Using the 2007 Fund Investors Survey, we investigated (1) the differences in economic status in terms of household income, consumption, saving, assets and debts, (2) the differences in financial management behavior, (3) and the differences in confidence in economic status after retirement between households conducting and not-conducting financial preparation for retirement. The major study findings were as follows. First, only 46.4% of the households were financially preparing for retirement. The levels of income, consumption, and saving were higher among households conducting financial preparation for retirement than among those not-conducting such financial preparation. Second, households conducting financial preparation for retirement had a relatively high propensity to save. Their financial asset portfolio had a higher weight in safety assets and investment assets than in retirement assets. Due to their lack of confidence in their economic status after retirement, their demand for financial preparation for retirement remained. Third, the households which did not conduct financial preparation for retirement tended to have a relatively heavy debt burden and not to implement general household financial management practices. Fourth, among the three-pillar retirement income system, the second pillar, of individual retirement account was not well established. Based on these results, various implications were suggested.

The aim of this paper is to examine the demographic characteristics and the attitude about marriage and the policy of the unmarried male farmers. The contents of research are two folds: 1) Analyze the marriage related demographic statistics of rural area using the data from Korea Statistical Information System and marriage statistics in 2007, 2) survey analyses of the attitude toward marriage, perception and needs of international marriage, and related policies from data of 170 unmarried male farmers. The results are as follows: first, the marriage rates among over 15 years old of the rural area is 78.2% for men while 1.8% for 20${\sim}$24 age group and 9.3% for 25${\sim}$29 age group. The marriage rates in this area are varied by region especially low in Kyunggido & Jejudo. Second, the portion of international marriages of Korean male farmers with foreign partner are 11% among all international marriages of Korean males. There are high rates of male farmers' international marriage in Junranamdo and Kyungsangbukdo which are characterized by low level of urbanization, low inter-city mobility, low rates of age group of under 15 years and high portion of over age 65. Finally, the survey results showed that 83% of the sample lived with their parents; event though 80% of farmers think marriage is necessary, 60% had no plan of marriage because of difficulties to meet marriage partners and of lacking economic resources; they showed a negative perception toward the handicapped, foreigners, Afro-Americans, Westerners and divorcees as a marriage partner; they also showed negative recognition to international marriage because of observed problems of neighboring international marriage couples and concerns of cultural differences; they pointed out that the government's concern about improving quality of the environment of the rural area and reforming the international marriage aid law was the most necessary. The discussion and the future research directions were added.

The purpose of this study was to understand how consumers perceive the costs of using certain types of sales-promotions and to suggest ways in which sales-promotions should be developed to contribute to the consumers' welfare and the development of Marketing Strategy. The sufficiency of the consumers' desire was essential to new and creative sales-promotion strategy. This study investigated the perceived costs of using timely opportunity costs, extra expenses, substitution costs, uncomfortable feeling, regrets and economical and psychological satisfactions on certain types of sales-promotions such as off line, coupon, packed items, collection and on line, and event. In the study results on the perceived costs of using certain types of sales-promotions, off line sales-promotions were perceived more than substitution costs, extra expenses, regrets and on line sales-promotions were perceived more than timely opportunity costs. These results were caused by immediately using off line sales-promotions and becoming a member of on line sales-promotions. In the research result on the perceived costs of using certain types of sales-promotions and economical satisfactions, off line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with substitution costs of coupon and extra expenses, regrets of packed items and collection about economical satisfactions. On line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with extra expenses and regrets about economical satisfactions. The research results on the perceived costs of using certain types of sales-promotions and psychological satisfactions, off line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with timely opportunity costs of coupon and collection about psychological satisfactions. On line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with substitution costs about psychological satisfactions. These results were caused by the feeling of leisure time as the consumer played games or hobbies. This study proposes an approach in the context of sales-promotion with some suggestions and thoughts.

