The purpose of this research is to examine whether the Yang-taek and Eum-taek, the Feng-shui theory for living and the dead, can be applied to Korean modern architecture. The first step was to investigate differences between Yang-taek and Eum-taek, the general concepts of Feng-shui, and to derive environmental factors evaluated for the field of architecture in common. In sum, Dragon, Hole, Sand, Water and Direction were derived as common environmental factors to be evaluated in the above two theories. The second step is for comparing both environmental factors with those of the ecological architecture and for replacing the traditional index to the elements in the theory of ecological architecture. Finally, Myeong-dang sites has been created in 3D modeling and simulated in terms of terrain, climate and environment in order to examine whether the environmental factors of the Myeong-dang site according to the concept of Feng-shui actually have an advantage in terms of environment. Through the simulation analysis, it was found that all the sites were able to obtain a higher sun exposure time than the Korean average, and therefore, it was considered that their locations could have environmental advantages in terms of solar radiation and thermal environment. As a result, it was indirectly confirmed that Myeong-dang factors could evaluate the site with the environment suitable for the human living environment.

The purpose of the study is to propose a planning method for ICT-based Elderly Home Remodeling by Applying Kinetic Principle. This study is based on the survey and interview with practicing professionals of architectural design. The planning method of ICT-based elderly home remodeling by applying Kinetic Principle is derived based on the survey of elderly needs, the interview of care workers, and the interview survey of architectural designers. Remodeling planning methods consist of three types depending on the health condition of the elderly. Health conditions are divided into three types: independent, semidependent, and dependent elderly. Planning elements are divided into essential, recommended, and optional.

The purpose of this study is to derive technical feasibility evaluation indices that can evaluate the remodeling of an aged apartment from a technical aspect in terms of architectural planning. In order to derive evaluation indices, 3-phase Delphi method survey was performed by design, structure, construction, and construction management experts. In the first survey, additional evaluation indices were collected based on the evaluation indices of previous study. In the second survey, the importance of indices was evaluated on a 5-point scale. In the third survey, the final importance evaluation was performed based on the results of the second survey, and the reliability of the study was verified. Through the Delphi method survey, the importance of 45 indices (17 complex, 17 building, and 11 unit) was evaluated, and 38 indices were found to be more important than normal. In particular, it was found that 11 index should be considered major in the technical aspect of remodeling aged apartment.

This study examines the brainwave changes with the increase of ceiling height using VR and EEG devices. Specifically, It takes into consideration the duration of time the user spends in a space. The study attempts to determine as a preliminary study whether the architectural element of the ceiling height as a spatial stimulus can show a significant difference of EEG data in the physiological responses of occupants. In order to quantitatively measure the occupant's responses with the increase in ceiling height, a VR space was built, and EEG data were acquired while increasing the ceiling height. Also, to examine the characteristics of brainwave changes concerning the amount of time spent in space, cumulative segments of EEG data were analyzed in 1-second intervals throughout the overall exposure time. Results indicate that when the ceiling height increased from 3m to 9m, there is a relative decrease in the low-frequency brainwaves and an increase in the high-frequency brainwaves. Specifically, this study found a significant change in brainwave activity for the first 5-10 seconds of exposure to ceiling height stimuli. This study demonstrates that VR and EEG can quantifiably identify the temporal effect's physiological response according to the increase in the ceiling's height, thus expanding the possibility of quantitative research of architectural qualities that can be used to assist the architect's design and experience.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the environmental and behavioral characteristics of middle-aged single-person households and seek the direction of housing planning. According to prior researches analysis, there were many studies focused on single-person households of young and old people, but there was a lack of studies analyzing the characteristics of middle-aged single-person households. The results of this survey are as follows: First of all, in terms of behavior, the respondents have been lived alone for voluntary reasons, and their intention of future marriage was reserved. These middle-aged single-person households had many media-centered leisure along with rest at home. Second, there was a high tendency to prefer individual residential environments in conjunction with individualized behavioral characteristics. Third, the factors that had a high impact on life satisfaction of single-person household were spatial and economic factors. Fourth, because single-person households live alone, fear of night crime and crime against people was very high. In conclusion, single-person households in the middle-aged are likely to continue as single-person households based on a certain level of economic power. And also, they express an active opinion of the residential environment and are satisfied with a personalized and independent life.

