The physical conditions of pedestrian environments play a significant role in promoting health maintenance and encouraging daily walking activities. Previous studies of this generally focused on analyzing urban residential environments, dementia care units or general hospitals that support loitering behavior; however, the conditions of pedestrian environments in geriatric long-term care hospitals (GHs) should be considered differently from the aforementioned establishments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate pedestrian environments that support loitering behavior from a therapeutic environmental design perspective. A literature review and expert interviews with interior designers, caregivers and nurses were conducted to generate a checklist of pedestrian environment conditions in GHs; the checklist entailed five factors related to safety, accessibility, territory, nature and aesthetics and services along with twenty-two sub-factors incorporating the therapeutic environment perspective. Several design improvements were noted and in need of being reexamined and revamped to be more appropriate for elderly patients and their circumstances; current laws did not properly consider this safety factor. There were poor conditions in the outdoor pedestrian areas and the indoor pedestrian environments had numerous obstacles in place. Exhibiting a natural garden in the wards with natural light and open spaces are necessary to encourage elderly patients to want to walk, but these pedestrian-friendly conditions weren't readily available in all hospitals. For future purposes, the comprised checklist of pedestrian environment conditions in GHs could be used as evaluation criteria for certifying GHs and potentially a useful reference for policymakers to strengthen regulations in creating more suitable recovery conditions for elderly patients.

A healthy and successful retirement life is increasingly becoming important along with cultivating a physical environment that provides a variety of community activities in common living areas. This study focuses on identifying elderly needs in community facilities according to the scope and size of the residential areas. Through literature review, the community status by region, the concept and components of the elderly community, and the classification of elderly activities within the community were discussed. Additionally, a survey research tool was develop and utilized in the form of a structured questionnaire. Elderly people in their 60s and 70s living in a metropolitan city, a small or medium-sized town, and a rural area responded to this questionnaire. The results and conclusions indicated that the main form of transportation to a community facility for the elderly was walking; the most popular community activities involved 'leisure and/or hobbies' and 'walking and/or exercise'. While analyzing the demand and satisfaction of senior welfare facilities, the demand for 'medical facilities', 'welfare facilities', and 'neighborhood sports facilities' placed the highest in all regions; however, the demand for religious facilities was the lowest. The results of this study can provide direction for community planning and is expected to be used as data that enables aging in place for seniors.

Historically, the first-class infectious disease led to SARS in 2002, swine flu in 2009, MERS in 2015, and COVID-19 in 2019. This study aims to design and arrange an essential unit of a modular screening clinic for continuous use in the event of a future infectious disease outbreak, particularly focusing on laying the foundation to quickly respond to disasters. The research process involved specifying essential units based on previous studies that derived the essential and recommended facilities for screening clinics. The required unit module of the modular screening clinic was set as A, B, and C, and the combination was reviewed. As a result of the study, A+B(3)+C type was found to be the most appropriate in terms of function and movement. The results also indicated that a module unit with a size of 1800 × 3,000 mm was the most suitable for module assembly and transportation. A plan, elevation, and cross-sectional view were then designed by connecting the derived units into five combinations. The essential elements of the space consisted of a reception room, a treatment room, a medical staff space, a locker room, and a waste disposal room. The third, serial, parallel, and mixed layout scenarios were prepared in anticipation of site utilization by a public health center.

This longitudinal study aims to understand the positioning shift of small architectural firms located in Daejeon and Sejong by comparing the survey results from 2015 and 2021. The positions of architectural firms were compared with the present and future as time categories with an internal and external point of view. The research results revealed that there were repetitive positioning patterns and the different architectural market conditions of Daejeon and Sejong were affected by the positioning of architectural firms in each city. The architectural firms in Sejong, which have many large projects, were more likely to show large firm-oriented positioning than Daejeon's counterparts, specifically in external positioning. However, the positions shifted from large to small within the time frame of the present and future positionings of 2015 and in 2021. This positioning shift revealed the repeated pattern of desire to grow, failure to get large, and hope for growth within small, local architectural firms. These research results could help propel further research to understand and establish a growth plan while focusing on the positioning elements that are more likely to affect growth.

