Recently, GHG reduction scenarios and carbon neutrality have become significant global issues. The building sector accounts for a large portion of reducing GHG emission. Green remodeling businesses are among the representative policies in the new version of the Korean New Deal. Evaluating the energy performance of technical elements during the green remodeling process is critical. This study aims to develop a decision-making method using a simplified energy assessment approach that can be utilized by non-professionals in the green remodeling industry. The proposed model is intended for application in the early stages, facilitating the determination of energy efficiency for technical elements. With the development and implementation of this method, non-professionals are expected to be empowered to make effective decisions regarding technical elements in the initial phases of green remodeling projects.

The primary objective of this study was to analyze cases of correctional facilities in Denmark and South Korea through the lens of the 'Progressive Treatment' strategy and to propose enhancements for the architectural planning of South Korean correctional institutions. Through a theoretical exploration of the 'Progressive Treatment' strategy, a framework for case analysis was formulated. Data from a field trip, conducted from January 24th to February 22nd, 2022, facilitated an examination of the 'Progressive Treatment' strategy's implementation and planning methods within Danish correctional facilities. This methodology was then contrasted with architectural planning approaches observed in Korean institutions. The analysis revealed differences in 1) the distinct demarcation of inmate spaces, 2) the design of multipurpose, meeting, and work areas, and 3) the structure of dayroom and the creation of standard environments. Based on these findings, the study recommends that architectural planning improvements for South Korean correctional facilities should include: 1) allocating exclusive areas for S4 grade inmates, 2)-① reorganizing shared and independent programs within multipurpose zones, 2-② redefining specialized meeting spaces, 3)-① diversifying the design and planning of dayroom, and 3)-② creating a more standardized environment for inmates.

As modern cities become larger and more overcrowded, the demand for service quality of public building increases, and the role of public buildings has expanded from simple administration to cultural and welfare services. The Public buildings play an important role in the development of cities and residents' convenience, making their location an important issue. The location of public buildings predominantly hinges on subjective assessment, revealing a scarcity of clearly defined objective criteria for location. Recently, there has been a surge in research concerning site selection through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) utilization and substantial datasets. However, when it comes to public edifices, GIS application is constrained due to the intricate nature of quantifying site-specific factors. Therefore, this research aims to facilitate the placement of public buildings by harnessing quantitative data and employing Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. We propose a site selection method using MCDM , entropy weighting Method, and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). For this purpose, we first selected location factors through previous studies then quantified the data using GIS and public data. We selected Bisan-dong in Seo-gu district of Daegu Metropolitan City as our study's target site with Administrative Welfare Center as our target building for experiments and analyses. Location evaluation was made possible by considering each administrative building's factor weight in Bisan-dong targeting our building. As per the weighting analysis results accessibility emerged as most important category with site area being most important sub-factor. Comparative analysis was enabled by comparing evaluation values across each location factor. This study presents a useful method for performing location evaluations using quantitative data which can serve as foundation for future research that can be extended to various other types of public buildings.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of integrated urban architecture planning applied to new city housing development. Based on the spirit of the times from the early days of housing development, the characteristics of Dutch housing development, which applied the integrated urban architecture plan, and the characteristics of housing development in Korea, which are applying the integrated urban architecture plan, are compared and analyzed. In Dutch, the type of housing has been developed by integrating natural conditions and various residential environmental factors into architecture and the city. In Korea, land use and construction were separated for a long time, and housing development was carried out, and housing was simply supplied in large quantities. Various problems appeared in architecture and cities that focused only on housing supply, and as an alternative, the 3rd new city is developing a new town by applying an integrated plan for urban architecture. Like the alleys connecting small houses, it provides people-centered street space and presents specific items for regions, districts, and blocks.

