The main purposes of this study are to grasp the reality of the 'double cladding Ctesiphon' through the survey of the 'double cladding Ctesiphon' built as a pioneer farmhouse in the St. Isidore Ranch in the 1970s and the interview with the director of the St. Isidore Ranch Park Yong-geun who participated in the construction at the time and to investigate the process of transforming Jeju residential Ctesiphons through a comparative survey of 1960s residential Ctesiphons located in Donggwang-ri. As such, it can be seen that the physical characteristics of the 'double cladding Ctesiphon' were sought to improve the previous Jeju residential Ctesiphon by improving the performance of the sheath. In addition, it was also possible to estimate the limit of the 'double cladding Ctesiphon' through the extension. Through the interview survey, 'double cladding Ctesiphon' was devised by Father Mcglinchey and was able to reveal the specific construction process with the hollow layer by brick. In addition, it was found that even after the supply of a single cladding Ctesiphon in the early 1960s, technology improvement was continuously sought based on its own technical skills in the St. Isidore Ranch to improve the habitability of leaks, condensation, and insulation. The testimony that the double cladding structure including outer and inner cladding was planned and constructed in two stages by the St. Isidore ranch and the residents can also be evaluated in terms of acceptance of diversity. This study may be meaningful in that it revealed the existence of the 'double cladding Ctesiphon' for the first time and examined the transformation process after the distribution of Ctesiphon in Jeju.

Healthcare-associated infections result in unnecessary illness, death, and costs, impacting a significant number of patients, families, and healthcare professionals. While healthcare facility design can serve as an intervention to prevent and control healthcare-associated infections, its role is not fully evaluated and its implementation is limited in practice. This study illustrates the role of healthcare facility design in infection control and prevention and discusses the need for systematic design guidelines for various types of healthcare facilities and even beyond healthcare settings. Physical environments of the healthcare facility can be reservoirs of pathogens, transmitting the pathogens to visitors and healthcare professionals. This issue indicates that carefully considered design of healthcare facilities can support reducing healthcare-associated infections. There are cases that report significant improvement in terms of infection control and prevention by implementing effective design strategies. This study summarizes these strategies, whose implementations are limited due to the lack of systematic design guidelines that synthesize effective design strategies for infection control and prevention tailored to healthcare systems in South Korea. Thus, for future studies to translate evidence into design of applicable strategies, developing and validating systematic design guidelines for active implementation of design strategies for safer healthcare facilities is needed.

The site of Majang-dong livestock products market and Cheonggyecheon streamside in Seongdong-gu is a representative urban regeneration area in Seoul. Despite the industrial and economic importance of the livestock products market in the city, inadequate environmental factors such as harmful sanitation and stench cause problematic social conflicts in coexistence between the local community and the industrial facility. Especially deteriorated space of the market is perceived as a major disincentive for residents of surrounding residential areas. Thus, there is a social justification to identify the architectural strategy and contents of the development plan for the target site and to suggest improvement measures in terms of urban regeneration. With the aim of preparing the architectural strategy for the targeted urban regeneration area, the study conducted an advanced research analysis, literature review as a theoretical consideration and advanced case study regarding Holzmarkt in Berlin. Based on the theoretical background, the possibility of Majang-dong could be developed into a sustainable urban regeneration area while maintaining the local industry as local cultural contents. In particular, the results of the study were presented as a planning proposal with the architectural strategy centered on basic planning direction by local residents, implemented phases with three-dimensional diagram, and individual projects of architecture.

The purpose of this study was to review the current status of pedagogical objects, contents and teaching methods for the course of architectural materials conducted in 5-year professional architectural degree programs in Korea in conjunction with the comparative analysis of required criteria for architectural materials as the student performance criteria between Korea and USA. To discuss on pedagogy and teaching methods of architectural/building material courses, this research presents the analysis framework with four factors - curriculum, achievement, faculty and student, as well as criteria for comparative analysis of curriculum objectives and contents. From the holistic qualitative and quantitative analysis of the student performance criteria (SPC) by the accrediting boards, and architectural/building material courses provided by universities and programs, we aim to propose measures to improve the education methods of materials, in order to stimulate the desirable technological knowledge and skills in technology as well as applicability and creativity for architectural design.