The purpose of this study is to provide data for the modify of laws, systems and guidelines that are suitable with the reality of Korea by analyzing the laws and systems related to temporary housing in Korea and Japan. Literature reviews and interview surveys are conducted as research methods. According to the study, Korea has insufficient legal system for natural disasters other than Flood and Wind Damage, and focuses on restoration that brings them back to their pre-disaster state. Since Korea is a divided country, 'Framework Ace on Civil Defense', which prepares for wartime situations, is also applied to disaster rescue activities and restoration, and the law defines the basis for emergency alerts sent to individuals. Under the legal system, terms related to temporary housing are mixed, and guidelines are enacted and applied rather than subdividing laws or enacting special laws. In comparison, Japan systematically organizes laws according to the stage of response to disasters and types of natural disasters, and the terms are clearly distinguished in the legal system. Japan's legal system not only includes all Korean regulations, but also has specific clauses such as the establishment of facilities for the disaster victims. In addition, laws are subdivided or special laws are enacted and applied as needed. Accordingly, Korea needs to subdivide the disaster-related legal system or enact special laws in order to strengthen the legal bind. Also legal supplements are needed to prepare for a wide range of large-scale disasters, such as the legal system for the reconstruction of the disaster area, and clauses for the establishment of Facilities for people that are especially vulnerable in disaster situations within the temporary housing in disaster situations.

In this study, the 'prevention of infectious disease through environmental design' was proposed as an architectural approach in the respect of part-of-life disinfection to correspond to the post-COVID era, and its validity was verified. The infectious disease of COVID-19 was known to be mainly spread by close contact, airborne transmission, and contact with contaminated surfaces. To cope with them in the manner of architectural planning, the six principles of prevention of infectious disease through environmental design were proposed, which are 'physical distance securement', 'contact control', 'access control', 'anti-virus air handling', 'sharing minimization', and 'maintenance and management'. Lastly, the validity and effectiveness of the six principles were verified through AIA's architectural guidelines in response to COVID-19 and several architectural design approaches all over the world.

Crime prevention through environmental design has been major issues in educational institution among public facilities. It is clear that securing students' safety and prevention from the victimization of vulnerable students is important to attain educational goals and to provide diverse extra-curriculum activities for students. Further, campus dormitory is a focal area for students to experience social interaction between many students from diverse cultural background, thus leading personal growth and increasing the degree of satisfaction with college life. The purpose of this study intended to examine the effects of CPTED elements on the facilitation of students' social interaction through the survey of students living in dormitory. Review of literature illuminated that defensible space, natural surveillance, social control, and criminal justice were important measures to deter any possible crime. A chi-square analysis found that social interaction and CPTED were statistically significant on personal characteristics. Correlation analysis and ANOVA confirmed that the degree of CPTED influenced on the level of social interaction among students living in dormitory; As the satisfaction with CPTED increases, the degree of social interaction rises at positive linear direction. Further the study reported that role of CCTV is a prime element for the facilitation of social interaction. An IPA also demonstrated that securing safety in night walking around dormitory environment and role of CCTV were the most urgent improvement items needed. Finally the study suggests that more careful design details and guidelines in design stage be explored in relation with major theoretical findings, even though research limitation exists from limited survey samples and target population.

The reason for the rapid development of the modular construction industry in the UK and Europe is shifts in housing preferences and subsequent changes in the rental market, on top of the shortage of skilled workers and the rise in labor costs at the construction site. A similar trend in the domestic housing market would be an opportunity for the modular construction industry to make a big leap forward and a good opportunity to lay the foundation for the advancement of the construction industry. Therefore, this study proposed the precast concrete claddings as a way to overcome fire-rating issue of the mid-highrise modular housing construction and set out a design guideline of precast concrete panel for designers and manufacturers based on construction case studies and manufacturers information in the UK and Europe.

Dominique Perrault is interested in 'nothing'. The concept of 'nothing' is contrary to the formalism of the 1990s' Deconstructivism and Postmodern architecture, and it is related to the tendency to pursue blank form under the influence of Minimalism at that time. Perrault intentionally tried to obtain refined lines and surfaces, and these simple forms which relate to the site contexts produce phenomenal experiences. Emergence and disappearance are perceived in dialectical relationships between architecture and site contexts. If Perrault's architecture is detached from a site and becomes an independent object, it is no different from a typical building. That is, the "nothing" of Perrault's architecture works with site-specific elements. This is to bring site-specific features such as ground, day and night and seasonal changes, and historical or social contexts into the domain of 'something'. Perrault's nothing is different from the desire to be filled with accidental collisions with empty voids found in contemporary architecture, especially the concept of 'nothingness' by Rem Koolhaas. Rather, it is a careful expression that can be said through consideration for forming a place.

