Objectives : Based on the analysis of Yin-Yang[음양] characteristics and symptoms, each person is classified into Yin-Yang. Also the validity of the result is statistically analized. Methods : From Feb. to May. 2003, the data were collected through a questionnaire given to 690 patients. The questionnaire was composed of 34 items which were about personality, habit, sweat, response to coldness, thirst, bowel, urine, physical shape, and menstruation for women only. SD(Semantic Differential Technique) used for each item, each item is measured as a contrast of two opposite symptoms. Reliability analysis was used to select items and categories. Based on means of items in each category the Yin-Yang index was developed. The validity of Yin-Yang index was investigated using classification and clustering analysis. In statistical analysis, SPSS V10.0.7 PC was used. Results : The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1) We constructed Yin-Yang index based on the middle point of the sum of categorical means. Then we classified each person into Yin or Yang. 2) To investigate the validity of the distribution of personal Yin-Yang degree, the crosstabulation of results from clustering and classification was used. The hit ratio for classification was much higher than Maximum Chance Criterion($C_{max}$), and concurrence in crosstabulation was successful. Therefore we can infer that the distribution of Yin-Yang was valid. Conclusions : Based on Yin-Yang characteristics and symptoms, we was analyzed personal degree of Yin-Yang, and confirmed the validity of its distribution. Therefore this index can be used further for Bian-Zheng [변증] and classification of the constitution.

Objectives : We aimed to identify the effects of Heechum-san(HCS) On the thrombosis. Methods : We measured the protective effects of HCS on pulmonary thromboembolism induced by collagen and epinephrine, intravascular coagulation induced by dextran. Results : HCS showed a effective inhibition on coagulation of platelets induced by ADP or epinephrine. HCS showed survival rate of 14.28% on pulmonary thrombo- embolism caused by collagen and epinephrine. On the measure of the blood flow rate induced by the thrombus, in vivo HCS accelerated the blood flow rate. Conclusions : HCS has antithrombotic effects.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the relationship between iridological constitution and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 $\beta$) gene polymorphism. Methods : Iris constitution were diagnosed by automatic Iris analysis system, Bexel Irina(Korea). The blood was stored at - $20^{\circ}$... until it was ready to be extracted. The genomic DNA was extracted by inorganic procedure. The concentration of DNA was estimated by absorbance at 260 nm. The interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 $\beta$) gene polymorphism was detected by PCR amplification. Results & Conclusions : The author classified 166 individuals according to Iris constitution, and determined IL-1 $\beta$ genotype. The frequencies of Iris constitutions as follows : neurogenic type, 41 (24.7%); abdominal connective tissue weakness type, 53(31.9%); cardio-renal connective tissue weakness type, 50 (30.1%); the others type, 22 (13.3%). Especially, the frequency of abdominal connective tissue weakness type was significantly higher in err genotype than in the remaining constitutions. As a result, The author demonstrated the association among IL-1 $\beta$ genotype, IBD and Iris constitution.

Background and Objectives: Aroma therapy using Eucalyptus Globulus essential oil for curing allergic rhinitis is an inhalation treatment which has been applied as an aid to oriental clinics which use a fundamental treatment such as acupuncture and herbs. There have been no studies so far performed on the effect of this oils' use, only . We aimed to find out the therapeutic effect of its exclusive use only on an Animal Model with Allergic Rhinitis. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were induced the allergic rhinitis by ovalbumin solution. And then, rats in the treated group were treated by diffusing Eucalyptus essential oil in a flask for 7 days. Compared with the treated group, rats in the control group were treated by diffusing normal saline in a flask for 7 days. We observed changes in glandular cells and mast cells in nasal mucosa and submucosa; also changes in the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in blood and the succus of rhinenchysis. Results: The number of neutrophils in the succus of rhinenchysis was significantly decreased in treated group compared with control group(p<0.05). The number of neutrophils in blood and mast cells in nasal mucosa were decreased in the treated group but, these were not significant statistically(p>0.05). Histologic changes showed edema; congestion and expansion of grandular cells in nasal submucosa and hypertrophy of epithelium in nasal mucosa were decreased in treated group compared with control group. Conclusions: The results may suggest that the inhalation treatment using Eucalyptus essential oil decreases the inflammatory response on an Animal Model with Allergic Rhinitis.