In a changing society, open-plan offices are evolving towards improved configurations, including selectively enclosed spaces. This study explores employee preferences for openness in various areas of open-plan offices. The goal is to provide foundational data for future office design. The study employed a literature review and online surveys. It examined open-plan office concepts and current status via literature, and surveyed employees aged 20 to 50+ in such setups. The survey assessed satisfaction levels with fully open and partially open offices, preferences for spatial configurations, and how general traits influenced preferences. The study's findings yielded several significant conclusions. Firstly, employees demonstrated a higher level of satisfaction with partially open open-plan offices, indicating a tendency towards favoring the presence of some enclosed spaces. Consequently, the pursuit of a balance between personal workspace and communication environment within partially open designs appears crucial. Secondly, among various spaces within open-plan offices, enclosed designs were preferred for specific areas such as private offices, team leader rooms, conference rooms, meeting rooms, small meeting rooms, training rooms, locker rooms, and phone booths. Therefore, there is a need to design spaces requiring authority or confidentiality in a closed manner. Thirdly, variations in preferences for specific spaces based on gender, company type, and the number of office users were observed, emphasizing the importance of considering these differences in the design of open-plan offices. In summary, this study contributes to enhancing the job satisfaction of employees by providing insights for a more gratifying work environment and guiding the future design of open-plan offices towards more effective directions.

This study aims to outline essential elements for the architectural design of a negative pressure isolation ward, facilitating swift responses to new infectious diseases and rapid adaptability. Three hospitals with operational rapid treatment isolation wards were visited for qualitative research conducted through focus group interviews. While the initial focus during the early stages of COVID-19 was on safety and functionality, future planning must consider design standards that prioritize urgency and adaptability for potential new infectious diseases. Ensuring the safety of medical staff involves three crucial steps during installation in the vestibule between the negative pressure area and the general area. In cases where installing an anteroom is challenging during hospital remodeling, a negative pressure hallway anteroom becomes mandatory. To streamline the movement of medical staff entering the general area without showering, and for efficient construction, minimizing the relocation of hospital room walls is recommended.

This study presents a design proposal for linking two villages, Daeseong-dong and Gijeong-dong, in the DMZ on the Korean Peninsula. The proposal centers on a processual architecture grounded in sequential construction and deconstruction. As a strategic element, an elementary school for children is suggested, anticipating positive outcomes from civilian exchanges between the two Koreas. Preliminary research delves into Panmunjom and the Berlin Wall, serving as reference models for spatial and constructive strategies. Specific voids above the demarcation line, such as the military conference room, Checkpoint Charlie, and Friedrichstrasse station, are identified and integrated into the design. Programs and spaces fostering unity among the towns' residents dissolve the boundaries of black-and-white ideological realms, blending into the neutral gray space of the Neutralized DMZ. Rejecting the completeness of past constructions, the architecture here expands, contracts, and eventually disappears, adapting to varying circumstances over time. Essentially, architecture is proposed as a progressive organization of endlessly variable open configurations, processes, and endings, an ongoing living organism. The design proposal and DMZ research will undergo validation by experts related to the reunification of North and South Korea, assessing the necessity, orientation, and feasibility of this research.

This study examines the use of Building Information Modeling(BIM) in designing multifamily housing in Korea through comparative analysis of project cases in the United States. Despite expectations that Korean architectural firms, specializing in multifamily housing, would widely adopt BIM due to repetitive unit plans, this study revealed a preference for the 2D-3D conversion BIM design approach over the integrated method. The objective is to analyze successful BIM-based multifamily housing projects in the U.S., where the integrated BIM design method is prevalent. This research assessed design workforce management and BIM utilization goals in Korean architectural firms, comparing them to U.S. counterparts. The findings indicated that small and medium-sized Korean firms are more proactive in adopting BIM for large-scale projects. Additionally, the public sector in Korea opts for the 2D-3D conversion BIM design due to shorter initial design stages. This study concluded that the current Korean BIM design method assigned more tasks unsuitable for BIM, hindering widespread adoption. It suggests exploring U.S. BIM design utilization goals for advancements in BIM design in Korean architectural firms.