Critical restoration is a developed theory after World War II when restoration desperately needed in the field of architecture. Renato Bonelli insists on restoration that puts aesthetic values on top to find and reconstruct the true form of the building. On the one hand, the critical restoration is in the same way as the restoration that is currently being implemented in Korea. Therefore, this research suggests the direction of our preservation culture through analyzing the development process and case of critical restoration. This thesis first describes the implications of critical restoration by tracking the development of critical restoration. Second, it examines the methodological application in Korea through the model and the spirit of critical restoration.

The purpose of this study was to present a new direction for the place theory of contemporary cities. This study analyses the effect of 'Weak Ties' on 'Non-place'. To this end, this study focusing on the franchise cafe, which was considered as a typical 'Non-place', since it is changing into a new place according to the changes in today's human social network; which characterizes as 'Weak Ties'. Then verifies the effectiveness of the existing 'Non-place' discourse. The results of this study were as follows. The 'Non-Place as Weak Ties' is a new place in today's city that selectively contains numerous connections centered on individuals.

This study aims to identify the concept and characteristics of Heritage Impact Assessments (HIA) in order to introduce and implement HIA in Korea. For this, the 2011 ICOMOS guidance on HIA and case reports were analyzed through the methods of document analysis and case study. As a result, the study reached the following five conclusions: First, HIA is an assessment system based on Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), using specific assessment items and methods drawn from each property and its proposed development. Second, HIA team as transparent and independent assessment agent has the authority to plan, conduct, and take the responsibility for HIA. Third, HIA assessment methods are derived and developed through consultation with relevant stakeholders. Fourth, HIA procedure consists two main stages such as scoping stage creating the scoping report and undertaking stage producing the HIA report. Fifth, mitigative measures and recommendations are proposed in order to avoid, reduce, and mitigate negative impacts of potential developments on OUV of properties. Finally, the study is expected to promote academic understanding and vibrant discussions for domestic introduction and smooth implementation of HIA.

This research seeks to understand the cause of the Gentrification and to analyze the effect which the Gentrification causes to the region. Through the analysis, the research aims to identify the regional and environmental characteristics that can be found commonly in places where Gentrification occur; the research will then examine the economic and social effect step-by-step. The multiple regression analysis was conducted to understand the cause of Gentrification and to analyze the effect which Gentrification causes to the region. The result of the causation analysis between regional characteristics and Gentrification shows that Floating Population, Working Population, Movie Theater, Department Store, Bank, Hospital, Subway Station, and Parking Lot have a significant and positive effect, and living population has a negative effect. Additionally, the result of the causation analysis between Gentrification and economic impact shows that Total Store, Open Store, Closure Store, Total Worker, and Official Land Price have a significant and positive effect.

Data mining is receiving attention as a way to derive useful knowledge and patterns from crime data. Among the data mining techniques, clustering is utilized in the criminal field mainly to analyze hot spots or occurrence patterns. However, most research is concluded at the clustering stage and thus there is a lack of works that examine the relationship between the derived cluster and the surrounding environment. As precedent research has shown that the factors in the occurrence of crimes are not only attributed to individual characteristics but also reflect the environmental characteristics of an area, there is a need for research that goes further than simply deriving clusters to analyze the relationships between clusters and other environmental factors. Of these environmental factors, land usage is a basic tool and a result of urban planning. Therefore, clarifying the relationship between land usage and crime could provide basic data for crime prevention through the improvement and management of urban spaces from an urban planning perspective. This research uses k-modes clustering to categorize incidences of theft and then analyzes the derived space and time distribution pattern of crime types by land usage utilizing a geographic information system (GIS). Dongjak-gu, which has a relatively low safety level among the areas of Seoul, was selected as the location for analysis, and data on thefts from 2004 to 2015 were used. Repeating the analysis 1,000 times on each k value from the k-modes clustering showed that there were four types of theft cluster in Dongjak-gu. In order to analyze the correlation between each cluster and land usage, a regression analysis was conducted on the land usage variables in Dongjak-gu and the clustering data. The results showed that thefts that occurred in Dongjak-gu could be categorized into four types. Cluster1 contained miscellaneous thefts that mainly occurred in commercial facilities at night and targeted males, and it had the most significant relationship with commercial land. Cluster2 consisted of housebreaking thefts that mainly occurred in the morning and targeted women, and it had the most significant relationship with type 2 general residential areas. Cluster3 contained street thefts, mainly related to automobiles in the early morning and targeting men, and it had the most significant relationship with commercial land. Cluster4 was made up of miscellaneous thefts in the afternoon mainly targeting men and it was the only cluster to have a significant relationship with school and gas station land. These results can be used to contribute to strengthening crime prevention measures to sufficiently respond to various types of theft, and as theoretical grounds to determine areas vulnerable to crime and set protection spaces in the urban planning and design stages.