Objectives: This paper is to investigate what effects Yeonryunggobondan and Palmijihwangtang have on postponing senility in rat fibroblasts, heart-endothelial cells, mesangial cells. Methods: 1. In vitro Yeonryunggobondan and Palmijihwangtang controlled the growth of fibroblasts, heart-endothelial cells, mesangial cells, extended the PDT of them. 2. After feeding rats the drugs for 2 months, the fibroblasts, heart-endothelial cells, mesangial cells were cultured. Results: 1) In fibroblasts the PDN was incresed and the PDT was decreased at passage-1, 2 by Yeonryunggobondan and Palmijihwangtang(p<0.05). 2) In heart-endothelial cells the PDN was incresed and the PDT was decreased at passage 8 by Yeonryunggobondan and Palmijihwangtang(p<0.05). 3) In mesangial cells the PDN was increased and the PDT was decreased at passage 4 by Yeonryunggobondan, the PDN was incresed at passage 4 by Palmijihwangtang(p<0.05). Conclusions: It is concluded that both Yeonryunggobondan and Palmijihwangtang maybe be conductive to protect and delay the senescence of rat fibroblasts, heart-endothelial cells, mesangial cells.

Objectives : We have examined the relaxational response to the water extract of genus Panax in rat thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery. Methods : Segments of thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery obtained from rats immediately after delivery were mounted in organ baths superfused on a polygraph. Results : We found that the thoracic aorta segments responded to the water extract of genus Panax with a dose-dependent vasorelaxation. At $10^{-5}m$ 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT), the maximal contraction force were 94.9% of the maximum KCl-response. At $10^{-5}m$ 5-HT - induced contraction, The contractile response of thoracic aortic rings were inhibited by 54.7%, 36.3% and 31.3% after addition of the high concentration (100 mg/ml) of water extract of Panax ginseng, Panax japonicus and Panax quinquefolium. The contractile response of mesenteric arteries were inhibited by 88.3%, 87.7%, and 70.3% after addition of the high concentration (100 mg/ml) of water extract of Panax ginseng, Panax japonicus and Panax quinquefolium. Conclusions : In conclusion, water extract of genus Panax - induced relaxation in the isolated rat thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery were composed of endothelium - independent relaxation and dose - dependent relaxation.

Objectives : he purpose of this study was to examine the genetic variations and changes of gene expression in the human constitutions. Methods : To analysis variations of individual gene expression, we had selected three groups of volunteers. In each group have a typical constitutional characteristics. By this rime we are analyzed their gene expression patterns by using DNA chip. Results : we can acquire a new information of standard for human constitutions. 1. The 21 genes under express and 3 genes over express in So-Yang constitution 2. The 18 genes under express and 18 genes over express in So-Eum constitution 3. The 16 genes under express and 2 genes over express in Tae-Eum constitution Conclusions : Constitution, QSCCII, Character, Genome, DNA chip.

The theory of liver by Jang suk-sun[張錫純] is that first, although liver exists at right side of body and spleen at left anatomically, function of liver presents at left side of body and function of spleen at right based on principle of 'interdependence between eum and yang' and 'join strength with elasticity', and in the relation between liver and spleen, if gi of spleen ascends, gi of liver also ascends, and if gi of stomach descents, gi of gall bladder also descents. So. care of spleen and stomach becomes main point in treating disease of liver. The meaning of 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation'[肝主氣化] is that first, it raises the primordial gi and forms the 'great g' for it's circulation of whole body. Second., it excretes the functional activity of gi and connects heart with kidney and guides the evaporation of the whole body by connecting innate nature with acquired nature. Third, 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation' is realized by the help of spleen and stomach. And he said that this functional activity of gi is one of distinctive features that distinguish Oriental medicine from Western medicine. He discoursed upon physiology of 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation' and 'the Body belonged to yin and the Use belonged to yang' after seeing an evil of abusing drugs that calm the liver and check hyperfunction of liver by contemporary doctors. And he established a treat of 'warming and recuperating the gi of liver' [溫補肝氣法] and used it for symptoms of 'deficiency of liver-gi'[肝氣虛], 'exhaution of liver-gi'[肝氣脫], and 'the liver-cold'[肝寒證].

The GyoJungEuiSeoGuk(교정의서국, the bureau for revising of medical books) which was established in the 2nd year of InJong GaWoou of Song dynasty, made comparative analyzation about various kinds of publication and reference materials of all classical medical books that was published until Jin Han and Su Dang dynasty, revised the medical books like as Bozushinnongboncho(보주신농본초), Zungkwangbojuhwangjenegyungsomun(중황보주황제내경소문), Shanghanlon(상한론), Bigupchunggumyobang (비급천금요방), Magkyung (맥경), Hwangjechimgugapeulgyung(황제침구갑을경), Oedaebiyo (외대비요), Chunggumikbang(천금익방) etc. The signification of such revision was not only to preserve the materials which may be lost before, bibliographically and also make the books of Hwangjenegyung(황제내경), Shanghanlon(상한론) etc. become more regularly. And it made the foundation of Korean Medical research depends on the documentary records so as to make it have big development by deductive method till the beginning of modem age. The success of GyoJungEuiSeoGuk indicates that the stagnation of Korean Medical research due to $it^{circ}{\Phi}s$ behind with the development of politics-economy, social culture and scientific technology which based on western scientific culture. So we may draw the conclusion that the success of scientific research needs to parallel with the external and internal factors of the surrounding science.

