This study aims to identify the relationship between the level of architectural aesthetic and the sensibility of architectural aesthetic. The main findings from analyzing architectural aesthetic criteria points, word clouds, TF-IDF, and sentiment analysis on text data from 1,775 survey responses revealed several insights. Architectural aesthetic was categorized into three stages based on criteria points: a negative word-centered section below 35 points, an increasing aesthetic score section between 35 and 65 points, and a high aesthetic score section above 65 points. Word cloud analysis identified that negative perceptions of construction and issues with harmony were the primary factors reducing architectural aesthetic. Conversely, nature-friendliness and visual artistic inspiration were factors that increased aesthetic scores. TF-IDF analysis highlighted two major design factors with high scores. The first was eco-friendly/nature-friendly elements, and the second was emotions that evoke new, visually surprising, or shocking experiences. Finally, sentiment analysis showed that as the level of architectural aesthetic increased, negative emotional vocabulary decreased, while positive emotional vocabulary increased. To conduct a more detailed emotional analysis of architectural aesthetic, developing a specialized emotional dictionary encompassing various architectural sensibilities is necessary.

The contemporary city requires sustainable solutions in urban spatial planning due to various social changes. Urban infrastructure, such as train depots, has been highlighted for relocation, underground development, and mixed-use plans. However, the lack of new technologies has led these facilities to become neglected, causing urban disconnection. In response, this study analyzes existing train depot designs to develop strategies for their sustainable integration with the city. This is achieved through a review of domestic and international examples of urban infrastructure development. The study includes a comparative analysis of train depots at 11 locations in Seoul (Guro, Suseo, Changdong, Banghwa, Sinnae, Cheonwang, Sinjeong, Imun, Gunja, Godeok, Kimpo) and proposes strategies based on global precedents for revitalizing urban infrastructure. In conclusion, sustainable planning for train depots involves restructuring base facilities and aligning them with their surroundings, considering economic, social, and environmental aspects of urban sustainability. This study highlights recent urban infrastructure projects that emphasize a modern approach to coexistence and presents planning directions that align with the key goals of the Seoul City Plan 2040.

This study proposes an innovative strategy to revitalize declining traditional markets by integrating the concept of third places and optimizing lighting environments to enhance user experience and market vitality. Utilizing virtual reality technology, user experience experiments were conducted in four types of third spaces-Food & Beverage Area, Entertainment Area, Convenient Area, and Relaxation Area-under various lighting settings. The results indicated that the Korean group used traditional markets less frequently than the Chinese group, with both groups preferring the Food & Beverage Area, Convenient Area, and Relaxation Area over the EntertainmentArea. Lighting preferences revealed that the Food & Beverage Area leaned towards low illuminance and low color temperature (200 lx-3000 K) as well as high illuminance (500 lx-3000 K, 500 lx-5500 K). The Entertainment Area favored high illuminance and lowcolor temperature (500 lx-3000 K), while the Convenient and Relaxation Areas preferred low illuminance and high color temperature (200 lx-5500 K) along with high illuminance (500 lx-3000 K, 500 lx-5500 K). This research provides a fresh perspective for reviving traditional markets and highlights the critical role of lighting design in enhancing user interaction and market appeal.

Office buildings are one of the facilities that are directly affected by industrial development and social change and have the greatest impact on the urban environment. Entering the 21st century, a new office culture is being created in response to rapid social and environmental changes. The COVID-19 pandemic, which caused major changes in social structure, brought about innovative changes in the planning and composition of office buildings. These changes have led to a reconsideration of the structure of the building and the way it interacts with the external environment, and have created a new type of office building that expresses the identity of the company. In addition, the tendency to value social responsibility is leading to a trend of companies to enhance their image by delivering value through the design and operation of buildings and applying ESG evaluation criteria. The subject of this study was limited to examples of enterprise-type office buildings published in the last 10 years, reflecting the changing trends of the times. The characteristics of 'connectivity' that appear in modern office buildings were classified into organization, nature, and society, and the types of office buildings in modern society were derived from the connection of organizations, natural connection, and social connection.