The study aims to analyze the spatial formation process of the British Concession and Old Walled Shanghai in modern Shanghai. According to the relevant urban planning system promulgated by the British Concession and Old Walled Shanghai in modern times, the main changes of the city's waterways and roads, distribution of urban areas and major facilities under the influence of the system were analyzed. After analysis, the results revealed that the county town known as the birthplace of traditional Shanghai culture retained its urban context in the process of transforming into a modern urban space while the British Concession was endowed with a new urban language under the new system. The development of urban space was orderly under the norms of the political system. Under the premise of formulating the development direction as the framework, the goal of positive and orderly development of urban space was achieved through the means of autonomy. However, in the absence of the general framework of the development direction and the imperfect political system, the means of self-government are limited, and urban space develops in an unhealthy direction of disorder and excess development. Through analysis of the three main roads in the British Concession and Old Walled Shanghai regarding the development of the city, the urban streets were gradually given new characteristics, and the street and building functions changed with these new characteristics.

In the face of an economic crisis caused by COVID-19, Korea announced the Green New Deal initiative to boost the economy and address the climate crisis. As one of the key projects under this initiative, the Green-Smart School Project is aimed at building temporary classrooms and promoting relocatable modular classrooms to mitigate classroom overcrowding in 2021. However, the sheer diversity and complexity of architectural technologies applicable to the project have engendered serious difficulties in actual implementation of this project. To address the situation through a realistic approach, this study proposes a process model incorporating each stage of the design process. The integrated design process for the green-smart relocatable modular school building is aimed at solving the decision-making issues inherent in the early design stages through joint efforts of forming a consultative body for this project. This interactive approach allows for the evaluation of the planning, design, and construction stages and integrates elements from each area, thus representing one of the most realistic approaches based on the Korean system.

The Korean New Deal emerged as an economic concept that aimed to transform the economy to make it greener by incorporating more digital services with stronger safety nets. This approach seemed to act as a countermeasure to overcome social dilemmas and address the economic recession caused by COVID-19. Additionally, the Serious Disaster Punishment Act came into effect on January 27, 2022. This bill focuses on strengthening criminal penalties for business owners in the event of an industrial accident that causes serious human harm. After its enforcement, significant interest was placed on construction sites, eventually leading to changes being made for a safer working environment and developing a more effective construction method. Off-Site-Construction (OSC) is one of the safest construction methods with minimal on-site work, ultimately avoiding potential industrial accidents. Increasingly, the need for the Building Information Modeling (BIM) design process along with modular architecture based on OSC is in demand. This research intends to suggest modular architecture based on OSC as an alternative in response to the increasing demand for on-site safety and for constructing reasonable, eco-friendly buildings for future generations. The 'Modular Co-living Complex' apartment house is considered the most applicable architectural form, therefore, technological improvements and overall efficiency is required. To propose a safer, more efficient, and sustainable building construction method, this study seeks to focus on the analysis of domestic and international case studies of the preceded modular co-living complexes; the applicability of BIM technology to maximize the performance in the modular architectural design process was also examined. Ultimately, this study suggests the 'BIM-based modular integrated design' model where the architectural project easily converges into a much simpler process and explores the most useful, effective methods in practice.

This study aims to find a new prototype of housing on sloped areas. The four main strategies suggested minimizing soil processes through decentralized small-scale development, maintaining the connection of roads and urban infrastructure, facilitating pedestrian access, and distributing complex programs to activate streets. The linear development following topography will enable gradual changes in the region. Furthermore, the new prototype derived from these four strategies will overcome disconnection due to geographical, social, and economic limitations of housing on sloped areas. Eventually, it can become the distinct characteristics of Busan.

During the late Joseon dynasty, the Oegyujanggak-Uigwe contained records of government construction projects, particularly involving the terms of traditional lime, the lime manufacturing process, material conditions, quality, construction methods and its use. Upon analysis of the Uigwe, it revealed that lime was used by mixing materials such as unusable Hanji, sticky rice, perilla oil, fine sand, and red clay. There were differences in the quality of lime used and the materials to be mixed depending on its use and time. The mixing ratio between lime and additives changed by time and construction factors and was regularized at 19 C. In modern times, lime terms have been standardized according to industrial characteristics, production areas, supply methods, and materials; construction methods have drastically changed from the past. During modernization, traditional methods and records were lost, which led to new technologies being introduced. Therefore, to restore traditional lime construction methods, it is necessary to examine the process of changes made in lime-related content by period and through continuous review of ancient literature to improve the differences between the past and modern times.