Objective : To assess the clinical efficacy of Yangkyuksanwha-tang on acute stroke Methods : We prescribed Yangkyuksanwha-tang to 83 acute stroke patients without thrombolytic treatment. Results : The rate of progressive stroke type was 1.2%, it was remarkably lower than previous reports. 3.6% felt an itching sensation, 3.6% complained headache, dizziness and powerless, 2.4% complained indigestion and diarrhea, 1.2% appeared hematuria and G-I bleeding. Yangkyuksanwha-tang decreased Stroke-Pattern Identification and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS), and increased Modified Barthel Index(MBI). So we could suggest that this medicine have desirable effect to reduce the severity of stroke and improve functional recovery. As to the laboratory findings, all results were within the normal value, which showed no hepatic or renal toxicity. Conclusion : We could suggest that Yangkyuksanwha-tang is a useful medicine which has clinical efficacy for acute stroke, but further investigation for an administration of more than 2 weeks is necessary.

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate effect of Samul-tang-gamibang against focal cerebral ischemic damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO). Methods : This research was used rats which were against focal cerebral ischemic damage by MCAO. It was used Zea Longa's theory and Belayev's methods to give rise to focal cerebral ischemic damage by MCAO. After 7days later, we drew out the brain and then had frozen and dyeing it and we had taken a picture to measure of the damaged area in each brain section. We determined the Neurological Index and tested the Foot-fault test and Roatated test to appraise the fall of motion ability result from cerebral ischemic damage. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced infarct size of sample group compared to control group at 7 day after MCAO. 2. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced infarct volume of sample group compared to control group at 7 day after MCAO. 3. Samul-tang-gamibang reduced foot-fault index of sample group compared to control group at 5,7 day after MCAO. Conclusions : Samul-tang-gamibang has protective effects against ischemic brain damage and had significant reduced infarct size and infarct volume of Rt-MCAO.

Objective: The purpose of this clinical observation was to estimate the efficacy of Quetong & Voice on the abatement of subjective symptoms related nose & pharynx. Methods: We observed 46 patients who visited Kang-Nam oriental hospital with subjective symptoms related nose & pharynx that were prescribed Quetong or Voice. We made an inquiry into the inconvenience, side effect, abatement of subjective symptoms, etc. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results and Conclusions: 1. The distribution of age & sex was as fallows: 21-30 years(34.8%) were the most, 31-40 years(26.1 %) were the second, 1-10 years(24.0%) were the third. Total patient numbers for men and women were 15 men(32.6%), 31 women(67.4%). 2. The distribution of prescribed aerosols for 46 patients: 5 cases(10.9%) prescribed Quetong, 22 cases(47.9%) prescribed Voice, and 19 cases(41.3%) prescribed Quetong & Voice. 3. The duration of use: 12 cases(26.1 %) used 1 week, 19 cases(41.3%) used 1-2 weeks, 9 cases(19.6%) used 2-4 weeks, 4 cases(8.7%) used 4-8 weeks, and 2 cases(4.3%) used above 8 weeks. 4. The frequency of use: The most patients used 1-5 times(69.6%) or 5-10 times(21.7%) for a day. 5. Quetong & Voice were effective on abatement of subjective symptoms(rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, pharyngalgia, sneeze or cough, post nasal drip, pharyngeal pruritus, pharyngeal dryness, nasal dryness, and globus hystericus). 6. We must prescribe Quetong to the child or the sensitive patients with discretion becouse of the sting. 7. The side effect was not occurred in all of 46 patients.