Numerous studies have shown the importance of windows in architecture and their healing effect through external views. This study shares the same purpose but focuses on overall electroencephalogram (EEG) changes to derive tendencies and suggest design guidance, rather than relying on specific indicators based on window conditions in a small-sized room. Additionally, it examines the impact of images installed instead of windows. VR images were created according to the experimental variables, EEG measurements were taken, and data preprocessing and statistical analysis were performed. The study found that, first, small windows in a small room do not significantly affect EEG, while large windows influence multiple brain regions and frequencies, highlighting the importance of window size. To promote the user's physical and physiological well-being, windows larger than a certain size are necessary. Second, images placed instead of windows in a small room also had a significant effect on EEG, with their impact on brain waves similar to that of large windows. Even without the functional roles of the window such as natural lighting, ventilation, and evacuation, installing images resembling the external environment can have positive effect. Third, the EEG analysis results were consistent with the post-experiment questionnaire, though participants preferred actual windows over images. This study provides objective evidence on the physiological effects of windows in architectural spaces and inderscores the need for research that considers the complexity of real spaces.

The growing importance of active lifestyles for seniors, particularly aging baby boomers, underscores the need for age-friendly environments that promote Active Aging through physical exercise and social interaction. However, previous research and age-friendly city planning in Seoul often focus on recreational places within residential neighborhoods, overlooking must activities and locations outside the neighborhood. This study examines the frequency of walking and socializing in daily activity places, distinguishing between must and leisure activities, both within and outside the neighborhood, to identify the characteristics of places crucial for fostering physical exercise and social interaction in diverse settings. Using empirical data from travel logs and a mobile walking app among 54 elderly residents in Mangwon-dong, the findings revealed that walking frequency related to must activities constituted about one-third of total walking frequency, both inside and outside the neighborhoods. Additionally, about one-third of socializing frequency occurred outside the neighborhood, highlighting the significance of must activity places and areas beyond the neighborhood. Markets and stores within the neighborhood were vital places for walking and socializing. Cultural, religious, and neighborhood facilities, as well as open spaces outside the neighborhoods, also facilitated socializing. These findings contribute to future age-friendly planning by reflecting the diverse activity patterns of urban seniors.

This study introduces a new perspective on revitalizing small-town traditional markets by examining them through the lens of user experiences, integrating both non-physical and physical elements. The research establishes a theoretical framework that classifies market spaces into five categories based on user actions, divided into suppliers and demanders. This framework is applied to Yesan Market in Chungcheongnam-do for validation. Traditional market spaces are classified as trading areas, which form the core of local urban areas; workspaces, which expand the market's scope; supporting spaces, which facilitate efficient transportation; exploration spaces, which shape spatial configurations; and usage spaces, where diverse non-commercial activities occur. These characteristics are evident in Yesan Market, where unique spatial features highlight its distinctive value. By focusing on user perspectives and classifying spaces through behavioral dimensions, this study presents a comprehensive view of traditional markets as integrated places, beyond merely physical spaces or facilities.

The main focus of this study is to propose a design process for applying BIPV that can replace building exterior materials as a way to increase primary energy generation per unit area, which was the most difficult in the process of planning actual zero energy buildings, ahead of 2025, an institutionally important turning point in the process of mandatory zero energy buildings. In addition, the content of actual case sites where this design process was applied and the energy generation data for one year were analyzed. To this end, BIPV application cases and BIPV related standards confirmed through a literature review were referenced, and BIPV application methods were selected as methods for applying to sloped roofs, horizontal roofs, and vertical walls. In addition, three BIPV application methods were derived by conducting a review of the roof shape and elevation based on the spatial program of the architectural design and the site condition. Next, an energy generation simulation was performed to determine the roof shape and BIPV application scope. Since BIPV is applied to the west and east elevations in this project under the same conditions, the focus was on comparison according to the roof shape. And through the comparison of energy generation, the gable roof with an east-west slope was finally selected. And, the energy production data was analyzed by dividing it into four perspectives: annual energy production, comparison of roof and façade, comparison based on orientation, and comparison of each part of the roof.

