Purpose: To understand the dietary habits and factors influencing the dietary habits in adults of an urban community. Method: The data were collected via questionnaires that investigated dietary habits, health behaviors, health-related factors, and general characteristics. A total of 302 subjects were selected from those who had visited an urban public center over a 2-week period. The data of 294 subjects were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression, after 8 questionnaire were excluded due to incomplete data. Results: The degree of dietary habits was in the middle range. The most positive dietary habit was 'intake fibers from vegetables, fruits, and cereals', followed by 'not enjoy salty food and salt' and 'eating breakfast everyday'. The significant predictors influencing dietary habits were age, present smoking behavior, perceived health status, and drinking frequency, and these variables accounted for 27.3% of the variance in the dietary habits score. Conclusion: Health care providers should focus on health promotion planning regarding dietary habits and other health-related behaviors in combination and use integrated strategies regarding the factors that influence dietary habits and other health-related behaviors.

Purpose: To assess the health status and health behavior characteristics of immigrant women married to Koreans. Method: A descriptive research design was employed. Fifty female marriage immigrants who were clients of the visiting health program at W public health center were recruited. After full consent, direct interview with a structured questionnaire and physical measurements were conducted by visiting health nurses. Descriptive statistics were utilized. Results: All of the subjects showed normal blood sugar. 25.7% of them exhibited extreme body weight condition of either obesity or low body weight by BMI. 36.4% had pre-hypertension stage and 15.9% had first stage of hypertension. Only two of the women had been diagnosed with hypertension and treated by a doctor. Almost all (95%) of them perceived their general health status as good or moderate. Most of them did not exercise, smoke or drink. Regarding dental care, no subject brushed before lunch. and only one did between meals. About 30$\sim$60% of subjects had undergone health screening. Conclusion: Health education is needed for immigrant women married to Koreans to enhance their health behavior, prevent life style disease and improve their health.

Purpose: To determine the degree of cardiovascular disease risk according to socioeconomic factors among midlife women in the community and thereby provide baseline data for the development of health promotion programs. Method: A total of 200 women participated in health screenings and a health survey. The survey was performed in November and December, 2006. The survey instruments included socioeconomic factors, health behavior (smoking and exercise), and family history. Biophysical measurement included BMI and blood pressure. Blood samples were drawn for glucose and total cholesterol tests. Results: The mean age was 52.5 years, 34.0% had received education less than 6 years, 70.0% earned a monthly income of less than \1,500,000, and 61.5% were homemakers. Cardiovascular disease risk was significantly different by age (BMI, systolic BP, and exercise), education (systolic BP), monthly income (T. cholesterol), marital status (smoking), and occupation (exercise). Most women had 2 or 3 cardiovascular disease risks. Older age, lower education, and lower income were significantly associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Conclusion: Efforts should be made to decrease the number and severity of cardiovascular disease risk factors for midlife women in the community by developing health promotion programs targeting to modify their cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Purpose: To identify the experience of violence and physical and psychiatric health in women residing in shelters. Method: A descriptive correlation research design was employed. The participants were 116 women living in shelters who consented to participate in this study. The women lived in one of 23 of the 48 shelters registered with the Ministry of Gender and Equality(2004). Their experience of violence was measured using the Conflict Tactics Scale II revised by the Ministry of Gender and Equality and their health status using the Cornell Medical Index revised by Nam(1965). Analysis included descriptive statistics, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: The results confirmed the women in shelters to have been exposed to severe physical, psychological and sexual violence from their spouses, which had led to serious problems in their musculoskeletal system and also depression. There was a significant relationship between the experience of violence and health status. Conclusion: Future research is needed to develop programs to improve the situations of these women.

Purpose: To investigate the attitude toward death and recognition of hospice of community dwellers and to examine the differentiation between the attitude, recognition, and demographic variables. Method: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study using a questionnaire. The Fear of Death Scale (FODS) made by Collect & Lester (1969) and translated and revised by Kim (2003) was used to measure the fear of death. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The subjects were725 community dwellers, 65.8% female with a mean age of 39.9 years. The mean FODS score was 3.17 out of 5, showing a slightly high negative attitude to death. There was a statistically significant difference between the type of religion and total FODS (F=3.91. p=.02). Of the respondents, 66.5% had heard of hospice and 5.5% had received hospice care. Conclusion: Based on the study results, various types of death education program for community dwellers, including the content of hospice care, should be developed. In addition, public relations for the settlement of desirable dying culture and hospice service need to be activated.