In this era, architecture can be considered either as art, equipment, or something else. This study focuses on the architectural philosophy of Martin Heidegger and Louis I. Kahn. Martin Heidegger confronts interpretative limitations by treating architecture as either art or equipment; whereas Louis I. Kahn reflects the architecture with the frame of a social institution and opens a new horizon of architectural ontology. Their philosophical search for architecture originates from the consciousness of social and institutional difficulties derived from international style, functionalism, pragmatism and modernism. They adopted the methodologies of searching for the philosophical and architectural keywords, such as bauen and form, to address the problem of contaminated language. Finally, the typical examples and characteristics of the thing-ness of architecture, also known as architecture-ness, are completely different from each other. For instance, Heidegger illustrates the examples of a Greek temple and a farmhouse in the Black Forest being well situated in-between things such as topographical and natural things; Kahn suggests the image of the new Institution of housing, education and transportation based on availability and supported by members of the community in a city.

The study aims to investigate the continuation and fluctuations of the urban space in Gwanghwamuntong, Kyeongseongbu during the Japanese colonial period. The spatial structure of Gwanghwamuntong was analyzed by dividing it into the early and later stages of the Japanese colonial period. This analysis mainly focused on the physical form and operation of the streets. During the early part of the Japanese colonial period, the main reason for a change in spatial structure involved changing the physical form. However, the street structure and the urban organization surrounding Gwanghwamuntong was maintained with no significant changes made in the operation of the streets. During the late Japanese colonial period, the physical form of the streets changed due to the introduction of new forms of transportation. Eventually, Gwanghwamuntong became a street that prioritized vehicles rather than a street where various activities could take place.

The study aims to analyze the discourse on architectural movement developed around the Cheonggeonhyup (Young architects association) in Korea in the 1980s. It puts the focus on the Bumunundongron (theory of sectoral movement) as a generator of the architectural movement of the time. The study shows how this theory, developed at the level of the general social movement of the time, was received and appropriated by architectural activists gathered around the Cheonggeonhyup. Then, it analyzes the development of the discourse on architectural movement which could be summarized by particular directions such as the redefinition of the architectural subjectivity the redefinition of architectural autonomy, a specific appropriation of Marxist urban sociology and the preference of the ideological struggle to the practical and productivist activities.

Cross-border regional economic cooperation is increasing while smart cities are expanding into smart regions. Further research on the establishment of the Dandong-Sinuiju cross-border smart region could emerge as a key logistics area in Northeast Asia. Since the late 70s, China's economic and social infrastructure rapidly developed; Dandong is one of the areas that developed in the process. In contrast, North Korea is still entrenched in a lot of uncertainty. If North Korea were to start opening up to the world in the near future, Sinuiju has the potential to develop like Dandong. The Amnok River estuary consisting of two cities eventually could develop into a logistics specialized smart region connected to the Korean Peninsula, Northern China, and even Europe. In the long run, this smart region could substantially grow into an eco-friendly, waterfront smart region.

To achieve carbon neutrality in a city or country, it is required to evaluate energy performance and energy conservation measures for large buildings. The energy performance of existing buildings are widely evaluated by annual EUI (energy use intensity, kWh/m²yr). However, this annual value have limitations on analyzing seasonal effect and establishing energy conservation strategies. In this paper, we analyze monthly energy use patterns of large buildings and proposed general energy conservation strategies and measures according to the patterns. To classify the energy use patterns, we investigated clustering techniques on monthly energy use of office buildings in Korea. A k-means algorithm was implemented, and two different methods were compared: feature based k-means and time series k-means. The methods were performed with Euclidean distance metric and we tested our methods on energy use data from national database. The results show that feature based k-means method is significant in energy use pattern analysis. The energy use patterns of office buildings were divided into five clusters. We analyzed the characteristics of clusters by building size, annual and seasonal energy use.

