation of historic sites for tourism. For them, the topographies of some spots (currently Samchungsa Shrine) have been transformed along the southern foot of the Mt. Busosan.

This study intends to identify the status of North Korea's cultural properties, architecture and cities, and the Kaesong Industrial Complex, which are related to the preservation and management of Historic Monuments ans Sites in Kaesong, and to examine the specific management plans of the Kaesong Area, including Historic Monuments ans Sites in Kaesong. The purpose of this study is to identify the various institutional management systems of North Korea related to historical and cultural heritage by considering the national level system and individual city action plans being implemented in North Korea.

In the current documentary work of wood cultural heritage of Korea, it is common way to publish a report by measuring and drawing it. As a method of measurement, in the past, the measurement was conducted using tools such as a person's hand and thread, but with the recent advancement in technology, a method of increasing the accuracy by using a 3D scanner in addition to the measurement of a person has been used. However, the current method of using 3D scan data is a situation in which 3D scanned point cloud data is organized to show the entire shape or to image and use some areas to be drawn. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find a way to make BIM data from 3D scan data to utilize a better way in documentation of wooden cultural heritage of Korea.

To create a new nation and society, Seoul National University(SNU) was established by combining former Kyungsung Imperial University with ten public colleges in 1946 under the United States Army Military Government in Korea. However, the SNU failed to successfully carry out the reform because the human resource and the space of the former system remained unchanged. After the Korean War, the 'Minnesota Project', an American education aid has led SNU to be rebuilt and turned into an American-oriented education system. The SNU Centralization Plan was promoted to complete this transformation. This plan required a specific spatial format called the campus, which emerged from the American cultural background. Under the U.S. influence over South Korea during the Cold War, several planners made proposals to create an American-style campus. The first campus plan in 1958 was proposed by Yoon Chang-sup, an architecture professor at SNU, who has studied abroad in the U.S. His initial plan to pursue the well-organized outer space with proper scale, which was influenced by post-WWII urban planning strategy, was not accepted by the realistic conditions of SNU and the perspectives of local architects. But his ideas were eventually implemented during a final campus plan proposed by an American planner DPUA in 1971. The final plan was developed with the idea of the locality elements of Korea. SNU's campus planning process was an important event that established the foundation of modern Korean university space as it began to organize outer space rather than to use just building. This suggested modern Korean universities a new view that life in outer space is as important as the life in the classroom.

This study analyzed the contents of 68 papers related to Soswaewon Garden published in academic journals from 1973 to 2018 by extracting the keywords presented in those research works in order to examine the quantity and the variety of the Soswaewon researches. The findings from this study are as follows. First, the number of studies and the variety of research areas on Soswaewon increased from the early 2000s. Second, it was confirmed that Soswaewon Garden was recognized as the representative traditional Korean garden in terms of the traditionality of landscape design, the influence to the local literature, and the way of hermitage life. Third, it was found that the focus of research has shifted from the inside to the outside of the garden in terms of spatial composition, and gradually narrowed onto the more details in terms of design component and research area. Fourth, in the more recent researches, it was observed that attempts to incorporate the value of tradition into the modern issues beyond the boundary of typical traditional research contents and methods. Lastly, since Soswaewon Garden is recognized as such an important local asset, it is recommended that issues regarding conservation and utilization should be widely discussed.

From a historical perspective, this study analyzed the housing sale in lots price and affordability for ordinary households through the information and statistics of advertisements(announcements) for middle-class apartment sale of Seoul in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, through this analysis, we found out the hidden side of the housing affordability from the public's point of view, and derived from the impact and meaning of it on the perspective of our current residential culture. Even in the current apartment sale in lots system, the housing sale in lots price and affordability are applied from the supplier's perspective, and the general public is alienated from this operating mechanism. In fact, the middle-class apartment supply policy of the time not only has resulted in the exclusion of the general public in terms of the housing affordability, but also has triggered the differentiation of residential spaces between general home consumers and those who can purchase middle-class apartments. It is true that there is an increasing concern about the housing affordability, but there are very few studies to identify the root cause for problem solving. Therefore, this study is expected to be a small starting point to reconsider the housing sale in lots price and affordability in relation to the public of housing.

