Purpose: The principal objective of this study was to identify correlations among elder image, self-efficacy and burden among family caregivers caring for elders with chronic disease. Methods: A total of 187 primary family caregivers caring for frail elders over 65 years of age participated in this study. The data were collected using the Elder Image Scale (EIS), the Self-Efficacy Scale (SES), and the Burden Scale (BS). Correlational analysis was utilized to determine the relationship between EIS, SES, and BS. Results: EIS scores and SES scores were correlated at r=-.188(p=.010), indicating a significant negative relationship between elder image and self-efficacy. SES scores were negatively correlated with the BS scores (r=-.328, p=.000). EIS scores were correlated significantly with BS scores (r=.298, p=.000). Conclusion: These findings support the assertion that perceptions of elders and belief about caregivers themselves are associated with burden.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to analyze the factors that influence alcohol use disorder in elders in KyongBuk province. The results of the study will provide basic information for the development of nursing interventions to promote proper alcohol use in elders. Methods: The subjects were 626 elderly individuals. Alcohol use disorder was defined as a score of more than 15 point on the AUDIT-K(Korean version of Alcohol Use Identification Test). Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, ANOVA and logistic regression were utilized to analyze the data. Results: Overall incidence of alcohol use disorder level; normal 73.2%, problem drinking 7.5% and alcohol use disorder 19.3%. Significant factors affecting alcohol use disorder were sex (OR=6.897), religious belief (OR=1.836), smoking (OR=2.948), liver disease (OR=4.753) and depression (OR=1.779). Conclusion: Community health care nurses perform a crucial function in the screening of elderly alcoholics. Early detection and treatment of depression in elders may help to prevent alcoholism.

Purpose: To investigate the degree of pain, and to identify barriers to and satisfaction with pain management, in an effort to provide baseline data for effective pain management interventions. Methods: The study design was descriptive and correlational. A total of 100 cancer patients who were cared for at home participated in this study. Questions regarding self-rated pain, as well as barriers to and satisfaction with pain management were included in the study instruments. The data were collected by nurses using a face-to-face interview method in May of 2008. Results: Thirty six percent of the participants were in their 70's and 18.0% suffered from cancer of the large intestine. The usual degree of pain was reported as 3.43 out of 10 points, and the study patients were generally moderately satisfied with their pain management (M=$3.15{\pm}0.78$; range, 1-5). The mean barrier score was $3.24{\pm}0.52$ (range, 1-5) and concerns regarding the progress of cancer was the most highly evaluated barrier. There was a negative relationship between the degree of pain and satisfaction with pain management, and between barriers to and satisfaction with pain management. Conclusion: The precise evaluation of pains is crucial to the proper management of pain, and the education and promotion of proper pain management practices may help to overcome barriers to pain management for cancer patients.

Purpose: To assess the health behavior practices and related factors among married women teachers. Methods: A descriptive correlation research design was employed. The subjects were 216 married women teachers who were conveniently sampled from 14 elementary schools, two middle schools and one high school. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and were analyzed via $x^2$-test, t-test, and logistic regression. Results: In terms of health behavior practices, 48.8% of subjects exercised more than once per week, 61.9% were consumers of alcohol, all of the subjects were non-smokers, 39.5% practiced healthy eating habit and 35.5% got an appropriate amount of sleep. In our logistic regression analysis, the significant factors affecting exercise practice were marriage years, and personality type. Factors affecting alcohol consumption were school grade and factors affecting eating habit were personality type, and school grade. Age was the only factor influencing adequate sleeping hours. Conclusion: We determined that each of the health behavior practices of married women teachers varied considerably in accordance with age, personality type, school grade, duration of work, and job stress, job satisfaction. The findings provide information that should be useful for the development of an integrated health promotion program for married women teachers.

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of an 8-session health education program to promote the health of married immigrant women. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was employed. The subjects included 36 female marriage immigrant women (17 in the experimental group and 19 in the control group) who agreed to participate in this study. The intervention involved 8 sessions with a partnership strategy and was led by Public Health Nurses and the researcher. Our analysis included descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: The results revealed significant mean differences in terms of self-efficacy between the two groups. The mean of their self-efficacy was higher in the experimental group than in the control group, whereas there no mean differences were detected between the two groups in terms of health knowledge and self-esteem. Additionally, the knowledge of the immigrant women was correlated with their self-efficacy. Conclusion: The 8-session health education program was found to have an effect on self-efficacy, even with the limitations to methodological rigors posed by the subject-specific conditions. In the future, health education materials written in the native language of such women will need to be develop. Additionally, repeated studies will be required that involve randomized controlled trials characterized by better methodological strength and strategies to enhance participants’ interests and motives.