Numerous data centers have been built and operated since 2000. Now that 20 years have passed, a growing need for remodeling that involves shifting to a new IT environment, upgrading IT equipment, and replacing outdated facility infrastructure is escalating. In this study, three basic independent non-IT system modules for a total IT load of 150 kW were derived to respond to low-density, medium-density, and high-density rack-server configurations according to the IT power density known as a key element of a data center. Additionally, a data center's cooling strategies were analyzed according to its IT power density. As of 2021, the average IT power density of global data centers was surveyed at the level of 7.8-8.4 kW/rack that involved more than 400 samples. Data center cooling was divided into a room-based cooling for low-density, row-based cooling for medium-density, and rack-based cooling for a high-density IT load. Compared to the ALT-1 of a low-density model, the required area was reduced by 30% for the medium-density model and 55% for the high-density model. As a result of the remodeling cost analysis, the cost increased to 105% for the ALT-2 and 119% for the ALT-3 based on the ALT-1 being 100%. The criterion for data center remodeling is to comprehensively consider the required space, cooling energy efficiency, and construction cost based on the IT power density.

This study aimed to evaluate the seismic performance of deep steel beams with rectangular openings. Test results showed that beam flange yielding was initially observed at a 1.5% story drift ratio, and this was followed by web yielding at a 2%~3% story drift ratio for most specimens. Then, beam flange buckling was observed at 3%~4%, followed by lateral torsional buckling. All specimens were tested until they reached a 6% story drift ratio, and at this stage, beam flange fracture was observed for specimens with a single rectangular opening. Normalized moment and total plastic rotation of beams with double rectangular openings showed a higher capacity when compared with those of solid specimens. All specimens were found to have the seismic performance of Special Moment Frames as specified by the steel structure Korea Design Standards.

Nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) has become a considerable option for seismic design. For complex and irregular structures, a NTHA derives realistic displacement that leads to efficient seismic design. However, regions without sufficient earthquake records face issues when determining which earthquake is most suitable for their site condition. In this study, a selection method for design ground motion used in the nonlinear time history analysis was developed by correlating the fundamental period of buildings and the mean period of ground motions. From existing literature, the relationship between the maximum displacement and the fundamental period normalized to the mean period was determined. A total of 200 NTHA was performed to establish the relationship of reinforced concrete (RC) piloti-type structures by statistically correlating them between the fundamental period and the mean period with the maximum displacement. By statistical means from RC piloti structure's NTHA distribution, the regression curve and the 70% confidence interval were derived. This correlation determined the period ratio range category where the earthquake's NTHA displacements were compared to the pseudo displacement of the design spectrum method. For the suggested piloti prototype model, it was concluded that the period ratio of 0.75-1.5 was a category that could determine whether the earthquake's NTHA displacement was greater or less than the linear elastic response spectrum method.

The structure is deteriorated by various factors such as environmental effect and unexpected overloading. The structural performance in service is evaluated by various non-destructive tests and structural analysis. This study proposes an empirical method to predict physical parameters of structural member in the frequency domain. The method utilizes the frequency response function (FRF) data measured and collected by an impact hammer test assuming the fundamental vibration mode of the member. The validity of the proposed method is illustrated in two analytical examples and two experimental works. It is found that the physical parameters of beam member should be modified by correction factor predicted by the boundary conditions and wavelength of the fundamental mode. And it is observed that the parameters can be optimally predicted in taking the FRF data prior to the frequency that is directly outside the first resonance frequency. The results demonstrate that the physical parameters can be estimated very closely by the proposed method.

To better prepare for increasingly frequent natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons, the horizontal resilience capacity of traditional wooden structures should be evaluated. Among the structural elements of traditional wooden structures, a quantitative evaluation method of horizontal restoring force analysis starting with the column was suggested. Among national treasures and cultural assets, traditional wooden structures are widely distributed in columns with a length of 3000 mm and a slenderness ratio of 30. Therefore, based on these column dimensions, the characteristics of the horizontal restoring force of a column was verified through experiments. Based on the results, the correlation between the column dimension and vertical load was confirmed for the horizontal restoring force of a column; a mechanical model of the horizontal restoring force of a column was proposed.

