The purpose of this study is to propose a plan to promote the use of the shared electric kickboard by examining the usage behavior through a questionnaire for actual users and analyzing the factors influencing users' satisfaction with the Use Environment. To this end, this study was conducted in Seoul, and 279 questionnaires were used for analysis. An ordered logit model was used for the analysis, and the main research results were as follows. First, regarding the purpose of using the shared electric kickboard, users use it not only for short-distance travel but also for leisure, and they use it in various ways as an auxiliary means of transportation and short-distance transportation for connection with public transportation. In addition, concerning the evaluation of the users' Use Environment in consideration of road quality, convenience facilities, safety facilities, etc, this study indicate that there is a need to improvement the environment for using shared kickboard. Second, as a result of analyzing the factors influencing the satisfaction of the shared e-scooter usage environment, gender, final education, and subjective health status were significant in the characteristics of individuals and households, and rental system, accessibility, and road of use were in order for the evaluation of the usage environment. It appeared to be statistically significant. Therefore, in order to promote the shared electric kickboard service, the use environment (e.g., installation of designated stops, increase of equipment used, management of rental applications, and improvement of service) must be enhanced along with service use area expansion, adjustment of electric kickboard placement using user O/D data, and securing of safe driving space. A business plan is needed that considers factors influencing satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial characteristics of Bad Samedan introducing a new type of thermal baths. Bad Samedan (2005-2009), designed by Basel architects group, Miller & Maranta, is located in the centre of a mountain village of the Engadin, Switzerland. This contemporary thermal baths can be very considerable for the modernization of the ancient Roman Baths. Unlike today's conventional public baths, the Roman baths was experienced sequentially in a series of independent rooms, like a ceremonial orders. Also, it was not only a practical space for washing bodies, but also a complex space for various physical activities, sensory pleasures, spiritual meditation, serenity, etc. Therefore, Roman Baths represented the very particular public space providing rituals and recreations. It brought well-being culture in Roman society. Like the Roman baths, Bad Samedan consists of independent and separated rooms for baths. Their sequential composition in a vertical mass offers more sophisticate linear order and mise en scene. Particularly, the three-dimensional organization of the entities with spiral steps can be compared to Raumplan, the spatial composition of Adolf Loos, or it can be deduced the influence of Engadin's vernacular architecture. Through this study, we intend to recall the fundamental characteristics of ancient Roman baths and explore the meaning and application of verticalized baths.

The medical institution is one of pivotal facilities that are required of rapid resilience in the event of various disasters. It is a critical management infrastructure that should respond to infectious diseases, a space that weak patients reside in, and a facility that is vulnerable to building deterioration and extreme weather as well. In this token, the present study aims to provide with some directions for facility reinforcement by investigating the current states of resilience of hospitals in responding to accidental disasters. The investigating members surveyed about 30 hospitals in Seoul with emergency medical centers, and web-crawled through the Python program on Google search engines. As for each hospital, the number of searches for 93 key words of 18 disaster types ranged from 11,000 to 400. It is revealed that the most searched types were computerizations and communications, followed by infectious diseases, security, and fire in the case of temporary shocks or accident types. In-hospital medical errors, which are constant pressure factors differently from its frequency, appear infections, others, and pollutions in order.

This study selected prize-winning pieces of architectural competition for government office proceeded in Jeju area for 7 years from 2014 to 2020 as study subjects under the idea that the envelope design of the buildings are the expression related to Jeju locallity and presented basic data by analyzing and considering expressive technique of building envelope design of government office in Jeju by considering its locallity. The results of the study are as follows. First, we found that stone walls and forests are most frequently used as a factor considering the locallity of Jeju. It is judged that natural environmental factors we can commonly see around are recognized as the most representative image among those that delivers locallity of Jeju. Second, we found that materials and shapes are most frequently used among envelope design factors that express the locallity of Jeju. This can be analyzed that architectures put the great significance on the physical properties and shapes of building envelope in expressing the locallity of Jeju. Third, we found that expressing stone walls and forests with basalt flagstone and other natural materials were the most frequently used method in expressing the envelope that considers locallity. It is judged to apply colors and scenery of Jeju which has abundant natural views as they are, and it was the most easy way to express natural colors to the envelope. Fourth, it was found that stone walls and forests were the most frequently used materials in the relationship between locallity and envelope design. It is because stone walls and forests have the highest recognition among locallity factors and most of regional factors have the highest relationship with materials among envelope design factors.

