Purpose: This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of a cost management education program, focusing on the differences between a web-based group and a mobile-based group. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study using a two-group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 74 nurses in a web-based group and 69 nurses in a mobile-based group. Data were collected between January 2 and February 10. The cost management education program was configured such that the participants studied eight modules over four weeks. The after-program post-test was conducted for one week. Results: Both the web-based group and the mobile-based group showed significantly higher values for cost management knowledge (S=5.98, p<.001 and S=2.76, p=.006, respectively). The web-based group had statistically significantly higher values for cost management knowledge (S=4,461.50, p<.001) than the mobile group. Conclusion: The cost management education program showed improvement in knowledge in both the web-based and mobile-based groups; however, the web-based approach was more effective for nurses. A cost management education program which can be implemented effectively across all range of nurses is recommended.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify and analyze organizational commitment, patient safety culture, and patient safety nursing activities on patient safety in public hospitals. Methods: The data were collected from 190 nurses in 6 public hospitals within the Gyeonggi region and were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 for descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Results: Patient safety nursing activity was positively correlated with the number of participants in patient safety training programs, organizational commitment, and patient safety culture awareness. Patient safety culture awareness was positively correlated with the number of participants in patient safety training programs and organizational commitment. Organizational commitment was positively correlated with age and total work experience. Factors affecting patient safety activities, frequency of patient safety training, and patient safety culture awareness were significant influencing factors with an explanatory power of 30.1%. Conclusion: In order to increase patient safety nursing activities in public hospitals, systematic patient safety training policies are required. In addition, diverse interventions are required to increase organizational commitment.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the meaning and nature of the early experiences of retired nurses. Methods: This qualitative study adopted Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Study participants were 10 nurses who had retired within the previous two years. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews with the participants from September to December 2017, which were conducted until recurring themes emerged. Results: Early experiences of retired nurses in 14 sub-themes and 5 themes from the total of 256 initial codes. The five themes were 'vaguely initiated retirement preparation,' 'decreased income and increased spending,' 'mixture of longing and unfamiliarity,' 'the comforts left regret,' and 'go to another start another beginning.' Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we suggest pre-retirement education that considers economic, interpersonal, and psychological changes to help nurses adapt to their new lives after retirement. We propose the development of education programs based on an understanding of lifestyle changes experienced by retired nurses, and further study to measure the effectiveness of these programs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the job performance and educational needs, and recognition of professionalism among care workers, and to organize educational programs according to the priorities of care workers. Methods: The participants were 119 care workers who were working in long-term care facilities. Data were collected from May 31 to June 7, 2019 using self-report questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients. Results: The performance aspects of the job were as follows: care for safety and infection-related, communication and leisure support, and excretion. The most demanded educational needs were in first-aid. Care workers had more than average professional recognition. Job performance and educational needs, and recognition of professionalism differed significantly according to several general characteristics. Conclusions: The educational needs of the areas with low frequency of job performance were high. First-aid is low in frequency, but it is important to cope with emergencies, so it is necessary to continue education. Also, there is a difference in recognition of professionalism according to the career. It will be necessary to develop individualized education programs to meet the needs of care workers.