There are several retrofitting techniques used for the seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete frames, but choosing a technique entails considering various factors. Among these techniques, the steel brace is widely known to have great seismic performance; it is the most efficient seismic retrofit method to resist to lateral forces and gusset plate is an important component for its performance. Although the gusset plate has developed a lot to improve the seismic performance of a steel brace, it is impractical due to its complicated details. This study presents a simplified seismic retrofit method named the replaceable steel link (RSL) system. The key advantage of this system is that the details are quite simple compared to buckling-restrained braces (BRB), and since moving along with the deformation of the column is possible, the displacement can be absorbed. Furthermore, the RSL can be easily replaced even if the steel link is deformed or buckled. A total of two non-retrofitted specimens and two retrofitted specimens were fabricated and tested to evaluate their structural performances. Two types of loading methods were applied as variables. As a result of the experiment, specimens retrofitted with the proposed RSL system showed 169% of maximum load, 142% of effective stiffness, and 250% of energy dissipation capacity compared to non-retrofitted specimen. These results prove that the retrofit method of the RSL system is effective for resisting seismic load.

This study aims to find a reinforcement method of floor slabs to improve lateral stiffness of offset outrigger systems in high-rise buildings. A structure analysis and design of 70-story buildings utilizing the MIDAS-Gen program were analyzed. The key variables observed were the reinforcement method of floor slabs between shear wall and offset outrigger, the plate thickness of H beam and slab thickness. Based on these results, the lateral displacement reduction ratio and the structural efficiency of the methods reinforcing floor slabs, the axial force in diagonal members of outrigger systems and the maximum principal force distribution of slabs between the shear wall and offset outrigger were analyzed. The research results revealed that the reinforcement method of floor slabs had an impact on the lateral stiffness of the offset outrigger system in tall buildings. These results could be quite valuable in further obtaining important engineering data for the structure design of high-rise offset outrigger systems.

This study aims to investigate the structural performance of the dry joint of a PC wall panel with the threaded connecting rebars fastened by nuts. In previous experiments where non-standard nuts were used, it was found that the thread shear failure of nuts occurred due to the lack of strength and engagement length. New specimens were manufactured using F10T high tension nuts instead of the SM45C hex nuts and coupler pieces. The SD500 D25 and D29 connecting rebars were used with metric thread M24 and M30 respectively. Three fully reversed cyclic loading tests were carried out with a gradually increased increment in drift ratio in each step under constant axial force. The experimental results indicated that the peak strength of a specimen depends on the yield strength or the thread shear strength of the rebar. The strength of the nut thread was stronger than the rebar thread and the proper engagement length of a nut would result in a tensile failure of the connecting rebar rather than thread shear failure.

This study proposes a shape finding method for arch structure. It aims to provide a general procedure for finding the optimal shape of arch structures using the optimization technique. All the process is utilized by using the visual programming technique. The NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) definition is introduced to represent the geometry of the arch structure. The strain energy of the arch structure is evaluated by using the plug-in Karamba3D in Grasshopper environment. The shape optimization with the strain energy to be minimized and height constraint is then performed by using the plug-in NM-opti. Numerical examples are carried out to verify the capability of the present shape finding method and to find the optimum shape of the arch in various situations. From numerical examples, the present shape finding method can effectively produce a new optimum shape of the arch regardless of natural and essential boundary conditions.

In this study, experiments with monotonic tensile loading have been performed to investigate the structural behaviors such as ultimate strength and fracture mode of double shear cold-formed carbon steel two-bolted connection and four-bolted connection with varied end distances for providing the basic data of domestic design specification draft for cold-formed carbon steel bolted connection. Main variables are bolt arrangement (2 columns × 1 row and 2 columns × 1 rows) and end distance parallel to the direction of applied load. Specimens with two bolts failed by block shear fracture. Four-bolted connection showed two types of fracture mode at test end such as block shear fracture and tensile net-section fracture at test end. Moreover, test ultimate strengths were compared with those by current design specifications (Korean Design Standard (KDS)/American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Eurocode 3 (EC3), Canadian Standards Association (CSA), American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) and strength equations suggested by previous studies for carbon steel bolted connection.

This study examined the flexural strength and thermal transfer resistance of thermal-meta structures developed for enhancing the insulation capacity of concrete walls and panels. The thermal-meta structure consisted of a paper honeycomb, laminated to be waterproof and incombustible with infilling materials. Lateral deformation of thermal-meta structures was analyzed from the finite element analysis under the simulation of concrete lateral pressure calculated for walls to determine the thickness, size, and height of the honeycomb cells. The effect of different infilling materials, such as air, EPS bead, urethane foam, paraffin, mixture of paraffin and aerogel, on the thermal transfer resistance of thermal-meta structures was also examined from thermal conductivity tests conducted in accordance with KS F 9016. Considering the structural safety against concrete lateral pressure and better thermal resistance, the details of a thermal-meta structure indicated the thickness, size, and height of the honeycomb cells was 4.5 mm, 50 mm, and 70 mm, respectively. The laminate thickness attached on both sides of the honeycomb was 0.8 mm; and no infilling materials were required for the honeycomb cells to form the closed-pore system.