In Korea, vacant houses are occurring in old and poor residential areas, and problems are observed in rural areas, local and medium-sized cities, and parts of large cities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors concentrated in terms of the structural and physical environment of Jin-ju Old Town and to reveal the differences in characteristics that make vacant houses concentrated locally. As a result of analysis through the Relogit model, the factors influencing the concentration of vacant houses in Cheonjeon-dong are retrofit defect, small size parcel, year of building, structure of building, and occurrence timing. In Seongbuk-dong, factors such as negative type field, retrofit defect, year of building, occurrence timing, and ratio of the elderly population influenced the vacant houses concentration. Among them, the probability of concentration increases by 2.9 times in the case of retrofit defect, and the probability of concentration increases by 2.3 times in the case of vacant houses built before 1970. In addition, the occurrecne timing of vacant houses in Seongbuk-dong has a significant influence on the concentration of vacant houses, but it is ½ times lower than that of Cheonjeon-dong.

The management of airtightness of houses has been widely studied, while the airtightness of school buildings is still required to investigate. Therefore, the improvement action for the infiltration of fine dust is introduced in this paper. To measure the infiltration of fine dust, airtightness and indoor/outdoor fine dust concentration are obtained and then the infiltration path of outdoor fine dust concentration is identified at six schools in Busan, Korea. Then a series of experiments is conducted and provided following results. The average of amount of airtightness for target classroom is 14.9 ACH50 which is much higher than KIAEBS standard (5.0 ACH50) and ASHRAE commercial building standard (1.4 ~ 2.1 ACH50). The infiltration of school classroom is measured as following order, corridor window (61.3%), exterior window (27.9%), and mechanical ventilation (10.8%), meaning that a large amount of outdoor air is introduced from corridor wood windows and doors. The I/O ratio of PM 10 and PM 2.5 is increased when airtightness is getting worse. Consequently, it is found that the improvement of airtightness needs to be preceded to reduce indoor fine dust.

In South Korea, external shading is recommended to reduce energy consumption in the building discipline. This study proposes occlusion control strategy based on building energy demand and visual comfort for External Venetian Blinds (EVB), which are variable external shades. To apply the EVB occlusion control, the window of the EnergyPlus model was divided into 10 windows, and the schedule of each window was controlled. The control criteria selected included the minimum zone energy demand, and the satisfaction of the visual discomfort criterion or the minimum visual discomfort. The visual discomfort was determined by the Discomfort Glare Index (DGI), with the standard value set to 22. As a result of one-year simulation with standard weather data in Seoul, the EVB occlusion control tendency had significant changes on March 21 and June 1. A case study including Internal Venetian Blinds(IVB) was performed to identify the advantages of EVB occlusion control. As a result, it was confirmed that if blinds were always lowered, lighting and heating energy were required more than IVB case, and that EVB occlusion control was needed to solve this problem and minimize energy demand.