The carbon emitted from buildings accounts for a high proportion of the country's total carbon emissions, accounting for about 33%. Accordingly, eco-friendly construction is becoming an important social issue to reduce energy consumption in the building and construction industry. In addition, according to the National Statistical Office, Korea's 65-year-old population will increase by 1.7% compared to 2022, and by the end of 2024, it will reach 9.7 million, which is on the verge of entering a super-aged society. In a rapidly progressing super-aged society, the demand for nursing hospitals is increasing, and nursing hospital patients with poor daily performance require nursing personnel, but the number of nursing personnel working in nursing hospitals is decreasing due to hard work and working environment. This study planned a Kinetic Facade optimized for nursing hospitals to reduce the cooling and heating load of buildings by utilizing Kinetic Facade, and to provide certain illumination to elderly patients while automatically controlling important light environmental factors in the medical environment.

This study explores the significance of various architectural elements that impact the fear of crime in the semi-private spaces of apartment complexes. By reviewing prior studies and guidelines, key physical elements were identified. A questionnaire assessed how different design levels of these elements influenced the fear of crime and the importance of design strategies to mitigate it. Findings highlighted the most influential factors: the brightness of lights at the building entrance, the presence of CCTVs in elevators, the absence of unnecessary curves in hallways, and the installation of CCTVs on rooftops. The analysis focused on the importance of factors significantly affecting crime perception while suggesting effectiveness reviews and guideline revisions for less impactful factors. This study aims to serve as foundational data for updating CPTED guidelines to enhance the safety of apartment complexes and reduce the fear of crime.

This study aims to outline the methods used by German universities to integrate urban design into the basic architectural education curriculum. The curriculum is designed to help students acquire comprehensive thinking skills for architectural design, focusing on one area each semester. Integration with urban design is experienced through a one-semester urban design studio course, where students engage in a vertical integration method that progresses from a macro urban scope to an architectural scope. This approach enhances their ability to think across urban and architectural scales. Additionally, interdisciplinary courses that integrate architectural external spaces or landscaping and urban areas are conducted through collaborative learning and problem-solving methods. The urban design studio operates under the collaborative guidance of faculty from various fields. Vertical integration between urban design courses and supporting modules is structured to allow students to sequentially advance through the complex urban design process, applying this integrated approach to actual projects. Horizontal integration of fields such as history, sociology, technology, and expression with the urban design studio enables students to propose integrated solutions for urban problems and develop their expressive capabilities.

Jagyeongjeon was expanded during the 1828 Mujajinjak held during the stable period of Crown Prince Hyomyeong's administration of state affairs. The stage of Mujajin's production was the king and middle hall in the center of the hall, the spaces for the crown prince and crown princess were divided into the east and west of the main hall, respectively, and the western part outside the pillars of the hall was placed in Gongju, and the seats of the left and right lists were placed inside the main building outside the hall. Compared to before, the positions of the Crown Princess and Princess were moved to the center of the Bogye, and the positions of the Crown Prince were moved to the outside of Juryeom. The establishment of the crown prince's seat within the royal family in the Crown Prince Iikilhoejak reflected the political status of Crown Prince Hyomyeong and had the complex meaning of strengthening the solidarity between relatives. Jeongilyeon was changed to a vertical structure that reflected political authority, while Yayeon and Ikilyeon were horizontally structured with the purpose of kinship. As for the folding screens, peacock folding screens were placed on the royal and central throne thrones, and Chaehwadanseok and Yongmundanseok were placed there. It is thought that the fact that the excrement of the dragon pattern was significantly reduced and the Western folding screen and Yeonpyeong statue, which had not been excreted before, were excreted in the Crown Prince Ikilhoejak was in keeping with the political authority of Crown Prince Hyomyeong, who ran the government. Involuntary work was constructed to create a space for people preparing for work, and the space was organized by dividing the type of work into excrement items. It was reflected in the early days by the crown prince of Daericheongjeong in order to solidify his political foundation and show solidarity between the royal families. The main reason for the change in repairs and Baeseol was the need for space for Crown Prince Hyomyeong and those who carried out the previous work.

The study explores the concept of the wider setting within UNESCO World Heritage contexts, particularly in conjunction with Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA). It highlights the need for domestic regulations in Korea concerning HIA, especially as management areas extend beyond buffer zones. By scrutinizing international documents that define the wider setting, the study traces how this concept has influenced management systems. This approach expands the historic urban landscape to include interconnected attributes and surrounding contexts, rather than confining World Heritage Sites to specific areas. This broadens the management strategies, emphasizing a comprehensive understanding of heritage conservation and management that encompasses various urban layers. An analysis of World Heritage Committee decisions demonstrates how the wider setting concept can be applied to urban sites like Westminster Palace in the UK. Additionally, the study suggests potential applications of this concept to urban World Heritage sites in Korea, such as Changdeokgung Palace. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of incorporating the wider setting perspective into heritage management practices to ensure holistic and sustainable conservation efforts.