After the Korean war, the reconstruction plan for Chongjin was set up by the Polish urban planning team led by planner Piotr Zaremba (1910~1993). What is intriguing in this plan is that the team did not follow the Stalinist planning principles which have commonly applied to most of socialist cities at that time. This study attempts to analyze the methodology of Piotr Zaremba based on the masterplan of Chongjin, and reveal its uniqueness compared to the city planning of other North Korean cities, Pyongyang and Hamhung, which were also established by Soviet and East German planners. Zaremba opposed state-driven planning, instead, emphasized the living rights of residents. He did not pursue a speedy construction of the city, but fully consider the variable of time in planning through the concept of stage development planning. In conclusion, this study attempts to prove that socialist city planning in the 1950s was not as uniform as officially known, but had a wide range of spectrum.

The roof in Korean traditional wooden architectural building makes the greatest impact on forming the shape of the facade and its eaves curve and inner west are evaluated as the most beautiful and important design elements of the Korean traditional architectural building due to their elegant curves along with their visual correction function for the heavy roof. In addition, the eaves curve in East Asian wooden architecture built with similar ingredients and structures serves as a criterion to distinguish the localities and features a variety of forms with the personalities of architects incorporated in it. This study has analyzed the characteristics of eaves curve based on the elements significantly correlated with the eaves curve through correlation analysis and the results are as follows. First, the eaves curvature diagram tends to be inversely proportional to the size of lateral toekan. Second, the lateral straight line section was shortened if the ratio of lateral jeongkan was large. All in all, the lateral roof curves were formed by intentionally adjusting the eaves curvature diagram according to the ratio between the lateral jeongkan and toekan.

The characteristics of Wang shu architecture are the composition of the external space in consideration of the natural environment, the abstract beauty of the blank space according to the planning principle of the classical Chinese garden according to the movement line, the personality and originality in consideration of the surrounding context and scale. This study analyzed viewpoints, architectural devices, materials, programs, etc. through examples and literature from the perspective of the movement line taking into account the planning principles of the classical Chinese garden appearing in 'Suan Shanger' architecture. It also studied the main architectural language of Wang Shu, and analyzed the characteristics of internal and external spaces connected to the paths by identifying the site, entrance, section, and structure of 'Suan Shanger' architecture. Suan Shanger is a soil compaction-style building that includes programs such as hotels, tea houses, and seminar rooms for foreign professors and visitors at the University of Fine Arts in Hangzhou, China, and is a work that best expresses Wang Shu's architectural concept. Suan Shanger architecture was formed with various flow lines like a labyrinth constructed in a complex city, and there are various flow lines depending on the surrounding environment such as a waterfront road in front of the site, a road between buildings, a courtyard, stairs, and a road installed on the roof. As a result of the analysis, the paths formed in Suan Shanger's architecture can be largely divided into south-north path, zigzag path, horizontal path, and roof path according to level. This kind of the paths was classified in consideration of the viewpoint, surrounding context, and visitors' senses. Three changes in the viewpoint of the paths (Look-up perspective, Deep perspective) were considered from the planning stage. As architectural devices, there are frame scenery and borrowed scenery devices that draw the scenery of the surrounding environment into the interior space, a courtyard space formed between buildings and buildings, stairs and ramps connecting the courtyard, and a space to stay. Materials such as soil, bamboo, concrete, metal, and natural materials linked to various paths are harmoniously composed, showing traditional and modern beauty. Each of the configured paths causes the presentation of the direction of entry, visual changes according to usage, various experiences, etc. As such, the various paths of Suan Shanger's architecture influenced the changes in viewpoint, architectural devices, materials, and programs, and stimulated users' curiosity to form an interesting space. Above all, the characteristics of Suan Shanger's architecture include the perspective of the planning principles of the classical Chinese garden, harmony of materials that combine modern and traditional, ambiguous boundaries of programs, order and chaos by users' choice of paths, and these architectural characteristics of Wang Shu show the guidelines for the succession of traditional architectural culture applied to modern architecture.