Incheon International Airport(IIA) Terminal 2 is a large and high-rise building. In particular, the ceiling height of the Great Hall Level 5 in the center of the IIA Terminal 2 is more than 26m. That is a huge atrium with 4 floors open in some spaces, from Level 2 to Level 5. The height of that space is more than 41m. It is not easy to composite comfort indoor environments in the huge space because of temperature stratification. The CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation is the best method at the planning stage to predict indoor temperature and airflow distribution in a large space. The purpose of this study is to persue indoor environments comfort, indoor temperature and air velocity, for the occupant area(Z=1.5m) in the Great Hall. We investigated whether the air condition is comfortable in summer, considering interior heat gains and solar radiation. It was predicted using the turbulence CFD simulation with commercial code STAR CCM+ in the large space. A steady-state CFD simulation was performed, and the cooling peak time was set to 1 PM by calculating the MEP cooling load. After analyzing the results of simulation with the initial plan of MEP, we identified the problems and suggested six improvements. 1) Adding inlets near the north curtain wall at level 5. 2) Adding inlets around the sunken space of Level 4. 3) Changing the air supply tower to a normal air supply(SA) of indoor booth. 4) Adding outlets(RA). 5) Adding and relocating SA, RA to Level 2, 3. 6) SA extraction angle adjustment. The results of CFD simulations are presented in this paper. The indoor temperature and air velocity distributions of final plan was simulated and comfortable environment conditions were confirmed.

Lighting control can be categorized into open-loop and closed-loop. For the closed-loop control, illuminance sensors are generally mounted on a horizontal workplane, or the nearest wall/ceiling. As the size and complexity of an indoor space increases, the number of sensors and its corresponding control become complex because illuminance at a certain point is influenced by multiple neighboring lighting fixtures. The open-loop control is disadvantageous because it can't reflect the illuminance level of a workplane. With this in mind, the authors aim to develop an approach where lighting simulation model could predict the illuminance level at any points of interest, hereby replacing illuminance sensors, and lead to electric lighting energy savings. For this purpose, Radiance, one of the most sophisticated lighting simulation tools, was first employed for daylit and electric lighting prediction of a target building. Then, a surrogate model, ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model, was developed for fast computation and optimal control. Unknown parameters, e.g. reflectances of ceiling, floor, walls, transmittance of glass and light loss factor, were estimated. It was found that the calibrated model's prediction is accurate and the proposed approach can save lighting energy by 18.6% for three days' validation period (Mar 9-12, 2020) conducted at the target building.

The aim of this study is to propose the more reasonable and more comprehensive method than existing methods to predict the optimal core outrigger position in high-rise building. To attain this goal, a 54 existing analysis data about the optimal position of core outrigger system were analyzed and studied. In this analysis data, the major parameters were the outrigger stiffness, the shear wall stiffness, the stiffness of column linked in outrigger, the stiffness of frame, lateral stiffness ratio between rigid frame and shear wall, and so on. This research made a proposal concerning the method of predicting the optimum core outrigger position reflecting the effect of frame stiffness. Also the research results presented in this paper offered the valuable data of structural design for looking for the optimal location of outrigger system in high-rise building.

Dynamic analyses such as response spectrum analysis or time history analysis of structures have been performed to assess the structural demands for earthquake loads. For time history analysis, it is very important to select appropriate input ground motions with construction of numerical models of structures that reflects the non-linearity of the structure. In particular, three-dimensional dynamic analyses are required for skyscrapers or irregular buildings, according to seismic design codes. Current seismic design codes require that two-dimensional time history analysis of a structure should be analyzed using three or more horizontal component ground motions. For three-dimensional analysis, at least three seismic records each consisting of two horizontal components are required. In this study, a method of selecting ground motions for three-dimensional time history analysis of structures was developed in accordance with the criteria of seismic design code. In the method, the square roots of sum of squares for selected response spectra are very similar to the shape and size of the design spectrum. Also, the algorithm is simple, so takes a few seconds for selecting input ground motions. The proposed method is applicable to all target spectra which has only mean spectrum, such as design spectrum, uniform hazard spectrum or conditional spectrum.