As COVID 19 spreads rapidly around the world in December 2019, social discussions are actively underway in architecture and urban fields to respond to a changed society, and educational facilities are responding to the spread of sensitivity through space use and movement control. In order to conservatively control infectious diseases, controlling the use of physical space was the most reliable method, but the strength and limitations of non-face-to-face classes began to become clear in architecture education due to physical restrictions for one year. For the efficient use of architectural educational spaces in the post-COVID 19 era, it is necessary to prepare a plan for use according to the social distancing stage. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the areas suitable for online space and the areas in which physical spaces should be used in architectural education, and then derive a plan that can effectively utilize the physical education space according to the social distancing stage. Interviews and surveys were conducted with 99 students and instructors in the Department of Architecture at Chungbuk National University, and through IPA analysis, it was intended to derive problems and utilization plans for architectural education after the COVID 19. As a result of the study, the problem of communication was one of the biggest problems in the practical education, and in the use of the practice space, the satisfaction of the process requiring physical space was the lowest. Therefore, the computer-related architectural practice education can be converted into an online space and used, and the existing computer room is divided into partitions to form a space dedicated to design class critique. In addition, three desk arrangement plans were suggested to respond to the spread of COVID 19 while focusing on communication through the rearrangement of the desks in the design room. This study is limited to the practice space of the Department of Architecture, Chungbuk National University, and the research is limited to students and instructors. It will be a study.

In Korea, university campuses are recognized not only as a place of learning, but also as a major urban facility in the region. Nevertheless, countermeasures against the continuously increasing crime risk on university campuses are relatively insufficient. And the research on this is also insufficient. Therefore the purpose of this study is to understand the global research trends on campus crime to improve crime safety in university campuses. To this end, we analyzed keywords suggested in various articles dealing with crime safety on university campuses through network analysis. Through this, we tried to understand the research flow in related fields. The results of this study are as follows. First, articles related to crime safety in university campuses are increasing in a variety of fields, including social sciences, medicine, and psychology. Second, as a result of analyzing the frequency of keywords, these related to crimes targeting women, cyber crimes, and fear of crime showed high frequency. Third, it was found that keywords related to sexual violence such as 'sexual assault', 'women' and 'gender' played a key role in the network. Fourth, it can be seen that research subjects (human subjects, crime types) are subdivided as related researches are accumulated.

The Jeju residential Ctesiphons was first introduced to Jeju by Father P.J. McGlinchey in 1961. The Ctesiphons were built in residential and warehouse areas to form Jeju's St. Isidore Ranch and a pioneer farmhouse. In 1973, "double cladding Ctesiphon" was built in Geumak-ri, Jeju as the pioneer farm No. 24, also known as "Serena Ranch". In prior research, it was possible to reveal technical characteristics through interviews with past construction personnel of 'double cladding Ctesiphon'. This study examined interviews with residents of 'double cladding Ctesiphon' and analyzed photographs of the time. As a result, the 'double cladding Ctesiphon' was built in 1973 by the design of Father P.J. McGlinchey. The "double cladding Ctesiphon" was a two-family row house where the owner's family and the ranch manager's family lived together. In 1980, the owner's family expanded the double cladding Ctesiphon. They used the 'double cladding Ctesiphon' as a kitchen, dining, children's playroom, and guest room. The extension is a new bathroom, bedroom, and living room. In 1988, a new owner purchased a double cladding Ctesiphon. And they did a second addition. 'Double cladding Ctesiphon' had a big change in plane. A new bathroom, kitchen, and boiler room were added for the second expansion. It is now abandoned and turned into a deserted house. Residents point to the sunshine and ventilation of 'double cladding Ctesiphon' as a problem compared to a single cladding Ctesiphon. Nevertheless, they were satisfied with the purpose of developing "double cladding Ctesiphon" to prevent leakage and improve insulation performance. We plan to conduct an objective survey and evaluation of residential performance in the next study. Research on the practical application of this technology will also be needed.

