Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the moderating effect of smartphone addiction on the relationship between interpersonal problem and depression. Methods: From 21 to 30 May 2013, a convenience sample of 192 subjects was recruited. Research data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: Scores for female students were higher than those for male students in smartphone addiction, interpersonal peoblems and depression. The average BDI score was 6.6. There were 29(15.1%), 11(5.7%), 8(4.0%), and 6(3.1%) students with mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. Significant positive correlation between smartphone addiction, interpersonal problems and depression. The moderating effect of smartphone addiction on the relationship between interpersonal problems and depression was significant. Conclusion: Smartphone addiction plays a role as a moderating variable influencing the relationship between interpersonal problems and depression, and also increases the effect of interpersonal problems on depression. When developing depression prevention programs for college students, such programs should consider strategies to decrease smartphone addiction and increase direct interpersonal relationship, and female students in particular should be included in such programs.

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of CPR education on the knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy of elementary and middle school teachers. Methods: After obtaining informed consent from participants, data were collected from 75 teachers receiving training in emergency care using questionnaires before and after education. Data were analyzed using percentage, paired t-test, and correlation. Results: The knowledge and self-efficacy scores were the middle level and the scores for attitude were the upper middle level. The knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores at posttest were significantly higher than those at pretest. Conclusion: Teachers should receive CPR education regularly, so that they can acquire the knowledge, attitude, and practical ability of CPR.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the aging anxiety, factors of successful aging, and preparation for aging in early and late middle-aged people. Methods: The study subjects were 140 middle-aged people aged from 40 to 59. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from August 16 to September 30, 2013. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test and Pearson correlation coefficient using IBM SPSS 21.0 program. Results: Between early and late middle age, there were statistically significant differences in the subcategories of aging anxiety: fear of loss (t=2.93, p=.004), fear of old people (t=-2.33, p=.021), physical appearance (t=2.32, p=.022), and psychological concerns (t=2.04, p=.043). A statistically significant difference was found between two groups in one subscale of preparation for aging: physical preparation (t=-2.02, p=.045). In early midlife, significant associations were observed between preparation for aging and both aging anxiety (r=.56, p<.001) and factors of successful aging (r=.54, p<.001). In late midlife, preparation for aging and factors of successful aging showed positive correlation (r=.50, p<.001) Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that programs for successful transition to old age in middle-aged people should consider their aging anxiety level and preparation for aging at their stage of life.

Purpose: This study examined the characteristics of preparation to perform activities of suicide prevention according to professional type. Methods: A structural survey was conducted from Dec. 10, 2012 to Jan. 4, 2013 for 355 participants working at suicide prevention institutions in S city. The data were analyzed in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: Self-evaluation knowledge of characteristics was a significant distance depending on education and economic status. Participants were classified according to four groups based on professional type; public health nurse, social worker, fire officer, and administrative staff. Significant differences in experiences in suicide, the several items of self-evaluation knowledge, and the preparation to perform activities of suicide prevention were observed according to professional type (p<.05). Correlation among the experience, self-evaluation knowledge and preparation to perform activities of suicide prevention showed a positive correlation in public health nurse, social worker, and administrative staff (p<.05). In all professional types, the variable that predicted preparation to perform activities of suicide prevention was self-evaluation knowledge (p<.001). Conclusion: Tailor-made suicide prevention programs that affect changes in preparation to perform activities of suicide prevention should be developed by professional types.