Purpose: The principal objective of this study was to assess correlations among the self-efficacy, social support networks, and health behavior of undergraduate students. Methods: The data were collected via questionnaires that investigated self- efficacy, social support networks, health behaviors, health-related factors, and general characteristics. A total of 310 subjects were selected and evaluated for a 3-week period. The data of 300 subjects were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation, after 10 questionnaires had been excluded due to incomplete data. Results: We noted significant differences and impacts on self-efficacy according to the grade, perceived health status, and BMI. Social support networks differed significantly according to dwelling type and pocket money. Health behavior differed depending on the gender, major, dwelling type, religion, health status, and BMI. We noted a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy & social support networks, and between social support networks & health behavior, but we noted no significant correlation between self-efficacy & health behavior. Conclusion: Health care providers should focus on self-efficacy and social support networks in order to prevent bad health behavior among undergraduates.

Purpose: The principal objective of this study was to assess the relationships of depression, fatigue, BMI, and health locus of control between urban and rural female middle school students. Methods: The study subjects included 377 girls in randomly-sampled middle schools in urban and rural provinces. The data were collected via self-recorded questionnaires from April 21.- to May 2. 2008, and analyzed using the SPSS Win 12.0 program. Results; 1) The mean score of depression was $10.22{\pm}5.72$ (urban), $10.81{\pm}4.92$ (rural). 2) The mean fatigue score was $50.43{\pm}1.57$ (urban), $51.90{\pm}9.70$ (rural). 3) BMI was classified into 3 groups: leptosomic, normal weight, and obesity groups. The mean BMI score was $18.73{\pm}2.05$ (Seoul), and $20.31{\pm}3.26$ (provincial). 4) The internal locus of control was higher than the external locus of control (urban). 5) Fatigue was correlated with depression (r=.512, p=.000) in both areas. The health locus of control was correlated with Fatigue (r=.153, p=.042) in province. Conclusion: An effective program to reduce the levels of fatigue and depression for middle school girls and to maintain normal weight is required. In particular, the high-risk depression group can be managed through community mental health care center deep interviews, and close observation.

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to conduct assessments of health education status and needs in health education programs in child daycare centers. Methods: An 11-subject instrument was developed to assess health education for children. The Cronbach's alpha of the importance and implementation were found to be .904 and .862. A survey was conducted by mail using a sample of 337 teachers who were working in 71 child daycare centers in a district in Seoul. Results: 26.5% of the respondents reported that they teach health education regularly, and 19.3% of them reported never teach health education. Deficits of material, knowledge, and skill were the principal reasons for difficulties in health education. All of the respondents identified a need for health education, and also that health professionals are the most appropriate people to teach health education. The priorities of needed health education were, in order: sex education, information on community health, and mental health. Conclusion: Health education programs for preschoolers should be developed by health professionals. In health education programs, environmental health should be included, as well as health and illness education.

Purpose: In order to assess the effects of smoking cessation counseling provided by a public health center in terms of smoking temptation, smoking cessation self-efficacy, and satisfaction with smoking cessation counseling, and also to provide baseline data for the improvement of smoking cessation counseling programs. Methods: A total of 52 current and former smokers who utilized smoking cessation counseling provided by the health center at least once participated in this study. Using a self-report survey method, data were collected in November 2005. Results: The mean age and duration of smoking of the participants were 49 and 28 years, respectively. Seventy-one percent had experienced smoking cessation trials prior to using the counseling services, and most of the participants had utilized smoking cessation counseling less than 5 times. Mean scores of temptation, self-efficacy, and satisfaction with counseling were $3.39{\pm}0.75,\;3.80{\pm}0.66$, and $4.38{\pm}0.55$ (range,1-5), respectively. The participants were largely vulnerable to smoking temptations under conditions of anxiety or stress. The duration of counseling was associated negatively with smoking temptation, but was associated positively with self-efficacy. Conclusion: To help adopt and maintain smoking cessation, smoking cessation counseling should emphasize methods for coping with smoking temptations and to increase smoking cessation self-efficacy in various tempting situations.

Purpose: The principal objective of this study was to assess the topics and research methods of smoking-related research and to suggest future research directions. Methods: The subjects of this study were smoking research articles supported by the National Health Promotion Funds from 1998 to 2007. A total of 41 articles were selected and analyzed from 1999 to 2005 using the frameworks such as topics, subjects contents, subjects, research field, and research design. Results: The most frequent topic of smoking-related research was the development & evaluation of educational programs for smoking prevention and smoking cessation (34.1%). The majority of the research subjects were adults (42.2%) and adolescents (35.9%). 31.7% of the total research researches was conducted at the nationwide population level. The most popular research design was the descriptive study (36.6%) in the non-experimental studies and nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design(19.5%) in the experimental study studies. Conclusion: The topics of smoking research should be planned under governmental strategies for decreasing to a 30% reduction in of smoking rates, as established in the 2010 Health Plan. With regard to the methodological aspects, longitudinal and nationwide research was first required so that we could plan an evidence-based program for smoking prevention and smoking cessation.