This study aims to identify the behavioral factors for improving the pedestrian environment and user satisfaction of commercial streets as the base for the small or medium-sized city. To verify the research model, a survey and observation study (pedestrian density analysis, street activities) were performed targeting the commercial streets in Daean-dong, Jinju-si (Zone A: road-walking and car-sharing, zone B: road-walking only). The results of this survey are as follows: first, zone B's satisfaction level on the street was higher than zone A. Second, the optional activities had a greater influence on the satisfaction on the street, and this result was consistent with Jan Gehl's theory. However, the next factors influenced were the necessary activities of Zone A and the social activity of zone B. it seems that such difference depends on the separation of areas for pedestrians and cars. Third, the visit characteristic was most influenced by the social activities. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the street activities were influenced by the satisfaction level on the physical environment and influenced visit characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the perceptions and behavioral characteristics of university dormitory before and after COVID-19 and explore future implications. The results of this study are as follows: First, the satisfaction level about private space(living space) increases as the dormitory was operated as a single room after COVID-19, but the change of satisfaction level about public spaces(learning space, exercise space, etc.) is small due to the closure of those spaces. Second, in terms of behavior, learning and hobby activities have increased since COVID-19 due to increased residential times in dormitory. Thirdly, in terms of criminal safety, fear of crime has decreased significantly since COVID-19. In conclusion, based on these results, it is thought that changes of university dormitory planning in the private space where possible behavior in the shared spaces of the dormitory can be made in the future.

The purpose is to reveal the current status and limitations of the village documenting group currently operating in urban regeneration areas, propose a program to educate the village documenting group through examples, and provide directions for future development. Therefore, Geumha village was studied as a test-bed site for organizing educational programs for village documenting and documenting the process. The procedure for this study is as follows. First, this study analyzed the formation, status, and limitations of the village documenting group. Secondly, we studied the meaning and value of the village documenting of Doksan-dong Geumha village, a research place. Third, the characteristics, problems, and limitations of each curriculum of the Geumha village documenting group were analyzed. Fourth, it revealed the implications of the Geumha village documenting education program. Finally, the direction of training and activities of the village documenting group was proposed.

Glenn Murcutt's residential architectures in 1960-90s have evolved to suit regional climates over the period time. To solve the disconnection of British Cottage from the Australian landscape, Murcutt developed a long 'Verandah House' by adopting the idea of a 'Californian bungalow' into the existing terrace houses. As such this paper investigates Murcutt's reinvention of the verandah space which became an ideal living platform or externalized inside-out space to reflect the local climate and terrain. Additionally, Murcutt installed adjustable layers to the wall such as shutters and louvers so that the occupant can coordinate with the 'Verandah House'. This strategy promotes harmonious coexistence between nature and human beings as well as maintains the ecosystem by minimizing energy use. Since 2005, the BUILDING ACT for balcony expansion in Korea was legalized by the construct however balconies are mainly used for the expansion of residential spaces or warehouse. In contrast to 'Verandah House', this internalized inside-out space lost the main value of the balcony and ignored the option of the prospective occupant. Thus, the goal of this research is to resolve the dilemma of site-less residential architecture by analyzing Murcutt's evolutionary process of farmhouse based on his sustainable design strategies in non-technological ways.

In this study, the documents on repair work of architectural heritage of Korea were reviewed focusing on the period since Japanese colonialism, to investigate the change in the materials and techniques of the plastering work for repair of traditional walls. To achieve this purpose, the documents such as 'Repair Specifications' and 'Repair Statement', were reviewed and the procedure, materials and finishing techniques of the plastering work were summarized. As a result of the review, it was confirmed that Japanese plastering technique was introduced and generalized during this period, and this has affected the repair work of the architectural heritage to this day. Since independence, modern techniques were additionally introduced, which has been widely used today. Based on this, it was also confirmed that the conservation philosophy about materials and techniques of architectural heritage was not established until the 1990s. However, as the conservation philosophy has been established today, the use of Japanese and modern materials and techniques is prohibited. Nevertheless, these customs are still used today.