This study analyzes how the Urban Regeneration Project has affected individual buildings in low-rise residential area of Seoul. To do this, six urban regeneration districts where the project has been completed are examined, and the changes of buildings are analyzed with the data of building permit for new construction, renovation, and change of building use. Major findings are as follows: First, although the neighbourhood-type urban regeneration project aims at residential environment improvement, the project contents for individual building regeneration only include passive tools such as home repair support and education in some areas. Second, the effects of the projects have led to physical changes of buildings in that five cases among six districts have been increased since the urban regeneration project began. Third, the type of changes in buildings varies with the district's characteristics. In the districts that have high rate of residential buildings, physical revitalization of buildings through new construction is clear. On the other hand, however, in the districts of high rate of commercial buildings, use change of buildings has been more frequently occurred than new construction.

The purpose of this study was to derive and analyze effective variables with building physical factors, socio-demographic, and appliances' stock and usage pattern for the energy consumption by end-use in apartment units. To this end, dwelling and household characteristics of 71 apartment units in Seoul were collected through on-site surveys, and the measurement system that could measure energy consumption by end-use separately such as heating, cooling, DHW, etc., and this study obtained data from May 2017 to April 2018. Effective influential factors were analyzed through multiple regression analysis using SPSS 24. The results showed that heating energy consumption was mainly affected by building physical factors(area for exclusive use), cooling was greatly affected by appliances' usage pattern(air conditioner operating pattern), DWH and cooking were heavily influenced by socio-demographics(number of household members, etc). Lighting energy consumption was evenly influenced by the building physical factors, socio-demographics, and appliances' stock and usage pattern, and the electric appliances was evenly influenced by socio-demographics and appliances' stock and usage pattern.

Building regulations and codes for thermal insulation have been continuously strengthened in an effort to reduce energy use in buildings. The more stringent building energy regulations demand insulation materials with better performance for buildings. Phenolic foam insulation is one of the high-performance insulation materials for buildings. Its thermal conductivity is about 0.018 ~ 0.020 W/(m·K), which shows better thermal insulation performance than conventional insulation materials. Phenolic foam insulation is widely used in the building industry, as it can satisfy the revised building code for thermal performance and fire resistance. However, there have been concerns about the emission of harmful gas, such as formaldehyde from the phenolic foam insulation material. This paper evaluates the effect of phenolic foam insulation on the indoor air quality of a house through an experiment within an apartment unit. At first, the formaldehyde emission from the phenolic foam board, and all other materials used for the experiment were measured according to their test standards. Then, the indoor air quality of the apartment unit was investigated after applying all materials, including phenolic foam board as insulation.

Many countries have implemented policies for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction since the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015 where participants voluntarily agreed to a new climate regime, which obligated the world to decrease GHG emissions. Subsequently, reducing GHG emissions with GHG reduction technologies (renewable energy) to decrease energy consumption has become not a choice but a necessity. With the launch of the Korean Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS) in 2015, Korea has certified and financed GHG reduction projects as decreased emissions. To help users to make informed decisions for economic and environmental benefits from the use of renewable energy, an assessment model was developed. This study established the simple assessment method and an assessment database (DB) of 1,200 GHG reduction technologies implemented in Korea. Furthermore, we suggested how to evaluate economic benefits which the user may obtain from GHG reduction technologies and validated the assessment DB applicability to a building in Korea.

