Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of SP-6 Seoam pellet therapy given to female university students in terms of menstrual pain, menstrual distress, and ADL difficulties. Methods: This study used a pre-test, post-test design with a nonequivalent control group. The participants were 68 female students in two universities. The experimental group(n=34) received Seoam pellet therapy at Sanyinjiao while the control group(n=34) received sham therapy. Data were collected from Sep. 16 to Nov. 30, 2012. Severity of menstrual pain, menstrual distress, and difficulty of ADL were assessed prior to and following treatment. Independent t-test, $x^2$ test, and repeated measures ANOVA were used for examination of group differences using the SPSS/WIN program. Results: Severity of menstrual pain (F=41.09, p<.001), menstrual distress (F=56.31, p<.001), and ADL difficulties (F=46.64, p<.001) showed a significant decrease in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Results indicate that this Seoam pellet therapy is effective in reducing menstrual pain, menstrual distress, and difficulty of ADL. Therefore, use of this method is recommended for relief of menstrual pain and menstrual distress through self-care.

Purpose: This research is conducted in order to compare health status, health behaviors, and health care utilization between immigrant women and domestic women in South Korea. Methods: Research subjects comprised of 62 immigrant women living in a rural area of South Korea' extracted from a survey and health examination conducted during a period from 1st of August in 2013 to 8th of November in 2013 and 214 domestic women extracted from primitive data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011. Student t-test, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression were performed using the SPSS18.0K program for analysis. Results: Results of comparison between immigrant women and domestic women, showed no difference in obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, anemia, hepatitis B, previous history of tuberculosis, and history of decayed, missing, and filled teeth however, more immigrant women had experienced decayed, missing, and filled teeth compared to domestic women (p<0.001). Conclusions: Compared to domestic women, Iimmigrant women were more likely to have poor dental health conditions. Therefore, greater efforts is needed in order to solve poor dental health conditions for women.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare health literacy levels of Asian immigrant women and factors associated with health literacy focusing on Korean-Chinese and other Asian immigrants in Korea. Methods: Data were drawn from 258 immigrant women, comprising 56 Korean-Chinese and 202 other immigrants from the Philippines, Vietnam, Japan, Cambodia, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Taiwan, and Han-Chinese. The Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine - Short Form (REALM-SF) was used to assess health literacy, which consisted of seven medical words in Korean (behavior, exercise, menopause, rectal, antibiotics, anemia, and jaundice). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with $Sch{\acute{e}}ffe$ post hoc test, and hierarchical regression. Results: Korean-Chinese women showed significantly higher levels of health literacy ($M=6.41{\pm}1.07$), compared to their other immigrant counterparts ($M=4.55{\pm}2.15$). While Korean-Chinese women with longer time since immigration (p=.048) reported higher health literacy, for other immigrants, those living with children (p<.001), longer time since immigration (p=.011), and greater Korean language proficiency (p=.004) showed an association with higher health literacy. Conclusion: When providing health care services and health education, health care professionals should consider differences in levels of health literacy and factors associated with health literacy among Korean Chinese and other immigrants.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine the influences of knowledge, self-efficacy, and social support on sick role behavior in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: The participants were 192 patients with coronary artery disease in D city. Data were collected from January 1, 2014 to April 30, 2014 using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/WIN 19.0 using ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Factors having an influence on sick role behavior were age (70 years old ${\beta}$=.275, p<.001), occupation (Office job ${\beta}$=-.230, p<.001), knowledge (${\beta}$=.204, p<.001), self-efficacy (${\beta}$=.188, p<.001), underlying disease (stroke ${\beta}$=.142, p=.008), and family type (live with their children ${\beta}$=-.128, p=.038). These factors explained 56% of the variance in sick role behavior. Conclusions: More positive knowledge and self-efficacy are needed for the sick role behavior. In addition, results of the study indicated that age, occupation, underlying disease, and family type were very important in predicting health behaviors of patients with coronary artery disease. Thus, it would be necessary to include patients' characteristics in designing an education program for people with coronary artery disease.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined influence of screen based sedentary behavior and sleep duration on obesity, depression, and suicidal ideation in Korean Adolescents. Methods: This cross sectional study used secondary data from the 2013 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. A total of 27,929 high school students were included in the study. Logistic regression was used for analysis of the combined influence of screen based sedentary behavior and sleep duration on obesity, depression, and suicidal ideation. Results: Obesity was more prevalent among adolescents who had ${\geq}$ 4h of screen based sedentary behavior and <7h of sleep duration compared to the reference group, defined as < 2h of screen time and > 7h of sleep duration. Depression and suicidal ideation were more prevalent among adolescents who had 2-4h of screen based sedentary behavior and <7h of sleep duration compared to the reference group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, maintaining a low (< 2h) level of screen based sedentary behavior and appropriate sleep duration over 7 hours per day is essential for prevention of adolescent obesity, depression, and suicidal ideation.