The blank plan for the construction of administrative capital is regarded as a significant project to figure out the discourse of urban planning in the 1970s' Korea. For the identification of its historical significance, we investigated a huge amount of documents archived in the National Archives of Korea, and made a comprehensive topography of discourse about them. As a result of this research, we can conclude three points:1) there was a huge gap of viewpoint concerning urban planning between technocrats of military government and planners, which was displayed in the blank plan by a stark contrast between the formal and hierarchical disposition of administrative district and the organic composition of residential district; 2) the Koreanness of urban planning was emphasized in the course of the establishment of the plan. Planners searched for the size, density and settlement method most suitable for the Korean, but failed to reach a meaningful conclusion ; 3) However, it is proved that the impact of the blank plan on the development of new towns in the 1980s and 1990s was huge. Particularly, the living zone theory became a basic methodology to design them.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the possibility and limitations of responding to commercial gentrification through district unit planning by comparing and analyzing the permission trends in food service businesses and the time of establishment and application of district unit plans. It took 1year and 8months to 3years and 2months from the establishment of the district unit plan to the public notice, and compared with the permission trends in food service businesses, It is relatively fast, but it can be predicted that, due to the delay in time until the public notice, at the point when the district unit plan was finally announced, gentrification has already progressed considerably. In addition, most regional changes during the district unit planning period are made through 'change of use' activities, so it is necessary to implement measures to control those actions in conjunction with gentrification response policies.

This paper seeks to identify the legal concept and limitations of Block-Through-Connection under District Unit Plan, conducting the analysis on legal theories and cases in Seoul. The results of the study are as follows. First, Block-Through-Connection limits the right to use and make a profit from land property rights. However, it can be also viewed as general planning restrictions through the balance of public and private interest due to the secured premise of floor area ratio incentives. Therefore, it merely gives the landowner a public legal obligation to open the part to the public for 24 hours, rather than secures the right to use the part of the land. Second, there is a fundamental limit because the National Land Utilization and Planning Act does not have a proper tool to enforce the property owner when he/she violates the obligations. Third, in order to overcome the legal limitations, it is necessary to secure the legal right to use the part of private property through the easement or partial air right under the Korea's property law.

The purpose of this paper was to develop an evaluation tool for a school sports facility. The research consisted of 4 phases: 1) analysis of previous studies to draw main factors 2) development of evaluation items to measure the environmental quality of school sports facility, 3) expert FGI to test content validity, 4) construct validity and internal consistency reliability analysis. The survey was administrated to 141 middle school students recruited from Busan and collected data were used to test validity and reliability of the evaluation tool. Validity and reliability were examined using exploratory factor analysis and they were determined using cumulative explained variance and Cronbach alpha. The results of this study is as follows. First, five factors(accessibility, safety, comfort, functionality, esthetic) and 48 detailed items were developed and it was divided into two sections: outdoor school sports facility and indoor school sports facility. Second, exploratory factor analysis of the evaluation tool for an outdoor school sports facility showed five factors explained 67.79% of the total variance and each factor's internal consistency(Cronbach alpha) was over 0.6 except for safety. Third, exploratory factor analysis of the evaluation tool for an indoor school sports facility showed five factors explained 73.69% of the total variance and each factors' internal consistency(Cronbach alpha) was over 0.6. The evaluation tool may be utilized to measure the environmental quality of a school sports facility systematically and to find out environmental elements that are in need of improvement. Also, it would be used as primary research to study the effect of a school sports facility on various topics.

A new floor load distribution method for slabs with sub-beam was proposed, taking into account slab stiffness. In the current 45 degree-based load distribution method, the load distribution ratio of sub-beam and girder (RB:RG) is the same (50:50). However, when considering the composite action with slab and boundary conditions, the ratio of sub-beam would be smaller than that of girder. In this study, floor load distribution ratio according to the relative stiffness of slab and sub-beam and boundary conditions was evaluated by finite element analysis including slabs. The load distribution of the slab was greater when increasing the relative stiffness of slab and sub-beam, and that of sub-beam decreased as greater as that of the slab. For conservative design approach, the reduced portion from the sub-beam due to would add the load distribution of girder rather than subtraction from total floor load. In practical modules- span length, beam geometry, etc., the ratio (RB:RG) can be adjusted up to 40:60 by reducing the stiffness of sub-beam obtained by performance based design.