This study was designed to examine the meaning of housing in modern Korea, and to draw the interrelationship of people and housing. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the qualitative research investigated various aspects of housing history among four individuals during the different phases of social and economic transitions. Each narratives showed the unique characteristics of life history, and the conceptual frameworks for interpretation were microsociological approach by Morris and Winter(1978) and pathway approach by Clapham(2005). One narrater named "K" had gone through various housing experiences since her birth in 1933 at a traditional Korean housing, and she moved to a traditional rural community. Another narrater called "S" was born in housing built during the Japanese colonization, gained wealth through the housing boom of the industrialization, and has lived in a suburban condominium. "G" spent her entire life in an urban area, had never owned a house, and lived in a house with poor quality. The other narrater named "L" had lived in a single-family home with a large yard since her childhood, and she has resided in multi-family housing by herself after having a lot of experiences of building houses. The results revealed that housing could play as a simple role as a shelter, be transformed over family life cycle, become prestige of extended family, social and family status, investment. Meaning of housing from the pathway approach were closely related to hometown, the relation to birth family at postmarriage, economic status, and housing experiences according to the social change. As a conclusion, the meaning of housing is vary, and housing conveys numerous implications including psychological, social and economic aspects.

The purpose of this study was to resolve the issues of inferior housing environment and the population decrease in rural community by improving the environment and attracting urban inhabitants. A simulation on the costs and the local programs was operated from a point of view that Pension Insurance House with Long-term Lease and a plan for the program in connection with local resources should be accompanied to attract urban inhabitants. The study was carried out through mainly documents analysis and specialists' opinions. The simulation results are as follows. Firstly, the pre-existing rural housing development projects have only emphasized the hardware, while underestimated the post-management with operating programs. The software should be underlined when Pension Insurance House is developed. Secondly, as a result of the simulation on construction expenditure and the operating and maintenance cost for 30 years, about 82.3 million Wons are necessary residential expenses for 15 years per unit. Thirdly, in case of MUJU County, it has made the most of its pre-existing institutions. It's medical institutions provide medical care system with health education, facilities related leisure and culture offer recreational programs and the local community center and its program of each town helps new habitants adopt to the rural life. Additionally, the employment project of a local welfare center allow people living in a rural community to continue their careers with their talents and interests through local class programs for a life worth living. Lastly, guide for getting information of rural life, local community gathering and preliminary education should be carried out to reduce expectant tenants' incompatibility and assist them settle down early. The community program expansion is also required at the local government level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the factors such as self-esteem, social supports, socio-economic status of parents, degree of disability in child, stress coping, religion, and sports.exercise on the qualities of lives in mothers with disabled children. Data were collect from 45 institutions(schools from kindergarten to senior-high, special education institutes, and social welfare institutions) by self-report questionnaire, and the subjects of the study were 386 mothers in Seoul whose children were attending the schools or institutions. Findings according to socio-demographic variables are as follows: 1. Mothers with disabled children in this study thought their quality of life as average degree. 2. The younger the mothers and children, the higher the quality of life was. 3. The higher the educational level and monthly income, the higher the quality of life was. 4. There was no statistically significant difference between the existence and nonexistence of spouse, and between the existence and nonexistence of religion as well. Findings analyzed by multiple regression are as follows: 1. Among 7 independent variables 'self-esteem'(${\beta}$=.49, p<.001), 'social supports'(${\beta}$=.15, p<.01), and 'socio-economic status'(${\beta}$=.11, p<.05) were found to be statistically significant in quality of life in mothers, while the rests were found not significant. 2. 'Self-esteem' was found to be the most influencing variable, meaning that the psychological factor such as self-esteem is more important than environmental factors in qualities of lives in mothers. 3. The total amount of explanation of the model was Adjusted R square=.301, so that it can be said about 30% can be explained among total variance of the qualities of lives in mothers with disabled children. Conclusions and recommendations based on the results above are: First, it is strongly recommended to conduct programs promoting self-esteem in mothers with disabled children, and to include 'self-esteem' hereafter in the studies related to qualities of lives in mothers with disabled children. Second, comprehensive and practical countermeasures should to be formulated to back up expenses for education and medical care, purchasing relative tools and equipments, plus helping to find jobs.