This study is aimed to estimate the original form of EuAhm Seowon that was built to cherish the studies and virtue of Miam Yu Hui-chun based on the consideration and analysis of old maps, eup (邑)-related materials, signboards, and collections of works. First of all, the period in which EuAhm Seowon was founded was that of seowon's maturity and settlement. EuAhm Seowon is located in the right (east) of Damyang Hyanggyo, and it corresponds to the lot that has been estimated to be the site for EuAhm Seowon up until now. Although there is possibility that it should be the ground for Sadang that is the top in terms of the hierarchy of Seowon architecture, as far as the scale is concerned, the site should be the position of Sadang or Sammun. According to the development of seowon architecture, EuAhm Seowon is characterized by the distinct axis of the mid-17th century, Sadang-Naesammun-Gangdang-Munru, so we can establish the axis based on the site axis. Also, with the difference of the site level, Sadang and Naesammun is thought to have been positioned in the street address of 149, and about the arrangement, it is located on a slope that it is the type of Jeonhakhumyo and Jeonjaehudang.

In order to evaluate the risk of fire in multi-use establishments with a higher occupancy rate than other buildings, data on the evacuation behavior (evacuation time, walking speed, etc.) of drinkers are necessary. However, since the data on the evacuation behavior of drinkers are not generalized, fire risk assessments are being carried out on the evacuation behavior data of non-drinkers. Therefore, the results of assessments cannot be fully trusted. In this study, a real experiment was conducted to analyze the evacuation behavior of South Korean adults when they are drunken. In the experiment, the experimental participants were classified into groups according to the levels of drinking and the amounts of required time by group were measured by evacuation stage (recognition time, activity time, pre-travel time and response time). According to the experimental results, the required time of the group with the largest volume of drink was about 11.11 times longer in the recognition time, about 3.02 times in the activity time, and about 1.63 times longer in the pre-travel time than that of the group with the smallest volume of drink. However, it was found that their response time was shortened by about 0.5 times. When the experimental results were put together, in general, the amounts of required time by evacuation stage increased as the volume of drink increased.

The purpose of this study was to propose a synthetic envelope thermal performance for small-scale buildings to satisfy the building energy efficiency grade 1++, which is the standard for zero-energy building certification. It was found that the correlation between the average heat transmission rate by wall area and the heating energy demand was very low. And the correlation between the average heat transmission rate by floor area and the heating energy demand was very high. Therefore, it would be desirable to apply the average heat transmission rate by floor area as the synthetic envelope thermal performance. Design conditions for the primary energy consumption to be less than 140kWh/m² should satisfy the average heat transmission rate by floor area of 0.45W/m²K or less, and install renewable energy when it exceeds 0.45W/m²K in the Jungbu 2 area

This paper aims to understand cold storage of the phase change material(PCM) in the passive design building and quantify cold storage of the PCM during the night ventilation. Measurement was mainly conducted for a room of the building where it has two openings at floor level. Cold storage tended to be proportional to air temperature difference between indoor and outdoor. Heat transfer coefficient was 5-15W/m²K from the result of heat flow meter, this is good agreement with previous researches. Maximum cold storage was 1296kJ/m² in the passive building with night ventilation. If the PCM of the room is arranged in consideration of the ventilation path, the cold storage of PCM can be maximized.

This study developed a series of probabilistic statistical models for electricity demand prediction of residential communities. The series of probabilistic models were developed to reflect individual variations in the electricity demand depending on household characteristics and temporal variability in the pattern of hourly electricity use. We used the hourly electricity data, including plug-in and lighting energy use, from 23 households selected from the public data of the Korea Energy Agency. The prediction model consists of four models to capture variability in the electiricity demand at different indiviual and time scales. Models 1 and 2 are blinear regression models that predict the annual average electricity load depending on the household characteristics and variation in the daily electricity load, respectively. Models 3 and 4 are multivariate normal distribution probability density functions that generate average hourly electricity load profile and temporal variations from the average profile, respectively. The results demonstrarate that the series of probabilistic models sufficiently reflect actual individual and temporal variations.

This research aimed to propose the optimal position of vierendeel outrigger. To achieve the study purpose, a structural design of 60 stories building was carried out, making use of the structural analysis program MIDAS-Gen. And the main parameters of this analysis research were the stiffness of outrigger, the outrigger types such as general outrigger and vierendeel outrigger, the stiffness of vertical members in vierendeel outrigger and the outrigger location in height. Based on the results of this analysis, we studied the lateral displacement in top floor, the influences of the main analysis parameters on the optimal position of vierendeel outrigger, and so on. The paper proposed the equation to predict the optimum location of vierendeel outrigger system reflecting the effect of shear deformation in vierendeel outrigger. Also, the study results can provide a great help in getting the structural design data of the optimal vierendeel outrigger position in high-rise building.