It is known that the across-wind load is mainly consist of three components: the buffeting, Strouhal, and feedback load components. The feedback load can be easily separated from the across-wind load using the structural velocity response and aerodynamic damping ratio. However, it is difficult to quantitatively and independently evaluate the contribution of the buffeting and Strouhal load since the two load components are strongly combined in the across-wind load. In this study, it is proposed a new approach to separate the two load components using Bayesian filtering and to identify the parameters of each mathematical model. This technique consists of a process of estimating the parameters of the mathematical load model, which can be expressed in the form of a transfer function, in the frequency domain using the unscented Kalman filter, and sequentially performing load separation. For the validation of the proposed approach, the aeroelastic model test was performed and wind load was inversely identified from the acceleration response obtained from the wind tunnel test. And then, the proposed technique is applied on the wind load, which shows that the stable parameter estimation of the buffing and Strouhal load, respectively, was reliably peformed.

This study aims to examine the effect of water-to-cement ratios (W/C) on the mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) prepared using artificially expanded bottom ash and dredged soil granules. For the all-LWAC and sand-LWAC (with sand content of 50% for replacing lightweight fine aggregates) groups, W/C varied from 30% to 50% at an interval of 5%. From the comparison of the normalized compressive strength development, a higher long-term strength ratios were observed in LWAC when compared with the common values of the conventional normal-weight concrete. The compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and rupture, shear friction strength, and bond strength with a reinforcing bar measured in sand-LWAC were higher by approximately 42%, 35%, 35%, 52%, 33%, and 3.5%, respectively, than those of the companion all-LWAC. The modulus of elasticity and rupture of LWAC could be estimated conservatively using the design equations specified in KBC 2016.

There are various types and causes of apartment defects, and thus, appraisal process is challenging. For this reason, the appeal rate for apartment defects lawsuits reaches 58%, which is higher than other civil litigation. Previous studies have mainly suggested judgments prediction formulas that can be used before litigations to prevent defect lawsuits. However, in many cases, the lawsuits are inevitable due to the complex characteristics in terms of construction methods and residents' satisfaction. This paper proposes equations for judging the appropriateness of the compensation cost after the first trial to support decision-making for filing appeal. A regression analysis is conducted against 28 cases on apartments defects in order to identify the relations between independent and dependent variables. The results show that two types of prediction equations are appropriate : judgment cost reflecting unit area, and judgment cost using security deposit for repairing defects. According to verification, the former is more accurate than the latter. The estimation equations in this paper can provide a reasonable settlement money so that the providers and the residents can reach an amicable agreement, and the judgment cost appropriateness after the first trial can be judged to prevent additional litigation.

In a public construction project, the construction period is a factor that directly affects the safety of workers and the quality of the construction, and securing the proper construction period and complying with the period is closely related to the success of the construction work. Recently, the number of non-working day at domestic construction sites has been increasing due to institutional changes and climate change. Accordingly, the importance of securing a proper construction period is emphasized. Previously, studies have been conducted on the proper construction period, but most of them have been conducted on the construction work, and the research on landscaping work is insufficient. However, in the case of landscape construction, most of the work is done externally, so it is often not carried out due to the preceding work type and climate. Accordingly, it is important to secure a proper construction period for landscaping work and proceed with the construction. For this purpose, the actual number of working days and the appropriate number of working days of landscaping works constructed in domestic were investigated. According to the analysis, the number of proper construction period was the same or higher than the actual number of working days in all works except for the packing closing work of more than 300 households. This means that the current landscaping construction period is not sufficient, and it is deemed necessary to calculate the appropriate construction period by deriving the factors influencing the work type.

Recently, as ice accidents increase in winter on hiking trails and trails, interest in preventing safety accidents is increasing. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a ceramic coating system in order to produce a performance-enhancing product that can increase the non-slip friction coefficient used in the deck of a mountain trail. In other words, in order to prevent accidents on mountain roads and sidewalks, it is necessary to develop a new ceramic coating method that is differentiated from existing products. First, the final mixing ratio of the ceramic coating agent was determined as SBS: 100, expandable graphite: 12 to 15, BE: 0.4 to 0.8, and the determined mixing ratio was determined in consideration of the overall resistance, flame retardancy, and durability of the binder. In addition, by applying various binders and hardeners to the anti-lock frame, it is evaluated whether it meets the domestic standards of the anti-lock and body. As a result, a ceramic binder was applied to the frame, and then satisfactory results were obtained by using a stainless steel filler and printing, and most importantly, it was manufactured in the process of producing existing ceramic coating products. In the future, further studies on the production process of non-slip used for wooden decks and additional studies such as freezing and melting performance depending on the location installed inside and outside will be needed.