Korean Buddhist architecture underwent significant transformation following the Japanese invasion in the late 16th century. This period witnessed notable changes in the spatial layouts of Main Buddhist Halls, marked by the widespread adoption of "Maru" (wooden flooring) and "Banja" (ceiling structures), as well as the planar and vertical expansion of ceremonial spaces (labeled as Frontal space in this study) through the relocation of interior columns and the development of Gongpo structure. The structural changes in Buddhist halls profoundly impacted the placement and organization of Buddhist installations over the years. Consequently, there was a noticeable enlargement of Buddhist installations such as altars, paintings, and "Datjib" (Buddhist canopies), which influenced the arrangement of the building structure as well. Despite the architectural significance of these changes, this aspect has often been overlooked in non-architectural discourse. Therefore, this study aims to address this scholarly gap by analyzing the evolutionary trajectory of 71 Main Buddhist Halls designated as National Treasures or Treasures in Korea, focusing on their quantitative changes from the 17th to 18th centuries in detail.

This study clarifies the specifics of refugee housing construction by the U.S. military government in Korea from 1945 to 1948. After liberation from Japan in 1945, South Korea faced a severe housing shortage due to the influx of returnees from overseas and North Korea. The U.S. military government introduced several housing policies, including refugee housing construction, which were generally considered unsuccessful. However, this study confirms that the U.S. military government strategically categorized housing policies based on the urgency of housing construction and the durability of planned houses, resulting in three types of refugee housing: permanent housing, prefabricated semi-permanent housing, and emergency housing. These projects involved various stakeholders, such as government departments, public organizations, and private associations, demonstrating that these efforts were collaborative rather than unilateral. Despite the limitations of the housing policies, these efforts helped mitigate Korea's post-liberation housing crisis. This indicates that the early housing policies, while not entirely successful, had some success, prompting a reconsideration of the historical evaluation of the U.S. military government's housing policies in Korea.

This study analyzes 60,605 cases of electric scooter towing incidents in Seoul to identify factors influencing illegal parking behaviors and to determine the characteristics of high-density towing areas. The analysis revealed that illegal parking is predominantly found on roadways, where scooter users frequently leave their vehicles. Results from negative binomial regression indicate that higher residential and youth populations, larger proportions of residential, commercial, and industrial areas, as well as a higher land use mix, are associated with increased occurrences of illegal parking. Additionally, the number of intersections, subway entrances, crosswalks, and public bike stations significantly influences illegal parking patterns. Based on these findings, the study suggests implementing policies such as differential fines and GPS-based no-parking zones to address the issue. Furthermore, the design of dedicated scooter parking facilities should account for proximity to subway entrances, crosswalks, and bus stops to enhance compliance and safety. This research is expected to provide a solid foundation for developing future parking policies and guiding reward zone designations by service providers.

In response to significant public health threats from novel respiratory infectious diseases like SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, including the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) has established Air Infection Isolation Rooms (AIIR). These rooms are crucial for containing infections and follow specific design and operational guidelines. Despite standardized guidelines, variations in room structure and HVAC systems lead to differences in airflow and pressure conditions. This study analyzes the structural and operational characteristics of AIIRs in Korea, comparing CDC and ASHRAE guideline formulas for calculating leakage areas. Findings indicated that while most facilities meet minimum ventilation requirements, some exceeded recommended rates, causing energy inefficiencies. Discrepancies between CDC and ASHRAE guidelines resulted in varied leakage areas in AIIRs. Insufficient leakage areas can increase air leakage during medical staff entry and exit, while overly large leakage areas can lead to energy waste. Therefore, establishing standards for appropriate leakage areas and airflow differences in AIIRs is necessary.

This study proposes the optimal location for outriggers with varying stiffness in the two-outrigger system of high-rise buildings along the height direction. A schematic design of a 75-story building was used, considering key parameters such as stiffness ratios between upper and lower outriggers, outrigger stiffness, frame stiffness, and spacing between outriggers. The analysis included reviewing previous studies on the optimal two-outrigger location and the impact of stiffness ratios between upper and lower outriggers on their optimal position. This study presents more accurate equations than existing studies for calculating optimal outrigger positions in tall buildings with a vertical two-outrigger system.