The purpose of this study is to investigate woman as a subject in Korean architectural academia and to discuss the necessity for research and records on women as a positive subject in architectural/urban space. This paper conducted literature review related to architecture and women's studies to examine the introduction, development, and research perspectives on woman as a research subject. Selected 134 dissertations and journals searched by the keywords 'Women, Gender' and 'Architecture, Urban' were discussed in this paper to examine how much architectural research is being conducted in response to gender sensitivity in the domestic architectural field. Based on the analysis, women as research topics were defined as 1. femininity as concepts influencing architectural design, 2. women as users of architecture and urban space, 3. women as producers of physical space, and 4. women as establishers of space and women's identity. This paper closed by exploring the need to record and study on achievements and contributions of minorities including women in the process of creating a built environment for diversity and gender equality.

This study aims to examine memes in Korean contemporary architectural discourse and observe how they have evolved over time. After extracting memes from SPACE magazines, network analysis was applied to understand their patterns. The findings revealed four periods in Korean contemporary architecture. Initially, the discourse mainly revolved around modernism and a few figures, but over time, there was an influx of foreign figures and diverse theories. Although modernism initially dominated, the post-2000s saw the rise of phenomenology and post-structuralism, challenging modernism's dominance. Simultaneously, architectural discourse, once focused on simple facts and subjective narratives, progressively engaged with theories and philosophies from other fields as time passed.

This study delves into the Altes Museum in Berlin, examining its role as an architecture of the artistic-sacred through an analysis of its transitional spatial effects. Beginning with an exploration of the religious roots of the sacred, this research categorizes the encountered spatial effects during the transition from profane to sacred spaces as separation, ascent, and procession. These spatial parallels are not confined to religious architecture but extend to non-religious structures, particularly within public buildings like political and cultural institutions. This study focuses on the noteworthy connection between art museums and religious architecture, suggesting a potential interplay in the presentation of spatial effects evoking the sacred. Using the Altes Museum as the primary subject, this study scrutinizes the architectural devices and spatial effects of the sacred influencing the transition from the profane exterior to the sacred interior of the art museum. Externally, an enclosed site signifies separation, reminiscent of a parvis; a raised ground floor with a podium and grand stairs induces a sense of physical ascent akin to high places; and a façade featuring classical colonnades denotes another separation akin to propylaea. Internally, the central exhibition hall with its soaring dome mirrors the concept of visual ascent, akin to a sanctuary; a deepened ground-floor exhibition hall with an array of colonnades evokes procession, akin to a nave; Finally, a compartmentalized second-floor exhibition hall echoes separation, akin to a chapel.

This study examines the transformation of Bukchon Hanok basements from the 1930s urban Hanok period to the 2010s, shedding light on their role in shaping the architectural and typical hanok model. The research entailed analyzing period-specific architectural features and the typical hanok model through a combination of document research, site surveys, and interviews conducted with owners of 90 Bukchon hanoks equipped with basements. The results revealed that, since their inception in the 1930s, most Bukchon Hanoks featured small basements resembling wood or brick warehouses, separate from the main hanok structure. In the 2000s, a notable shift occurred as new hanoks integrated basements, constructed as reinforced concrete structures with residential and parking functions, connected through vertical circulation. This study highlights the significance of the 2010 Bukchon District Unit Plan in acknowledging the emergence of basement usage in Bukchon Hanoks since the 2000s and in shaping a typical hanok model that outlines the form and appearance of hanok as a policy.