The objective of this study is to examine the applicability of expanded waste-glass particles as an alternative for lightweight fine aggregates to produce lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) with a higher strength/weight ratio. The effectiveness of micro steel fibers was also investigated in alleviating the increased brittleness of LWAC due to the addition of the waste-glass particles. The main test parameters were the replacement ratio of the waste-glass particles for lightweight fine aggregates and the type (hooked-end and straight shapes) of micro steel fibers. Test results showed that LWAC containing the expanded waste-glass particles displays higher compressive strength than the conventional LWAC at the same unit weight, whereas compressive toughness index (I_c) of LWAC tends to decrease with the increase in the waste-glass particle content. At the same level of fiber reinforcing index, waste-glass LWAC reinforced with micro steel fibers exhibited higher I_c values than LWAC with the conventional macro steel fibers. Overall, the hybrid use of micro steel fibers with hooked-end and straight shapes could be considered positively in improving the toughness of LWAC containing the expanded waste-glass particles.

With the introduction of modern materials, such as cement and concrete, the use of traditional lime(aerial lime) have decreased. Traditional lime manufacturing and its construction methods have been cut off in Korea. However, modern materials being used at the site of repair and restoration of cultural heritages, not only heterogeneity but also secondary damage is induced. Therefore this study aims to reproduce traditional lime with added perilla oil to confirm the possibility of improving the performance of traditional lime through the characteristics of aerial lime. Aerial lime plaster specimen containing perilla oil was prepared by securing evidence from the ancient literature, and its characteristics were investigated. The addition of perilla oil revealed that the advanced workability of the flow value declined. However, only a small amount of perilla oil gave discoloration to the aerial lime specimen. It is necessary to control the amount of perilla oil used when it is applied to the conservation and restoration of historical sites. Through the neutralization test and the 𝜇-CT analysis image that carbonation of aerial lime was delayed due to the addition of perilla oil. Additionally perilla oil imparted water resistance. Since freezing-thawing of water is the main cause of damage to aerial lime materials, the performance improvement of aerial lime can be expected by adding perilla oil.

This study proposes a long-term prediction method of rebar price using deep learning techniques such as a bidirectional long and short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), a recursive method, and a time series cross-validation. Among recurrent neural network (RNN) models, Bi-LSTM provides the best prediction performance for small time series data such as monthly rebar price when applied. The recursive method uses the short-term prediction result as an input value for predicting the next time point data, which can repeatedly be used for making long-term predictions. Time-series cross-validation enables more stable prediction accuracy by enhancing learning that may be lacking in small time series data. By applying these deep learning techniques, this study predicts the monthly rebar price for up to 5 months and compares it with the previous study. As a result, it has been found that the average accuracy increases, and the deviation of the predicted values decreases.

This study aims to analyze the perception college students have of the construction industry when determining a career path to become a construction engineer through a newly established image evaluation methodology; urgent improvement measures involving negative depictions were also presented. Upon analysis, the most common negative impressions found among college students in construction related and unrelated majors in Korea entailed sincerity construction, business ethics and the work environment; the results were deemed to be insufficient. The underlying issues involved the uncertainty and lack of accountability concerning image improvement activities targeting university students. When it came to students in non-construction related majors, public relations was inadequate at universities. Through benchmarking analysis, a couple of ways were derived to improve the overall construction industry's image that encompassed the necessity to first establish experiential and educational programs for college students and prepare promotional materials. This study is limited to college students who are planning to enter the construction industry as future construction technicians. There are limitations in that surveys on various young people currently engaged in the construction industry have not been conducted. In the future, further research is needed on young people already involved in the construction industry by analyzing the main causes of departure of young construction workers. Continuous research will be conducted on improvement measures for effective inflow and efficient maintenance of young and competent construction workers.