The objective of this study is to examine the flexural behavior of the developed synthetic resin formwork and propose a simple model for their stiffness (K) for straightforwardly determining a thickness of form to achieve the minimum requirements specified in KS F 5651. The deflection of the synthetic resin formworks was commonly greater than that of the euro form, indicating a lower flexural stiffness for the former than the latter. As a result, all synthetic resin formwork tested did not meet the deflection requirement of KS F 5651. The stiffness model was derived from strain compatibility, force equilibrium, and curvature distributions along the form length on the basis of the elasticity theorem, considering the tie-holes given in the form. The proposed model predicts accurately the slope of the load-displacement curve obtained from the foams under flexure. Using the proposed K model, design chart is developed for determining the thickness of formwork with different sizes and material properties.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) technology has been developed and applied to ensure the safety of building structures. For the safety assessment through SHM, it is necessary to identify the modal parameters of the structure through the structural responses obtained using various sensors. System identification (SI) techniques for identifying modal parameters of building structures have been developed in various ways. Although various SI techniques have been developed, The study comparing the accuracy and stability of estimation results for modal damping ratio from currently representative SI techniques has not been conducted. However, It is important to assess the accuracy and stability of SI techniques, because the exact solution of the modal damping ratio cannot be known. In this study, The accuracy and stability for modal damping ratio of SI techniques have been identified using enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD), stochastic subspace identification covariance-driven (SSI-COV), SSI data-driven (SSI-DATA), and numerical algorithms for subspace state-space system identification (N4SID) methods, which are currently representative SI methods for high-rise buildings in the field. The accuracy and stability of each method were compared and analyzed through the results of the probability density function of the identified modal damping ratio. As a result, there was a difference in accuracy and stability identified in each method. Furthermore, it was confirmed that each method's difference also occurred in the computational time required for analysis.

In this paper, an automated structural design tool for evaluating torsional irregularity of Hanok has been developed using GUI based software. The theoretical basis on the determination of torsional irregularity of Hanok is based on the precedent research of one of the authors. The implemented system can provide useful decision criteria on the seismic design of Hanok in early design stage, and can improve flexibility and accessibility on the design of Hanok by helping designer evaluate seismic resistant characteristics according to various plan configurations and frame variations. The implemented system is consisted of the following procedures, that is, 1) define plan type, 2) define plan configuration, 3) calculate mass center, 4) define lateral resistant capacity of the frames and walls, 5) arrange lateral resistant elements in plan, 6) calculate stiffness center, 7) calculate eccentricity and allowable maximum eccentricity, and 8) evaluate torsional irregularity. The developed system was applied to the two cases of Hanok and the results showed the field-applicability.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the shear strength of high strength reinforced concrete beams according to shear reinforcement ratio and beam section size. A total of twelve specimens were tested and designed concrete compressive strength is 50 MPa. The main variables are shear reinforcement ratio and beam section size fixed with shear span to depth ratio (a/d = 2.5), the tensile reinforcement ratio (𝜌 = 0.013) and width to depth ratio (h/b = 1.5). The test specimens were divided into three series of H1 (225×338 mm), H2 (270×405 mm) and H3 (315×473mm) respectively. The experimental results show that specimens represent various failure modes such as diagonal tensile failure (DTF), bond failure (BF), shear compression failure (SCF) and flexural compression failure (FCF). In the H1 series, the shear strength increased by 92.0%, 94.1% and 128.4% respectively as the shear reinforcement ratio increased, 103.8%, 138% and 143% respectively in the H2 series, 131.1%, 168.7% and 151.7% respectively in the H3 series. The decreasing rate of shear strength increased as the beam's effective width increased, which is considered to be due to the size effect. Then, it is shown that the decreasing rate of shear strength increases as d/s increases, and it can be seen that the effect of the size effect increases as the spacing between shear reinforcing bars decreases. As compared to the standard and the proposed equations, theoretical values by proposed equation of Zsutty, Bazant, and Lee has compared relatively well with experimental values.