Jagyeongjeonjinjak involved the refurbishment of the royal stage, featuring patterned mats on the ondol and vibrant lanterns. Cushions adorned the space, while the toekan was revamped with patterned mats. The daecheong floor received a makeover with colored lilies, and the pillars and walls embraced white neunghwa. Chojuji was employed for window repairs. Symbolically, the dragon-patterned chair and resting place represented the king, Seojungbyeong and Seoan denoted the crown prince, and Ikmodaebyeong was exclusive to the crown princess's space. Additional distinctions, such as pavilion dojungbyeong, otter blood cushions, and byeolmunjiui, signified the princess's domain, creating a hierarchical layout based on regal items. Jagyeong Jeonjinjak's restoration marked a clear demarcation between royal and non-royal spaces, emphasizing social status. The king's absolute authority manifested in the chosen items, fostering a political and familial connection between the king, crown prince, and crown princess. The repair and installation characteristics suggested the crown prince's rightful claim to political authority, mirrored in shared items with the king. Similarly, the crown princess, through shared items with the queen, represented the future matriarch inheriting her role. The princess, linking heritage with the crown prince and crown princess, showcased royal ancestry and an intermediary status within the royal hierarchy. Overall, Jagyeongjeonjinjak's symmetrical and horizontal design, along with vertical divisions in Bogye, delineated class hierarchies through deliberate planning in repair and installation.

This study aims to explore the formation and application of urban planning discourse during China's the Republican era. Historically, the era refers to the period when the Republic of China ruled the mainland China from January 1912 until 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China. During this time, great changes occurred in Chinese cities, and in the process, Western urban systems and knowledge were rapidly spread. Even though nationwide systems were not set up, newly-emerged urban governance, legal system, and urban theory had a deep impact on the planning of Chinese cities. In order to better understand the urban planning during China's Republican era, this study tries to focus on the relationship between the discourse formation and implementation process, which created the Chinese characteristics in urbanization. By this way, this research can help to figure out the current urbanization of China.

In the early 1910s, Jinhae took shape as the present city center in the Chungmu-dong area. The city swiftly executed plans for the central area, encompassing both street layout and land allocation. This simultaneous planning resulted in the establishment of a coherent street pattern and urban block structure. Remarkably, these elements endure today, preserving Jinhae as a crucial reference point for understanding the application of Western-style urban planning, introduced via Japan, and its contemporary functionality. Despite its significance, Jinhae remains relatively unexplored in scholarly pursuits. This study aims to unveil the distinctive features of Jinhae's downtown by examining its street network, urban blocks, and land division during this transformative period. The investigation unfolds in three stages. Initially, the Outlook plan was scrutinized, dissecting the grid-radial roads and land grades that marked Jinhae's cityscape inception. Subsequently, the interplay between road structure, urban block formation, and graded land parcels in the finalized City Plan was synthesized. Finally, the realized changes in the plan, along with an exploration of the administrative zones that delineate the actual land use divisions on the original cadastral maps were explored.

This study explores the characteristics of the institutional management system by investigating the transition process of management standards for the multi-family housing action permit and reporting system after the completion of multi-dwelling use. The analysis of multi-family housing management standards, covering activities, facility classification systems, management standards, and administrative procedures, revealed that the permission to engage in activities and the reporting system have been systematically organized and subdivided. This consideration prioritizes structural safety, minimizes impact on the residential environment, and establishes residential order to enhance overall living conditions. Moreover, the permission to engage in activities and reporting system adheres to the principle of allowing or prohibiting exceptions for changes in multi-family housing post-approval. However, evolving social and policy conditions have led to an increase in exceptions and the promotion of greater flexibility in standards. Finally, a noticeable trend is observed toward the relaxation of management standards and administrative procedures to mirror social and cultural shifts and enhance residents' convenience.

This paper proposes a basic data schema for the systematic collection and maintenance of field information in green remodeling projects. During the early stages of these projects, field surveys are conducted on target buildings to gather various information regarding building and facility conditions, operations, and more. However, these valuable materials are typically used only once for report writing and are stored in an unstructured manner, often neglected. This leads to problems such as inconsistency, inaccuracy, and reduced reliability, impacting the overall quality. Moreover, these materials are difficult to reuse as they are stored as document files without standardized forms, hindering interoperability. Thus, a customized data schema is necessary to systematically and continuously manage field information. To address this need, this study examined the existing building on-site collection data schemas from the United States and the European Union, identifying the essential elements required for a building data schema in Korea. The foreign data schemas exhibited characteristics such as modular composition, separation of objective information and subjective opinion, and scalability and compatibility of data. Drawing from these insights, the investigation items of green remodeling on-site documents were modularized through a process of data integration, separation, deletion, addition, and movement. Finally, this paper describes a proposed data schema with examples of inputs.