In this paper, horizontal connections of precast concrete wall panels using dry mechanical joint that consists of threaded rebars and box-type steel connectors are introduced. Two dry techniques that can be used to maintain structural integrity for horizontal connection between precast concrete wall panels are compared in this study. One is that vertical threaded rebars are tightened individually and the other is that vertical tie are fastened within the outer quarters of the panel width. At first, box-type hardwares were structurally designed to connect vertical rebar(SD500 D13 & D16) or vertical ties(SD500 D25 & D32). And then 4 specimens using a high tension nut and a coupler were tested under cyclic horizontal loading and constant axial force. The experimental results show that if the nuts might fulfill the strength and engagement length, the threaded rebar could develop the yield strength of the reduced section at minor diameter.

In this study, structural performance of the traditional timber structure is investigated according to the frame types. As a result of reviewing six previous studies, frame type is divided into 1) Frame joinery method, 2) Column type and 3) Additional members. As a result of comparing the lateral strength at the limit of damage to the frame(1/120rad), the Mindori type frame was 3.2 times more substantial, and the Choikgong frame is 1.8 times stronger than the Jangyeo type frame. Based on the common frame, the tall frame is 2.2 times stronger. And, Pyeongbang added frame is 3.5 times larger and infilled wall added frame is 7.8 times larger than the basic frame consisted with Changbang and columns. There are 4 types of frame loading test specimens in the previous studies, a) single frame, b) multiple frame, c) two frame single frame, and d) partial frame. In addition, vertical load, joinery condition, and buried length per bay are confirmed as experimental variables that correlate with the lateral resistance performance of the frame.

The rise of land prices and population density in urban areas has led to a need for deeper excavations, both for the building ground and the underground. It is difficult to select a retaining wall method that is appropriate for a construction site, not only because the retaining wall method should be chosen at an early stage of a construction project, at which time there is a lack of information on surrounding characteristics of the site, but also because there are uncertain factors such as underground water and the underlying rock formation. An inappropriate retaining wall method may cause changes in the original design or method of retaining wall, resulting in an inevitable increase in construction costs. Despite this fact, construction practitioners generally select a retaining wall method depending on their own limited, subjective experience and intuition. For this reason, in this study, I applied the stochastic gradient tree boosting (SGTB) technique to selecting a retaining wall method to assess the applicability of the technique to a work method selection. To evaluate the SGTB technique's performance, I built the models using NN as well as SGTB and then compared the results between the models. As a result, it was found out that the SGTB is relatively more excellent and stable compared to NN model when it comes to selecting a retaining wall. Consequently SGTB is helpful to practitioners who need to determine the excavation work at building construction project.

In this study, the wind pressure was measured using multiple pressure measuring systems for high-rise buildings with modified edges. The pressure patterns that could occur on the surface of high-rise buildings were investigated through Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The power spectrum density was then evaluated using each mode obtained through the ICA. In the first mode of the ICA, it is possible to identify the shear layer caused by the blowing up. Even if the high-rise building was facing towards the direction of the wind, negative pressure were identified on the corner surfaces of the high-rise building. In the second mode of the ICA, it is identified that the vortex appears to be stronger on the wind-facing edge surface. Furthermore, power spectrum densities were also used to identify the vortex phenomena occurring in secondary mode of the ICA.

In order to promote the voluntary accident prevention efforts of construction project participants, it is necessary to accurately recognize the cost of loss in case of the serious accidents. Therefore, in this study, the quantification method for safety investment cost and fatal accident cost considering the properties of the construction industry was reviewed, and the following three procedures were followed. (i) Data collection and criteria establishment; (ii) Conducting surveys of domestic construction companies; (iii) Quantification analysis of survey results. As the results of this study, the average construction safety investment at 38 sites was calculated as 1,517,967 1,000KRW/site. Also, the average fatal accident of 22 fatal accidents was calculated as 1,984,306 1,000KRW/person. It is expected that construction companies will be able to use this results of this study as a basis for planning the safety investment cost.