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to present the effects of case management of a home visiting health service for clients with hypertension. Method: One-group pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects were 280 clients who received case management among the first and second registered group. The data were eight-week-case management results from January to December, 2010. In order to evaluate the effect of the visiting nursing service, biological indexes(blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, BMI) and self-care abilities(knowledge/attitude of hypertension, management of medication, nutritional care, confidence of self care) were measured. Result: Biological indexes and self-care abilities were improved, except total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein. Conclusion: The case management of home visiting health service by public health centers is considered to be an effective nursing service. Therefore, greater effort is needed for better maintenance of case management, and more research is needed in order to examine a variety of biological indexes.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of lifestyle factors in metabolic syndrome among adolescents. The metabolic syndrome has been reported as a cause of various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adolescents. Method: This study is a cross-sectional study on 1,931 adolescents (1,011 boys and 920 girls) aged 12-19 years from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, $x^2$-test, and logistic regression in consideration of strata, cluster, and weight as national data. Result: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents aged 12-19 years was 4.3% (Boys, 5.4%; Girls, 3.1%). Among lifestyle factors, BMI had significants influences on the metabolic syndrome risk, but other variables did not. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that further research is necessary on the effect of lifestyle factors in metabolic syndrome and that school health nurses should focus on implementation of effective programs for promotion of activity and healthy foods for prevention and intervention of metabolic syndrome.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relationship among the life stress, depression, suicidal ideation of adolescent. Methods: Participants for this study included 285 students from five middle schools located in Seoul and Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea. The SPSS 18.0 program and AMOS 18.0 program were used for analysis of data. Results: The characteristics of this study were to analyze causal relationship with latent variables by considering measurement error and to grasp direct effect, indirect effect and total effect. Life stress and depression were found to be factors influencing suicidal ideation. Depression was a direct factor and life stress was a indirect factor. The effects of depression as a mediator between life stress and suicidal ideation were significant statistically. Conclusion: The findings of this study may provide useful assistance in development of effective nursing interventions for prevention and management of middle school students' suicidal ideation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of knowledge of hepatitis A, health perception, and health promoting behavior among young and middle-age adult's. Methods: 207 young and middle-age adult's workers living in Gyeonggi-do participated in this study and completed structured questionnaire. The knowledge of hepatitis A was assessed by the questionnaire which researchers developed. Health perception was measured by Health Perception Scale (Ware, 1979) while health promoting behavior was assessed by Lee's(2006) questionnaire. These data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA. Results: The knowledge score of hepatitis A was 9.53; the health perception score was 3.71; the health promoting behavior score was 3.38. There were no significant differences in knowledge of hepatitis A, health perception, and health promoting behaviors. However, A significant correlation was found between health perception and health promoting behaviors. Conclusion: The knowledge of hepatitis A found to be low. Therefore further study needs to develop nursing interventions that could improve knowledge and awareness of hepatitis A.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a resistance band training program on body composition, physical fitness, and health promotion behavior in nursing students. Method: This study has a one-group pretest-posttest design to examine the change in body composition, physical fitness, and health-promoting lifestyle profile after participation in the resistance band training program. Training consisted of hands-based exercises using an elastic resistance band for ten weeks. Participants performed the resistance band training two days per week with a sports trainer, and 30 minutes self-training three days per week. The participants were 21 freshmen in nursing. Results: Mean age of the participants was 20.9 years, and 61.9% were not satisfied with their body shape. After the training program, muscle mass, muscular endurance, and balance of the body were significantly improved. In health promoting lifestyle profile, categories of physical activity, health responsibility, and stress management showed a significant increase. Conclusion: Results of this study suggested that exercising with a resistance band improved body composition, physical fitness, and health promoting behavior in the nursing students. We propose that resistance band training should be suitable for those who have the environment with limitation of time and space.