Approximately 30 years ago, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was created at the 1992 Rio Environmental Conference in Brazil to address climate issues due to global warming. Since then, the 27th Conference of the Parties (COP) took place, and Korea set greenhouse gas reduction targets for 2030 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and carbon neutrality in 2050 for different sectors. In 2018, greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector reached 179.2 million tons, including 52.1 million tons of direct emissions and 127.1 million tons of indirect emissions, like electricity. This accounted for 24.7% of total domestic greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the goals, direct emissions should be reduced to 35 million tons by 2030, a 32.8% decrease, and to 6.2 million tons by 2050, an 88.1% reduction. Various energy-saving and emission-reduction systems have been developed in the building sector over time. Residential buildings contributed significantly to energy consumption, with 58.7% (20,110,000 toe) compared to non-residential buildings at 41.3% (14,139,000 toe) from 2018 to 2022, as reported by the Korea Real Estate Board. The plan for mandatory zero-energy buildings calls for public apartments to achieve this status by 2023 and private apartments with 30 or more households to be level 5 zero-energy buildings by 2024. The ultimate goal is to reach level 1 by ensuring all buildings achieve an energy self-sufficiency rate above 100% by 2050. To achieve greenhouse gas reduction targets for residential buildings, it's essential to consider their current energy usage characteristics. However, research in this area is lacking. Therefore, this study examined the energy consumption and unit characteristics of residential buildings in Korea with the goal of providing fundamental data and strategies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.

This study aims to assess the insulation performance of stone-finished exterior insulation system with truss-shaped insulation frames. The evaluation involves measuring the thermal transmittance of concrete exterior walls in small non-residential buildings where this system is implemented. Through on-site evaluation and analysis using the heat flow meter method and the average method, the thermal transmittance of the exterior wall was determined to be 0.188 W/m²K. Following remodeling, the measured U-value showed a 79.0% reduction compared to pre-remodeling, surpassing the calculated U-value at 65.6%. This indicates an enhanced improvement in the thermal bridging effect with the application of an exterior insulation system with truss-shaped insulation frames. Additionally, the difference between the calculated and measured U-values, a critical verification condition in International Organization for Standardization (2014), was less than 20%, affirming the reliability of the on-site measured thermal transmittance.

This study examined the primary energy requirements and additional costs associated with different combinations of technology and improvement factors to achieve a zero-energy building (ZEB) grade for public order modular apartment houses. The analysis considered three stages of performance for six improvement factors. The findings revealed that individual enhancements to passive and active elements did not meet ZEB criteria. However, installing photovoltaic (PV) systems covering at least 40% of the rooftop area satisfied the ZEB 5th grade. To propose an effective combination of improvement factors for ZEB certification, the cost performance index was analyzed, and factors were prioritized accordingly. The analysis indicated incremental costs per unit area of 62,392 won for ZEB 5th grade, 96,380 won for ZEB 4th grade, and 120,389 won for ZEB 3rd grade. This study holds significance as it provides insights into energy performance and incremental costs during the introduction of zero-energy buildings and modular apartment houses.

This study is to determine the crack width at the location where the mechanical splice device is installed on the reinforced concrete beam. The mechanical coupling device is Company B's screw coupler. The screw was not completely fastened and artificially and unstablely joined so that the residual deformation amount was 1.0 mm. In order to experimentally investigate this, structural experiments were conducted on RC beams with and without mechanical joints. As a result of the experiment, it was found that a mechanical splice device with a residual deformation amount of 1 mm could be used if the stress level was low and half mechanical splice. However, even in the case of half a joint, it was found to exceed the allowable crack width at a location with a high stress level. In addition, even if the stress level is low, it is judged that careful attention is needed to use it in excess of the allowable crack width even in the case of full mechanical splice.