Objectives : To document the use and out-of-pocket expenditure of complementary and alternative medicine(CAM) in Korean adult population. Methods : Nationwide, random-sampled, and population-weighted telephone survey was conducted. The sample size of respondents was 1,000(age over 18). The respondents were asked about their use, out-of pocket expenditure of CAM in the past 12 months. SAS 8.0 statistic package was used for checking the relevance between each variables by performing $x^2-test$ and variance evaluation. Results : In 2001, 64.0% of people experienced more than one alternative therapy and the beneficiary took therapy average figure of 2.07. Alternative therapies were generally used for health promotion(73.7%) rather than curing the disease(26.3%). The most common therapies included Medication(30.2%), Physical-therapy(21.9%) health implements(20.8%), herb medication(19.2%), diet therapy(14.3%) etc. Average annual out-of-pocket expenditure was ￡<192,186. Use varied according to age, living province, income, and education, while cost expenditure did according to sex, health condition, income, education. Conclusions : The use of CAM in Korea is very large and the expenditure for them is 22.6% of national medical expenditure. It shows great need of political and academic approach.

Backgrounds : Androgenetic alopecia is a relatively common disorder, but its precise mechanism is not elucidated. There are two commercial drugs approved by FDA. One(finasteride) has an inhibition activity of 5$\alpha$-reductase(type 2) and the other(minoxidil) has a vasodilation activity. Objectives : A verified herbal remedy for baldness is needed for medicinal treatment or preventing alopecia, which could be demonstrated by alopecia-related in vitro & in vivo tests Methods : On the basis of oriental pharmacognosy, we classified many herbal medicines into four groups (malnutrition, aging, alopecia and gray hair) according to its effect. The mitosis induction of hairy dermal papillae cell and the metabolic inhibition for type 2 $5{\alpha}-reductase$ were tested with five herbal extracts. Also, five herbal extracts were added to the normal essence formulation (HHRHG0202-80) in ranges of 0.1~0.3%, which was applied two-mouse models to validate each hair growing activity in vivo. Results : Stimulation of follicular papillae cell proliferation was observed in treatment of three herbal extracts (Glycyrrhizae radix:159.7%, Corni fructus : 144.7%, and Coicis semen : 136.6%) at a dose of $10\mu\textrm{g}/ml$. Three herbal extracts (Biotae semen. Glycyrrhizae radix and Coicis semen) showed inhibitory activity for $5{\alpha}-reductase$(type 2) at 93.18%, 73.36% and 47.6%, respectively at the same dose. We observed the enhancement of hair growth activity in C57b1/6 mouse and the inhibition of alopecia in AGA mouse after topical administration of the hair essence. Conclusions : Hair essence product, which contains five medicinal plants, would be used for the remedy for male pattern baldness (MPB) and the other alopecia diseases.

Objectives: Sasang Constitutional Medicine is popularly appliedto treatment in Korea. Constitution is a holistic concept contained internal and external characteristics, and physical traits including ordinary symptoms. Skin is one of constitutional property elements. So we researched a correlation female facial skin and sasang constitution. This is a basic study to find constitution can be a major factor to care and manage skin. Methods: We examined sasang constitution and facial skin condition of 100 healthy women who aged from 30 to 59. Hydration and sebum of facial skin was measured by skin diagnostic instrument and skin type was calculated from the data. Keratin, pore size, acne, and brightness of face was measured by skin magnifying lens and subjective skin troubles in ordinary times was also investigated. Constitution diagnosis and Skin diagnosis was investigated separately as a blind test andthe data was statistically analyzed with chi-square test, Correlation analysis, One-way analysis of variance. Results: 1. In sasang constitution, Taeeumingroup bad significant tendencies of larger hydration and sebum amount, combination degree of forehead and cheek was also higher than other constitutions(p<0.05). 2. Facial skin type was significantly different according to Sasang Constitution, Soeumin and Soyangin had a tendency of dry skin comparatively, but Taeeumin had mainly a tendency of combination skin and secondly dry skin(p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no correlation between age and skin type. 3. In subjective skin trouble, Soeumin group had less acne trouble than Soyangin and Taeeumin group(p<0.1). Pore size trouble was more frequent in Soyangin group than Soeumin group(p<0.05). Keratin trouble was more frequent in Soeumin group than Soyangin and Taeumin group(p<0.1). Conclusions: Korean healthy women's skin condition was different according to sasang constitution.

Objectives : To characterize four types of obesity and to effectively improve the treatment of obesity through Oriental medicine Methods : At 00 Oriental Medical Center, 203 female subjects who intented to lose weight were requested to complete a questionnaire. These participants were also given physical tests. The Questionnaire consisted of questions both about general life style and obesity in oriental medicine framework. The physical tests were blood tests, a body composition via Inbody 2.0, and physical strength tests. One-way analysis of variance was done to compare the means of items and physical tests between four types of obesity. Duncan was used by post hoc test. Results : 1. Significant differences between obesity type III and obesity type IV in ever tried to lose weight, childhood obesity and excercise times were observed in the questionnaire of general life style(p<0.05). 2. Ducan test showed significant differences between four obesity types in diseases (p<0.05). 3. Significant differences between four obesity types in height, % body fat muscular endurance, soft lean mass, fat mass, Trigliceride, Total cholesterol and ${\gamma}-GTP$ were observed (p<0.05). Conclusions : Further clinical research is necessary in the four types of obesity explored. The diagnosis and treatment based on these types should be further studied.