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to examine premenstrual symptoms (PMS) according to physical activity of high school girls. Method: Data were collected from 323 high school girls using structured questionnaires, Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and AVOVA. Results: The mean score of PMS was low (2.200.81). Among the subcategories, negative feeling (2.491.26) was the highest. Physical activity levels were coded as inactive, minimal activity and health enhancing physical activity, among which minimal activity (53.0%) was the highest. Significant differences in PMS were observed according to subjective health condition (F=10.83, p<.001), alcohol intake (t=-1.99, p=.048), caffeine intake (F=3.04, p=.029), dietary habit (F=4.78, p=.009), amount of menstruation (F=4.57, p=.011), discomfort in daily life (F=28.94, p<.001), degree of menstrual pain (F=41.23, p<.001), method of menstrual pain relief (F=4.29, p=.015), and family history (F=11.45, p<.001). Significant difference in PMS was observed according to the physical activity level (F=3.12, p=.046), and health enhancing physical activity (2.540.87) was the highest. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PMS intervention programs would be considered factors related to PMS. Conduct of further studies is recommended for evaluation of the relationship between physical activity and PMS.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to identify factors that influence depression for low-income elderly who live at home from the International Classification of Functioning model (ICF). Methods: The subjects were 205 elderly people living at home in two public health centers located in metropolitan cities. Subjects were divided according to their depression scores, which were measured using the GDS-short form, including normal, risk, and depression groups. Each variable was consistent with factors of the ICF model, including health condition, individual factors, environmental factors, body function, activities, and participation. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. ANOVA, $x^2$, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Multinomial logistic regression with IBM SPSS 21.0 were used for analysis of the data. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed among normal, risk, and depression groups regarding personal factors. Gender, education level, numbers of diseases, perceived health, life satisfaction, and social support were identified as the variables that had a significant impact on depression of low-income elderly living at home. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that there is a need for construction and implementation of strategies that strengthen life satisfaction and social support in order to lower depression of low-income elderly.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing suicidal ideation in male baby boomers. Methods: This was a descriptive survey study. Data were collected from December, 2012 to June, 2013 from 194 participants. The instruments used included a suicidal ideation questionnaire, somatic symptoms scale, spiritual well-being scale, communication with spouse scale, and social support scale. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: Suicidal ideation was influenced by learning needs on psychological coping, somatic symptoms, existential spiritual well-being, and communication with spouse. Somatic symptoms (${\beta}$=.39, p<.001), existential spiritual well-being (${\beta}$=-.20, p=.009), learning needs on psychological coping (${\beta}$=.16, p=.008), and communication with spouse (${\beta}$=-.15, p=.031) accounted for 37% regarding suicidal ideation in male baby boomers. Conclusion: We found an association of lower levels of existential spiritual well-being and communication with spouse, higher suicidal ideation. Higher suicidal ideation was also observed in people who had no learning needs on psychological coping compared with those who had. Based on the outcomes of this study, design of an intervention program that emphasizes existential spiritual well-being and communication with spouse is necessary in order to decrease suicidal ideation in male baby boomers.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to describe the process of appearance management with esthetic treatment and for development of a substantive theory that explains lifestyle in female college students. Methods: The participants were seven students who had undergone a surgical procedure with LASEK, cosmetic, and wearing orthodontic brackets. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using grounded theory in Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results: The core category, 'discovering factors of social opportunities' incorporated the relationship between and among all categories and explained the process. Theses processes were categorized acording to four stages: 'facing appearance stress', 'screening medical information', 'applying esthetic treatment', and 'restoring self-confidence'. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate an understanding and profound insight on the issue of psycho-social health promotion in young female.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to prove related practice factors of handwashing with soap and its practices by students in South Korea. Method: The subjects consisted of 700 students. Data were collected in Sep 2013 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results: Total number of handwashing times was 7.5 per day. 65.1% of the students used soap and most of the students washed their hands for 20 seconds(31.1%). Self-evaluation, awareness of effect for prevention of infectious disease, and need for handwashing education were positive, but evaluation of toilet environment was negative. Most of the students washed their hands for 21 seconds(%), and methods of handwashing were not appropriate. Level of awareness was over 85% in most items. Practice differed significantly according to locations, pattern of school, self-evaluation, awareness of effect for prevention of infectious disease, need for education handwashing, and toilet environment. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the students learned methods of handwashing for its practice in South Korea, and they were considered as general characteristics of handwashing from students. In addition, results mentioned above will be reflected in development of educational programs for improvement of handwashing efficiency.