A family resilience approach aims to identify and fortify key interactional processes that enable families to withstand and rebound from disruptive life challenges. Walsh(1998) described family belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication processes as the three main keys of family resilience. The purpose of this study was to identify the three key factors of family resilience in case of divorced female single-parent families in Korea. The study participants were seven divorced mothers who were living in the institutional facility for female single-parent families. Using a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim for analysis. The study findings were as follows. First, the participants showed positive thinking rather than fear about the adversity induced by the divorce. They also showed the senses of competence, control, and self-esteem. However, the senses of transcendence and spirituality were barely evident. Second, emotional and economic supports from parents, brothers and sisters, and community networks (i.e., mother-child protection institution, healthy family support center) enhanced the family resilience of the participants. Third, the participants showed clear communication, open emotional expression, and shared decision making. This study suggests that more counseling services and parent education be provided by healthy family support center and institutional facilities as important family resilience factors for divorced female single-parent families who are below the poverty line.

This paper analyzes the life and culture contents of the primary Korean textbook for female marriage immigrants and investigates ways to improve the textbook organization in future. The study results are as follows: 1. The textbook must reflect the demands of female marriage immigrants as learners that need to adapt to Korean society. 2. The textbook needs to adopt a circulating disposition in organizing such life and culture contents that female marriage immigrants can obtain and utilize while living in diverse life environments 3. The textbook should also provide multi-cultural elements in order to help female marriage immigrants with the internalization of the complex identity between their home countries and Korea.

This study examines the factors that influence the subjective quality of life for Korean, Chinese-Korean, and Chinese women who are both married and employed, and it offers suggestions based on this examination for how to improve these women's quality of life. In particular, we employ both empirical and comparative research to explore the causal relationship in these three groups of women between variables such as cultural orientations, life satisfactions and the perceived quality of life. For these objectives, 263 Korean women, 265 Chinese-Korean women and 280 Chinese women were surveyed. The research can be summarized as follows: First, when we consider subjective quality of life as the dependent variable and factors such as self-esteem, cultural inclination and life satisfactions as independent variables, we find that most of variables record relatively higher than middle score. Comparisons among the three groups find that every variable shows meaningful differences among the groups except for the non-economic reasons for employment. Second, in examining the relative influence of the different variables on the subjective quality of life, we observe that both job satisfaction and family-life satisfaction have a significant influence on the quality of life for women in all groups. For Korean and Chinese women, job satisfaction has a greater influence on the quality of life than family-life satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of group art therapy on the self-efficacy and sociality of middle school students from single-parent families. The major results of this study were as follows: First, it was revealed that the activities of group art therapy were effective in making the self-efficacy of students from single-parent families higher by expressing their thought, and feelings better and having more confidence in themselves. Second, it was revealed that the activities of group art therapy were effective in improving the sociality of students from single-parent families by showing better performance in relationship with peers. Third, it was revealed that the activities of group art therapy had an effect on students' affirmative feelings according to each stage. That is, the students' feelings became more affirmative after this art therapy activities. Fourth, this study proved that K-HTP was effective in improving the self-efficacy and sociality of middle school students from single-parent families Fifth, this study proved that KFD was effective to improve the self-efficacy and sociality of middle school students from single-parent families. In conclusion, the Group Art Therapy had the effect on improving the self-efficacy and sociality of students from single-parent families.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of a host family experience program on the adaptive behavior and self-management skills of children with severe disabilities and to suggest its applicability into clinical practice. The investigators developed a host family experience program and researched the pre-test and post-test designs with nonequivalent groups. The experiment and comparison groups were comprised of 34 children with severe disabilities that lived at S, a care facility for the severely disabled. They were examined for the program's effects on them before and after the application. After analyzing 17 cases for differences in the subjects' quantitative scores, a qualitative analysis was carried out on one representative case. The quantitative analysis results reveal that the experiment group showed a significant increase in their scores of adaptive behavior and self-management skills compared to the comparison group. Positive changes were also observed among the former group in the qualitative analysis. Thus the host family experience program was effective in improving the adaptive behavior and self-management skills of the children with severe disabilities at the facility. These findings indicate that the host family experience program played a positive role in enhancing the adaptive behavior and self-management skills of the children with severe disabilities at the facility and that such host family experience programs should be applied and reinforced in the field of social welfare practice.