Purpose: To examine the outcomes of a smoking cessation clinic at a public health center, in Hwasung city in 2006 and to examine the perceptions of the users regarding the clinic services. Method: 620 smokers who visited the smoking cessation clinic from January, 2006 to November, 2006 were enrolled. An instrument developed by the researcher was used to collect their perceptions. The instrument comprised 24 questions, on a 5-point Likert scale investigating the clinic services in terms of counseling time, environment, readiness of the counselors, counseling information, campaign method, medication use, and follow-up services. The general characteristics of the participants were collected from the database developed by the Ministry of Health & Welfare. The data were analyzed with frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation methods. Results: The outcomes of the smoking cessation clinic in Hwasung city in 2006 showed some limitations in terms of low-income group, female smokers, and young adult smokers. Conclusion: Strategies for solving these limitations were necessary to increase the effectiveness of the smoking cessation clinic. Clinic services focused on cognitive-behavioral therapy needed to be developed in accordance with chemotherapy. More effective publicizing campaigns of the clinic services also needed to be developed for more people to know about the clinic. Strategies to increase the accessibility for the people living far from the clinic were also necessary. Assessment of the smokers who did not visit clinic was also recommended in order to determine their intentions, or barriers to visit the clinic.

Purpose: To identify the effect of walking exercise on the body composition and physical fitness in obese college women. Method: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest posttest. Thirty-seven subjects were surveyed using a structured questionnaire, and measured for body composition and physical fitness. Twenty persons in the experimental group among the total sample participated in a 12-week walking program. The data were analyzed by $x^2$-test, and t-test with SPSS 10.1 program. Results: 1) BMI, body fat mass and percentage of body fat in body composition were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control. However, there was no significant difference in skeletal muscle mass between the two groups. 2) Power among physical fitness was significantly increased in the experimental group. However, there was no significant difference in muscular strength (back strength), flexibility (sit and reach), muscular endurance (abdomen curl), power (standing high jump) or agility (trunk reaction time) between the two groups. Conclusion: The above results, confirmed the effectiveness of walking exercise as an effective nursing intervention in order to improve body composition.

Purpose: To consider how college students' adjustment to college life is related to peer attachment and self-esteem. Method: The subjects were 183 female college students attending one university. The study data were collected with the inventory of peer attachment-revised version, the self-esteem inventory, and the inventory for adjustment to college life. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. Results: There were significant differences in self-esteem according to residence type. There were significant differences in the adjustment to college life according to monthly income. There was a significantly positive correlation between peer attachment and adjustment to college life. There were significantly positive correlations between self-esteem and adjustment to college life and all of the subscales of adjustment to college life. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 28.6% of the adjustment to college life was significantly explained by self-esteem and monthly income. Conclusion: Based on these findings, peer attachment is a very important factor influencing self-esteem which is itself a very important factor influencing adjustment to college life in female college students. Therefore, an alternative program designed to increase the self-esteem and peer attachment of female college students should be a planned program based on the study results.

Purpose: To investigate the relationships among self-esteem, depression and academic achievement in nursing college students. Method: The study subjects consisted of 350 nursing college students. The data were collected by self-administered questionnaire from September 3rd to 28th 2007. Results: 1) The mean scores self-esteem, depression, and academic achievement were 3.03 (on a 4-point scale), 4.00 (on a 7-point scale), and 87.33 (on a 100-point scores), respectively. 2) There were significant differences and impacts on self-esteem according to the economic state, character, attitude to parents, consideration of aptitude, satisfaction of school life and satisfaction of nursing. Depression differed significantly according to the economic state, residence type and satisfaction of school life. Academic achievement differed depending on the attitude to parents, consideration of aptitude and satisfaction of nursing. There was a significant positive correlation between self-esteem and academic achievement, but a negative correlation between self-esteem and depression in nursing college students. Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between self-esteem and academic achievement. Moreover, self-esteem can provide a basis for constructing further studies in intervention programs relating to the curriculum for nursing college students. Based on the above findings, programs are needed for the improvement of self-esteem and the reduction of depression, and further research is suggested on the development of such programs.

Purpose: To describe the knowledge and attitudes of nursing college students and non-nursing college students toward HIV/AIDS for use in the development of an effective HIV/AIDS education program. Method: The data were collected from 165 nursing college students and 92 non-nursing college students using a structured questionnaire, and then analyzed by $X^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Compared to previous research, the score of some items of the knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS improved. However, the score of several items of the knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS needs further improvement. In both groups of college student, total attitudes toward HIV/AIDS were correlated with total knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Although some knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS improved comparing to previous research, a more specifically structured education program is needed. The development of a the program to increase the attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients is critical.

Purpose: Immunization is one of the simplest and most effective approaches for protecting the health of children from preventable infectious disease. This study assessed the immunization statuses of children presenting to childcare centers in Korea and compared the sociodemographic factors of children with age-appropriate immunization for DTaP4 with those with delayed immunization for DTaP4. Method: A national mail survey was used to collect data on the children's immunization history and sociodemographic information. A total of 248 mothers returned completed questionnaires for their children. Results: The overall immunization coverage for HepB, a series of DTaP and polio and varicella was above 95%. However, the percentage of age-appropriate immunizations of vaccines ranged from 45.3% to 69.0% depending on the vaccines. Only the age of the child was a significant factor for delayed immunization for DTaP4. Conclusion: To fully protect children from vaccine-preventable disease, childcare providers can playa role in monitoring the immunization statuses of children in their care centers to ensure that they all receive all childhood immunizations on time.