Wind tunnel experiments and CFD were conducted to evaluate the pedestrian wind environment for strong winds generated around the building when a large high-rise building was built in the center of a low-rise building group among various types of urban areas. In order to verify the results of the wind tunnel test in this paper, it was compared and verified with the verified wind tunnel test results provided by the Architectural Institute of Japan(AIJ). As a result of the comparison, the correlation coefficient was distributed at 0.84-0.91, which was very similar to each other. CFD corrected wind velocity through turbulence energy and compared it with wind tunnel test results through the RNG k-𝜀 model. The evaluation of pedestrian wind environment was conducted using Murakmi and Lawson's criteria. The correlation coefficient of the exceedance probability for each measurement point according to the wind speed ratio of the wind tunnel experiment and the computational fluid analysis was 0.9 or more, confirming a very high correlation. In addition, Murakmi and Lawson wind environment evaluation results showed almost the same trend, although there were differences in evaluation time.

FEMA 351 outlines the use of welded cover plated flange (WCPF) connections to prevent brittle fracture and enable plastic deformation at the beam's end in WUF-B connections. This study assesses the progressive collapse resistance of WCPF connections by applying the alternative path method to a target structure previously examined in the evaluation of WUF-B and RBS connections. An energy-based approximate analysis, considering the dynamic effects of sudden column loss, was used to evaluate the structure's progressive collapse resistance in terms of structural robustness and sensitivity. Results were compared with structures featuring WUF-B and RBS connections analyzed in a prior study. The structure incorporating WCPF connections demonstrated a 33% improvement in structural robustness and 11% less sensitivity to progressive collapse when one column was removed, compared to the WUF-B and RBS connections in the previous study. In the scenario of removing two columns, only the structure with WCPF connections exhibited progressive collapse resistance capacity. The WCPF connection displayed superior progressive collapse resistance capacity compared to WUF-B and RBS connections.

This study investigates the fracture patterns and ultimate strengths of the double shear two-bolted connections made of austenitic stainless steel STS304, which is widely used in building structures. The main variables include the plate thickness and end distance in the loading direction. A total of 10 test specimens were planned and fabricated. For specimens with relatively short end distance of less than 24mm, shear-out fractures occurred, while, specimens with end distances of 36mm or more showed typical block shear fracture mode. The strengths of both domestic and international design codes (KDS, AISC, AISI, ASCE, AIJ and EC3) and the equations of shear-out and block shear fractures proposed by the previous researcher were compared with test results. The current standards underestimated the test strengths of double shear two-bolted connections of austenitic stainless steel, and shear-out fracture and block shear fracture equations suggested by other researchers based on carbon steel or duplex stainless steel bolted connections were found to provide good predictions.

With the recent strengthening of fire performance standards for building finishing materials, external wall finishing materials for buildings over 3 floors or over 9 m must meet the performance of semi-non-combustible materials and pass the KS F 8414 performance standards. But in the case of buildings under 5 stories or under 22 m, it is stipulated that flammable insulation can be used when the finishing materials satisfy the performance of combustible materials or applies a fire spreading prevention structure. In this study, fire performance was evaluated on two specimens that applied fire spreading prevention structures to combustible and semi-non-combustible materials. And both test specimens satisfied the KS F 8414 performance standards. It is necessary to apply the performance evaluation criteria of KS F 8414 differently depending on the number of floors and height or combustibility of the materials. As the number of floors and heights of some buildings overlapped and applied differently, it is believed that there is a need to subdivide and revise the performance evaluation standards for external wall finishing materials.

With a melting point at 30℃ and adhesive strength of 4.12MPa, the nontoxic and eco-friendly biopolymer gelatin finds frequent use in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. Previous studies introduced gelatin as a component in the innovative concept of Living Building Material (LBM), but insufficient attention was given to porosity. This study explores the relationship between porosity and the compressive strength of gelatin-sand composite, aiming to understand how void space influences overall strength. Porosity was calculated by measuring the density of the entire specimen. The compressive strength increased by 18% as porosity decreased by 15% from the 7th day to the 14th day. Additionally, the adhesive strength of gelatin solution exhibited a 3.11 times increase from the first to the fourteenth day, similar to cement mortar. The compressive strength in the sand-gelatin composite improved by 18% due to the enhanced gelatin adhesive strength. Furthermore, SEM image analysis was conducted to observe the morphology of the sand-gelatin composite.