This study compared mother-toddler verbal interaction by play type (traditional play, free play, block play), and child's sex and age. Subjects were 10 boys and 10 girls ranging in age from 25- to 36-months and their mothers. An observer videotaped the children and their mothers at play in their homes. Results showed that (1) Mothers attempted more positive verbal interaction in traditional than in block play. (2) Mothers expressed more positive emotion in free than in traditional and block play. (3) Mothers more answer 'reflection' in traditional than in free play (4) Toddlers attempted more positive verbal interaction in block than in traditional and free play. (5) Toddler's positive emotion express was not distinguished by play type or by child's sex or age. (6) From 31- to 36-months's boys expressed more play situation than from 25- to 30-months' girls. This study provides groundwork for mother-toddler traditional play programs with potential for improving positive expression of emotion and language development.

The purpose of this study is to examine the intergenerational transmission of mother-daughter attachment across three generations, and to determine whether the mother-daughter attachment of three generations influences the adult daughter's ego-resilience. The subjects of this study were 310 unmarried adult women aged 20${\sim}$29, residing in the Busan area, and their 310 middle-aged mothers. The mothers responded to two sets of questionnaire investigating their attachment to their mothers (G1-G2) in the past and the present attachment to their adult daughters (G2-G3). Meanwhile, the adult daughters were given questionnaires regarding their attachment to their mothers and their ego-resiliency. The measurements used for this study were the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the Ego-Resiliency Scale (ER). Among the distributed questionnaires, 265 sets were collected and 252 sets were actually analyzed using SPSS 12.0 after 13 sets had been excluded due to incomplete data. Basic statistics were used such as frequency analysis, Pearson's correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. The study results were as follows. First, the adult daughter-mother (G2-G3) attachment was explained mostly by mother-grandmother (G1-G2) attachment, daughter's age, and economic status of the family. The strongest factor was the mother-grandmother attachment which implies the transmission of attachment through generations. Second, among the factors that influenced the ego-resilience of an unmarried adult daughter, attachment to one's mother perceived by the daughter turned out to be the most significant. Especially, the more positive the adult daughter's emotion toward her mother and the higher the daughter's education, the stronger the ego-resilience of the adult single daughter was. It was concluded that the mother-daughter attachment remained consistent throughout three generations, which influenced the social-psychological adjustment of the adult unmarried daughter.

This study identifies the key determinants and technology innovation adoption type of participation in multimedia UCC services. This research examines how the major factors of perceived usability, self-expression, fun & entertainment, arousal, information sharing, other's positive reputation and interface easiness contribute to participation in multimedia UCC services. A sample survey of internet users was conducted, responses were collected from 629 respondents and consumer streaming data were analyzed. Some of the practical implications of the results are follows. This research have categorized that the types of technology adoption for the participation of UCC were innovator consumer, early adaptor consumer, early majority consumer, and late majority consumer. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that perceived usability, interface easiness, fun & entertainment, self-expression, arousal, other's positive reputation and type of technology adoption posited a significant effect in multimedia UCC Services.

This study focused on the relationship between ego- resilience and stress coping styles of male and female adolescents. The study also tried to identify differences in stress coping styles based on sexual differences and the level of ego- resilience in adolescents. Ego-resilience showed a positive correlation to problem-focused and social support seeking coping styles and a negative correlation to emotion-focused coping style for both male and female adolescents. Canonical Correlation analysis revealed that self-confidence among four sub-domains of ego-resilience made the most outstanding contributions in predicting stress coping styles of female adolescents. The self-confident female adolescents tended to use the problem-focused coping style. For male adolescents, the optimistic attitude among four sub-domains of ego-resilience was the most significant factor in predicting emotion-focused coping style. Female adolescents tended to use more varied coping strategies than male adolescents in stressful situations. The group of adolescents who had a higher level of ego-resilience reported more problem-focused and social support- seeking coping styles in stressful situations. Conversely the group of adolescents with lower level of ego-resilience tended to use emotion-focused coping strategy. The results of this study have important implications for theory, research, and practice. Development of ego-resilience in adolescents based on sexual differences was an important task for their effective coping strategies.