Objective and Methods : This study was performed to evaluate the anticonvulsant, antioxidant effect of modified formulas Korean traditional medicine Cheongsinhwadam-Jeon(CSHDJ). The extract of CSHDJ was administered (p.o.) to mice for 14 days in anticonvulsant and antioxidant tests. Results : The pretreatment of CSHDJ extract prohibited pentylenetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion. In PTZ-induced convulsion, lowered level of brain ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid(GABA) was restored normal state by the pretreatment of CSHDJ. Increased level of brain glutamic acid was lowered to normal state by CSHDJ, and increased activity of brain ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid transaminase(GABA-T) was reduced to normal state by CSHDJ. In PTZ-induced convulsion, increased level of brain lipid peroxide was lowered to normal state by the pretreatment of CSHDJ. Increased activity of brain xanthine oxidase(XOD) was lowered by CSHDJ, and increased activity of brain aldehyde oxidase lowered to normal state by CSHDJ. In PTZ-induced convulsion, increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase in brain were lowered by the pretreatment of CSHDJ, whereas increased level of glutathione and increased activity of gluthathione peroxidase in brain were not changed significantly. Conclusions : Above results suggest that CSHDJ has anticonvulsant, antioxidant effect. That seems to be strongly related with the levels of GABA, glutamate, lipid peroxide and the activities of GABA-T, XOD, aldehyde oxidase, SOD, catalase in brain tissue. From these results, CSHDJ could be applied to various convulsive disorders.

Backgrounds & Methods : Asthma is considered to be chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary eosinophilia. Recently, there has been many researches about asthma. IBS(Irritable Bowel Syndrome), PUD(peptic Ulcer disease) and GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease) are the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies suggest that IBS, PUD and GERD are associated with bronchial hyper-responsiveness and bronchial asthma might be more prevalent in IBS and GERD patients than in control subjects. In addition, there are many comments about the interrelationship between the gastrointestinal problem and asthma in the oriental medical books. Actually, many oriental medical doctors don$^{\circ}$Øt consider the gastrointestinal condition when they deal with the asthmatic patients these days. So, we assessed the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and histories in a cohort of patients with asthmatic symptoms. We evaluated 128 outpatients with asthmatic symptoms(60 males and 68 females, aged 13-75). All subjects enrolled completed the GSRS(Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale). GSRS is an interview based rating scale consisting of 15 items for assessment of gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS and PUD developed by Jan Svedlund. Results : The limit of total score of GSRS in asthmatic patients is zero to 30. The number of patients with no GI symptoms is 66(51.5%). The number of patients with GSRS>5 is 62(48.4%), GSRS>10 is 24(18.8%), GSRS>15 is 8(6.25%). The number of patients with history of gastritis is 54(42.2%), gastric ulcer is 13(10.2%), gastroptosis is 8(6.25%), IBS is 6(4.68%), others is 6(4.68%). Conclusions : This study suggests that patients with bronchial asthma have an significant prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Additional studies are needed to find the mechanism of the association between gastrointestinal symptoms and asthma.

Weight change in the postpartum period is a dominant concern of new mothers recently. Postpartum weight retention has important public health implications as well, because retention of gestational weight can be a significant contributor to longterm obesity and associated health risks. As traditional medical practitioners have managed some problems from postpartum weight retention, use some terms translated in Korean like as postpartumedema, obesity. But those have been not given any discuss objective and with evidences for nomenclature. Now reports review normal postpartum weight loss patterns, as well as risk factors for weight retention, ancient literatures, so practitioners can assist their patients in achieving a healthy postpartum weight.

1. 경막의 차단술 시행시 경막천자로 인해 두통, 이명, 항부강직감, 현운 등의 후유증이 발생할 수 있다. 2. 경막외 차단술 후유증의 증상들은 간신음허로 변증할 수 있다. 3. 경막외 차단술 후유증 동반한 유추간판탈출증 환자에게 음허변증에 기본하여 한방치료한 결과 후유증으로 인한 두통, 이명, 항부강직감 등이 소실되었고, 요통, 하지인통의 추간판탈출증상도 개선되었다.