In this study, it was utilized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) to evaluate the deterioration of concrete caused by the propagation of cracks due to chloride-induced steel corrosion at different corrosion stages. Concrete specimens with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5 were immersed in a NaCl solution to simulate four corrosion stages(0C, 650C, 1300C, and 2600C) through accelerated corrosion experiments on steel reinforcement. EIS analysis revealed key parameters like charge solution resistance(R_S), transfer resistance(R_C) and double layer capacitance(C_dl). R_S decreased significantly according to occurring concrete cracks. R_C value decreased sharply at the onset of corrosion, while C_dl vlaue gradually increased with higher impressed current, reflecting oxygen diffusion rates and crack development. These findings provide insights for signal interpretation methods to monitor concrete degradation due to steel corrosion at various stages. And based on these results, this study had proposed criteria for evaluating steel corrosion and concrete damage conditions.

This study introduces a new process model designed to facilitate the successful completion of apartment remodeling tasks, addressing changes in the residential environment caused by physical aging, alterations in living conditions, advancements in housing facilities, and diverse resident needs. To enhance the effectiveness of apartment remodeling activities, the widely adopted Value Engineering (VE) process model serves as the foundation. The project's primary objective was attained, resulting in a comprehensive and optimal plan developed through functional analysis. A new approach was proposed for the target selection phase within the VE process. Moreover, the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique was employed to objectify weighted values for relevant items in this apartment remodeling project, enhancing reliability. Consequently, the remodeling process model outlined in this study clearly delineates the hierarchy of project elements by importance and quantifies the weight of each item objectively through relative comparison. This approach enabled the induction of effective functional analysis activities and reliable target selection for future apartment remodeling. Furthermore, it served as valuable data for constructing a quality model for user demand research, a crucial step in the pre-target selection phase of the VE process. It formed a basic element in creating a FAST Diagram during the function summary stage. To enhance the value of this study in the future, there's a need to develop a more refined process model through detailed and systematic research on the target selection process model for each project. This includes designing VE and various construction projects through a universally applicable computerized management tool database, ensuring comprehensive data utilization and feedback incorporation.

This study analyzed the satisfaction and effectiveness of education and training currently in place, and suggested whether there is a need to improve current education and training and future improvement measures to cultivate and secure excellent designers in domestic design firms. As a result of the study, it was found that the satisfaction and effectiveness of the design manpower on the current technical education were generally satisfactory and had an educational effect. In addition, education hours and education costs were generally appropriate in the education and training system for domestic designers, but it was found that improvement was necessary in the education contents, education method, and education environment. As for the improvement of education contents, the reinforcement of practical-oriented education contents was the highest. As an improvement in the online education method, it was found that support for professional manpower for online contents development for lecture contents by subject was most necessary. Improvements to the education environment were investigated by securing convenience for trainees such as shuttle bus operation, expanding education facilities outside the Seoul metropolitan area, expanding practice spaces for practical training, and introducing an education method that allows work-education.

In construction projects, optimizing material selection is crucial, as over half of the construction cost is allocated to materials. To achieve this, an integrated material information system becomes essential. Creating an efficient material list requires significant investment in manpower and time to register and manage diverse material information. This study introduces a system developed through deep learning-based intelligent material extraction. The system builds a database of building material information from real projects, utilizing a classifier trained with standard construction codes using the FastText method and LSTM model. Through experiments on 40 buildings, the system demonstrated an 86% accuracy rate. The resulting building material information serves as a foundational resource for future applications such as artificial intelligence-based automation of design economic evaluation and design safety assessment.