Purpose: To investigate the duration of each nursing activity performed by home care nurses for non-cancer patients and the relationship between patients' palliative prognostic index (PPI) and duration of each nursing activity. Methods: Nursing activities performed for six non-cancer terminal patients were timed using a stopwatch, and 18 parameters were measured by visiting each patient thrice. The mean and standard deviations of duration for each category of nursing activities were computed. The relationship between category-specific duration of nursing activities and PPI was analyzed with Spearman's correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: Among nursing activities, the highest greatest duration of time was spent on traffic time (11.91 min), followed by urinary catheter management (10.65 min) and insertion and management of nasogastric tube (9.03 min). In terms of nursing categories, after excluding movement time, the greatest duration of time was spent on excretion care (5.48 min), nutrition care (5.40 min), and medication (3.82 min). PPI correlated with hygiene care, excretion care, and patient and information management. Multiple regression analysis revealed that PPI increased with increasing duration of hygiene care. Conclusion: These study findings provide grounds for the increased nursing time of hygiene care for people reaching the end of life.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of mental health recovery to internalized stigma and meaning in life of community-dwelling people with mental disorder. Methods: Participants were 150 people with mental disorder who were enrolled at one of the community mental health institutions in D, S, and U cities, South Korea. Data analyses included a descriptive analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS 25.0 software. Results: There were significant mean differences in mental health recovery according to education, religion, residential status, diagnosis, and day program use status of people with mental disorder living in the community. The significant predictors of mental health recovery included presence of meaning, stigma resistance, diagnosis (Major depressive disorder), and search for meaning. The regression model explained 58.7% of mental health recovery. Conclusion: Improving meaning in life and stigma resistance will increase the chances of mental health recovery among community- dwelling people with mental disorder.

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine factors affecting the positive feelings and care burden of elderly residents' primary caregivers in long-term care facilities. Methods: The survey was conducted between November and December 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and 148 individuals voluntarily participated. The collected data were examined through descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS WIN ver.24.0, t-test, one-way Anova $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. Results: Factors that significantly affected caregivers' positive feelings included caregivers' education level(${\beta}=-.32$, p<.001), social support(${\beta}=.31$, p<.001), care burden(${\beta}=-.29$, p=.001), and total support fee(not more than 1.5million won)(${\beta}=-.18$, p=.012). The explanation power was as high as 40.0%(Adj $R^2=.40$). Factors that significantly affected caregivers' burden included social support(${\beta}=-.25$, p=.002), positive feelings(${\beta}=-.25$, p=.002), elderly individual's religion(${\beta}=-.17$, p=.007), and elderly individual's marriage status(${\beta}=.17$, p=.021). The explanation power was as high as 45.0%(Adj $R^2=.45$). Conclusion: Our results suggest that it is necessary to increase social support for elderly residents' primary caregivers in long-term care facilities. This can be helpful to decrease burden and enhance positive feelings in caregivers. We should also collect caregivers' information as well to provide appropriate assistance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the nutritional status of elderly individuals according to their household types and to investigate the predictors of their nutritional status. Methods: This study, which was a descriptive research study, involved physical measurements, surveys, and biochemical tests in 87 elderly individuals living in the community. Using SPSS/Win 24.0, logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the general characteristics, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), mini nutritional assessment (MNA) score, and biochemical indicators in elderly individuals according to the household type. Results: Elderly individuals living with family members had higher MNA scores than those of elderly individuals living alone, while showing lower levels of systolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors were MNA scores (odds ratio (OR)=1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.36-2.42), systolic blood pressure (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.92-1.00), and fasting blood glucose (OR=0.94, 95% CI=0.90-0.99). Conclusion: It was confirmed that elderly individuals living alone need differentiated nutrition intervention, since the results showed that they had lower nutritional levels and improper nutritional management than that in elderly individuals living with family members.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the difference between primary caregivers' self-efficacy and coping strategy according to the communication styles of home care nurses. Methods: Data were collected from 123 primary caregivers of patients who were registered at a home care nursing center in D city and who had been receiving home care for more than 3 months from January 1 to February 27, 2018. The questionnaire included items on communication style, self-efficacy, and stress coping strategy. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. Results: Regarding primary caregivers' self-efficacy in terms of communication style, the caregivers showed higher efficacy in providing informative and friendly communication (F=14.07, p=.001). Regarding home care nurses' communication style and the stress coping strategy of the primary caregivers, the informative-friendly communication style was adopted the most for the problem-solving coping strategy (F=7.17, p=.001). Regarding the social support-seeking coping, home care nurses' friendly communication style was the most adopted (F=4.40, p=.014). Conclusion: This study suggests that home care nurses will plan to provide informative and friendly communication-oriented nursing care, and to improve self-efficacy and positively influence the coping method by using the communication styles appropriate to the state of the primary caregiver.