Purpose: This study was considered in order to identify the factors affecting healthcare utilization by Asian immigrants in the United States. Methods: From February to April 2011, a descriptive survey study was conducted in a convenience sample of 250 Korean and Asian Indian immigrants aged between 40 and 64 in the Triangle area of North Carolina. An author-developed instrument was used to assess predisposing, enabling, and need factors according to Anderson's Behavioral Model of Health Services. Utilization Data analysis was performed by $X^2$-test, t-test, and binary logistic regression. Results: Participants' healthcare services experiences were significantly different when they had a longer stay in the U.S., had been employed, had higher income, were Asian Indians, had better English-speaking skills, better health status, more knowledge of health system and health insurance, had higher satisfaction with the healthcare system, and when they were taking prescribed medications and having health insurance. The strongest association with experience of healthcare services was having health insurance with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 15.37 (95% CI 4.95-47.71, p<.001) and self-reported English proficiency (OR=1.99, 95% CI 1.00-3.96, p=.05). Conclusion: Intervention strategies to increase accessibility to healthcare services should focus on these significant predictors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure suicidal ideation and to investigate the affecting factors in male baby boomers using Korea Health Panel Data 2011. Methods: The Korea Health Panel Data 2011 were collected from June to December 2011 by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and National Health Insurance Corporation and included 908 people who responded to the question regarding suicidal ideation. The data were analyzed by chi-square and multiple logistic regression using SPSS WIN 20.0 program. Results: The ratio of suicidal ideation was 6.1% in male baby boomers. Affecting factors of suicidal ideation in male baby boomers showed that presence of depression, frustrating experience, and regular diet had more suicidal ideation by 10.90 times (CI 5.14-23.18), 7.78 times (CI 1.98-30.51), 3.38 times (CI 1.65-6.90), respectively. Conclusion: This study is meaningful as an attempt to measure suicidal ideation and to analyze affecting factors with suicidal ideation in male baby boomers. Further study including careful and thorough examination may be needed.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a community based participatory program in obese middle-aged women. Methods: One-group pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects were 35 middle-aged women. Data were collected at public health centers in Chungcheongnam-Do from March to May, 2013. To evaluate the effect of the program, physiological indexes(body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, visceral fat area) and health behavior indexes(dietary practice guidelines score, moderate physical activity, drinking frequency) were measured. Analysis was performed using a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: After the program, physiological indexes (BMI, BFM, SMM, VFA) and health behavior indexes (dietary guidelines scores, frequency of physical activity, drinking frequency) were significantly improved. Conclusion: The community based participatory obesity program by public health centers is considered to be effective. Therefore, greater effort is needed for better participatory program development of several health promoting fields, and more research is needed in order to examine a continuous effect.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate impact of sexual knowledge and sexual self-efficacy on sexual autonomy in middle school students in a rural area. Methods: With a cross-sectional descriptive design, 236 second-grade students were recruited from 4 middle schools using convenience sampling. The instrument was a self-administered questionnaire on sexual knowledge, sexual self-efficacy, and sexual autonomy. Data were analyzed using 2-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression. Results: Results showed significant positive correlations among sexual knowledge, sexual self-efficacy, and sexual autonomy. Sexual self-efficacy and sexual knowledge explained 37% of the variance in sexual autonomy. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that it is relevant to address sexual self-efficacy as well as sexual knowledge in order to increase sexual autonomy in middle school students. Further studies are warranted to investigate these variables with a larger sample and for development and validation of interventions to enhance sexual self-efficacy and sexual autonomy in middle school students.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to identify consumption status, risk awareness and experience of adverse effects of high caffeine energy drink among university students. Methods: This study was a descriptive survey including 270 students in 2 universities and 7 colleges in D metropolitan city. Consumption Status, Risk Awareness and Experience of Adverse Effects of High-Caffeine Energy Drink tools were developed by literature review. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics and $x^2$-test. Results: In the results, 86.7% of the students had previous experience of energy drink consumption and male students and smokers had more experience of energy drink consumption than female students and nonsmokers. The reason of energy drink consumption was increasing alertness for studying. 45.7% of the students were aware of the risk of high caffeine energy drink and the first risk was sleep disturbance. 51.1% of students were experienced adverse effects, mainly palpitation and sleeplessness. Conclusion: The results suggest a need to increase awareness of adverse effects and potential risks of high caffeine energy drink consumption in university students. In addition, university and government should provide education and campaigns to prevent excessive high caffeine energy drink consumption.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of job-seeking stress, career decision-making self-efficacy and self-esteem on subjective happiness of university students. Methods: The participants were 281 university students in D city. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 19.0 using one-way ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Results: Subjective happiness showed positive association with career decision-making self-efficacy, self-esteem and negative association with job-seeking stress. Factors that had an influence on subjective happiness were monthly family income (less than two million won ${\beta}$=-.263, p<.001, between two million won and four million won ${\beta}$=-.207, p<.001), major satisfaction (very unsatisfied ${\beta}$=-.221, p<.001, satisfied ${\beta}$=.161, p=.003), gender (female ${\beta}$=-.154, p=.005), subjective health (unhealthy ${\beta}$=-.134, p=.013), and school year (sophomore ${\beta}$=-.123, p=.024). These factors explained 22.6% of the variance in their subjective happiness. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that more positive career decision-making self-efficacy, self-esteem and more negative job-seeking stress were needed for their subjective happiness. This study also indicated that economic status, major satisfaction, gender, and subjective health were very important in predicting their subjective happiness. Thus, to improve their happiness, it would be necessary to consider both intrinsic factors such as major satisfaction and extrinsic factors such as general characteristics.