Because the machine learning model is a black-box model, it is difficult to quantify the causality between inputs and outputs. In addition, the model is influenced by its inherent uncertainty in describing a system's behavior of interest. In order for a machine learning model to be reliable, its prediction performance as well as uncertainty must be quantified together. Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) is a useful tool to describe stochastic characteristics of deep learning models by estimating distributions of the models' weights. Model uncertainty in BNN can be classified into epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties. Epistemic uncertainty is caused by lack of data or knowledge. In contrast, aleatoric uncertainty is caused by outliers or noises inherent in training data and can be reduced by removing abnormal data from the training dataset. In this study, the BNN models were developed for a compression chiller in an existing office building with BEMS data, and then epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties were analyzed. It is found that both uncertainties are significant in the simulation model even though the model's accuracy is satisfactory with the CVRMSE of less than 15%. It is suggested that before attempting to apply the machine learning model to real applications, the both uncertainties must be carefully analyzed. It is recommended that the both uncertainties can be reduced by adding more data as well as removing outliers.

The purpose of this study was to suggest a method to determine the resistance moment capacity of a newly constructed Hanok wall made of cement brick and burnt brick. We distinguished traditional building frame types using bricks. The standard wall size was determined for the purpose of judging the size of the divided timber frame of each frame type. The resistive moment of wall for each length and height were calculated based on the 0.5B length stacking. When the bricks were stacked side up and double stacked side up, and burnt bricks were used, the coefficients that can compare the 0.5B length stacking method and the resistance moment capacity were determined. The test was performed by cyclic protocol having maximum displacement ratio of 5.0%.

Recently, earthquakes with a magnitude of 5.0 or more have occurred in Pohang and Gyeongju in Korea, and the demands for seismic performance evaluation of buildings has been increasing. In particular, in the case of Pohang earthquake induced a significant damage to the middle and low rise piloti buildings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of displacement concentration on the buildings with the vertical irregularity subjected to horizontal shear forces. Displacement Concentration Factor (DCF) was defined as the displacement ratio of the first story to the top story to quantitatively analyze the degree of displacement concentration between equivalent static analysis and response spectrum analysis for the buildings with vertical irregularity. Displacement Concentration Amplification Factor (DCAF) was defined as the DCF ratio of the response spectrum method to the equivalent static analysis to compare displacement concentration on soft story. In this paper, DCAF according to the stiffness ratio of soft story and the number of story was analyzed through 2D model. Also DCAF value of 2D model was verified by 3D prototype model of 4-story piloti structure. The DCAF value tended to increase as the stiffness ratio decreased and the number of story increased. It was confirmed that the response spectrum method should be applied instead equivalent static analysis when the DCAF value is 1.35 or more according to the criteria of KBC 2016.

The purpose of research is to evaluate the structural behavior of double walls as a lateral force resisting system. A test program was planned with 10 double wall specimens with horizontal or vertical joints. Horizontal joint specimens are consisted of 4 double wall specimens and 2 cast-in-place wall specimens. Vertical joint specimens are consisted of 4 double wall specimens. Test variables were selected as wall thickness and joint reinforcing ratio. Test results of horizontal specimens were compared with cast-in-place wall specimens. Structural performance of double walls was evaluated by various evaluation methods, such as design standards, earthquake-resistant evaluation methods, performance objective evaluation methods. From such evaluation, it is concluded that double wall structures showed equal and above performance compared to cast-in-place walls. And it also showed satisfactory behavior in terms of earthquake-resistance capacity and target-performance achievement.

In recent years, construction works in urban areas have been developed in various forms, such as large-scale construction, high-rise construction, and increased use of underground spaces. Excavation facilities for excavation to perform underground excavation safely should maintain rigidity and displacement to prevent ground collapse and resist side pressure such as earth pressure and water pressure. In this study, the open casing method suitable for building construction was selected by analyzing the characteristics of the caisson foundation methods widely used in civil engineering. In addition, by applying the Jack-Pile method, which is currently used in the reinforcement method, the ground-falling new construction method using the jack pile is proposed. Press-fitted steel pipe pile method is a method of reinforcing the basic bearing capacity by checking the design bearing capacity by pressing the steel pipe pile into the ground using only hydraulic jack and hydraulic unit. In order to verify the proposed method, it was analyzed and presented at each construction stage. As a result, it was found that the existing air shortening, construction cost reduction and work safety were possible.