This study develops a finite element model to analyze the load-bearing capacity of connectors between solid precast concrete slabs for use in 3-story buildings with dry connections. Omega-shaped connectors are evaluated for strength to ensure the structural integrity of the floor system with strong diaphragm action, consistent with design criteria. Their horizontal shear and tensile strengths are tested through monotonic and cyclic loading. This study uses finite element analysis to evaluate the strengths of omega-type connectors. Because these connectors are press-formed, the steel's material properties can vary across different parts. Stress reaching tensile strength during this process may cause failure due to ductile damage, reducing strength and stiffness. The study compares finite element analysis results of both monotonic and cyclic behaviors of horizontal shear and tension to experimental data, using a model that reflects changes in yield strength and ductile damage from plastic working.

This study analyzes the dilation angle characteristics of concrete under triaxial compression with varying confining pressures and aims to develop a model that reflects volumetric deformation characteristics to improve the accuracy of finite element analysis. The dilation angle is a key factor in reflecting the volumetric deformation of concrete, which varies with confining pressure. This study collected 30 triaxial compression tests from six different papers to analyze how concrete expands as confining pressure changes. It identified the relationship between confining pressure, the dilation angle, and variables such as increasing plastic axial strain. Additionally, the study examined the limitations of existing concrete material models and derived trends that better reflect concrete's actual volumetric deformation by incorporating a variable dilation angle. This model is expected to enhance the accuracy of finite element analysis by accounting for changes in confinement pressure. The research aims to contribute to architecture by providing more precise and reliable information for the analysis and evaluation of structures.

This study analyzed the effect of openings and aspect ratio(H/D) on the wind loads exerted on the walls of retractable spatial structures through wind tunnel tests. First, wind pressure data were obtained by conducting wind tunnel tests on models with roof openings for three different H/D, and detailed analysis of wall wind pressures revealed the following characteristics. The internal circulation caused by the flow through the openings induced negative pressure on the internal wall surfaces, increasing positive pressure and decreasing negative pressure on the external wall surface, which in turn increased the overall drag coefficient. Additionally, as the H/D increased, the interaction between the flow separated from the roof end and the flow near the wall surface delayed the separation at the upper part of the wall. Finally, the wind pressure coefficient model proposed in previous studies was reviewed, and modified parameters for the mean net pressure coefficient model were proposed based on the experimental results.

This study evaluates the structural performance of Cheongpunggak, a replica of Soswaewon Gwangpunggak. Using midas Gen structural analysis software, the safety and serviceability of key structural members were assessed according to wooden structural design standards. Safety was measured by stress under critical load combinations. The maximum axial stress ratio for the columns is 0.106, indicating a significant margin. The maximum bending stress ratio for the main horizontal members is 0.518 at the Jusimdori, and the maximum shear stress ratio is 0.802 at the Jusimdori Janghyeo, both on the safe side. Serviceability was evaluated through deflection and story drift. The maximum deflection ratio for the main horizontal members is 0.326 at the side Jusimdori. The maximum story drift, evaluated for wind and seismic loads in both the X and Y directions, is 0.340 for wind loads and 0.570 for seismic loads, both within acceptable limits. Without walls, the story drift ratio increased by an average of 1.586 times, highlighting the walls' significant impact on lateral stiffness.

This study aims to identify problems within the current education and training system for construction managers, analyze key personal competencies and levels, and suggest measures for future competency improvement. The study found that most beginner and intermediate construction managers felt the need for education and training to enhance their personal competencies. The five key competencies identified for these managers were comprehension, analysis, agility, communication ability, and responsibility. The investigation into education and training measures revealed no significant differences between beginner and intermediate levels or between male and female managers. Education to improve personal competency is deemed effective when gradually expanded into separate programs, alongside specialized technical education, as the current system is not yet fully established. State and public institutions such as associations should consider fully supporting the education costs to cultivate and secure important human assets. This study proposes a general direction for improving the individual capabilities of construction managers but lacks a specific improvement methodology. Future research will focus on detailing the education and training measures outlined in this study.