The depositional characteristics of Busan clay are initially described in this paper. The deposits of the Nakdong River estuary are composed of some different layers, which have been affected by marine transgression and regression. The upper clay layer is thick and soft. The lower clay layer and some depth of the upper clay layer have been leached by artesian pressure existing in an aquifer below. The clay shows unique physical and engineering characteristics due to leaching. Several large-scale reclamation projects have been performed in this delta area. The preloading method using long vertical drains has been applied for soft ground improvement. Experiences obtained from ground improvement are mentioned in connection with the depositional characteristics of the clay layers.

A new type bridge combining an integral bridge and a pair of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) retaining walls having full-height rigid (FHR) facings, called the GRS integral bridge, is proposed. The geosynthetic reinforcement layers are connected to the FHR facings (i.e., RC parapets) that are integrated with a girder without using any girder-support. GRS integral bridges are basically much more cost-effective in construction and long-term maintenance while having a much higher seismic stability than conventional-type bridges having a girder via movable and fixed supports on a pair of cantilever abutments. GRS integral bridges are better than bridges using GRS retaining walls as abutments and also than conventional integral bridges with unreinforced backfill. To validate the above, a series of static cyclic lateral loading tests of the facing and a series of shaking table tests were performed on smallscaled models of different bridge types.

Currently a large number of high rise building projects are under plan and a mega foundation system to support this high load with safety is requiring. The foundation of a highrise building is displaced by the building load, which influence the behavior of a super structure in reverse. In this aspect, the structural interaction analysis between a foundation and a super structure is necessary. In this study, the relationship of a superstructure of building and a foundation has been reviewed, considering the tendency of design from a capacity driven design to a performance design. Two different case studies have been introduced to help understand this relationship in more specific, the first case is the high rise building founded on a mat system on rock and the second is that on large diameter bored piles on soft ground condition.

Two design examples of deep foundations for high-rise buildings on soft ground are introduced in this paper. The first one is a 54-story building in Ho-Chi-Minh city, Vietnam, which was designed to be founded on $2.8m{\times}1.0m$ barrette foundations with approximately 60m to 75m depth. Based on a number of design guides and existing load test data from the construction sites in Ho-Chi-Minh city, the capacity of a barrette foundation in sand or clay layered ground was calculated to be 17.2MN to 27.8MN depending on the installing depth. The second one is a 40-story building in Baku city, Azerbaijan, which was designed to be supported by 2.0m diameter bored pile foundations with approximately 23m depth. As analytical or empirical guides for the local ground conditions were very limited, the design procedure from the SNiP Code, one of Russian specifications, was adopted and used to calculate the pile capacity. The capacity of bored pile foundation in highly weathered soil was expected to be 14.8MN to 15.5MN depending on the boring depth.

The trend of current urban redevelopment and new city development project shows that the superstructure of building is getting larger and higher in consequence of a limited plottage condition and the preference of landmark. For this reason, it is definitely required to extend pile diameter and install the pilein deep foundation to support superstructure. The pile method causes construction-related problems such as increasing quantities, difficulty of storage & transportation material and decreasing design load while construct pile in deep foundation. The Bored Pile method has applied to minimize those problems. As above shown, this article will be presented construction case study of Barrette Pile and R.C.D in order to make a counterproposal for the quality control of a large building foundation work.

Recently, construction of high-rise buildings have been increased all around the world, and their foundation are designed to carry heavy loads form superstructures. For this reason, the use of drilled shafts have been increased, and the proper understanding of drilled shafts have been issued, especially for socket roughness and vertical offsets. In this study, the BKS-LRPS using laser sensor was developed for the measurement of socket roughness and vertical offsets for the first time in Korea. The BKS-LRPS was applied for measuring of socket roughness and also vertical offsets at the specific field sites. Based on this study, BKS-LRPS was successfully applied for measurement of socket roughness and vertical offsets the in the fields, and more appropriate quality control for the vertical offsets have to be needed.

설계 하중이 큰 대형 구조물의 기초로 많이 사용되는 현장타설말뚝은 현장에서 지반을 굴착하여 조립된 철근망을 삽입한 후, 콘크리트를 타설하여 제작되므로 복잡한 시공 과정과 현장의 특수한 지하수 및 지반 조건으로 인하여 현장타설말뚝의 내부에는 결함이 포함될 수 있다. 발생 가능한 대표적인 결함으로 연약한 말뚝 선단, 말뚝체 콘크리트의 품질 저하, 말뚝과 지반의 접촉 불량, 주 철근의 부식 등이 있으며, 이들 결함을 감지하기 위한 건전도 시험법으로 공대공초음파 검층, 충격반향시험, 충격응답시험, 감마-감마 검층법 등이 있다. 결함은 말뚝의 수평지지력을 감소시키며, 일반적으로 발생하는 비대칭단면 결함에 의한 응력 집중현상과 수평 하중에 의한 휨모멘트는 연직지지거동에 영향을 준다. 따라서 결함을 감지하고 평가하는 것이 현장타설말뚝의 품질관리에 있어 매우 중요하다.

Faults are fractures along which there is visible offset by shear displacement parallel to the fracture surface. Faults can occur as single discrete breaks, but where the rock has been repeatedly faulted, or where the rock is especially weak, no discrete break may be evident. What forms instead is a fault zone composed of countless subparallel and interconnecting closely spaced fault surfaces. Faulting is fundamentally a brittle mechanism for achieving shear displacement. At deep crustal levels where rocks tend to deform plastically under conditions of elevated temperature and confining pressure, shear displacement is achieved by and development of shear zones. In this paper authors propose the fault grade in Korea.

The 'Fault' has been common interests to the structural geologists, geotechnical engineers and civil engineers. The 'Fault' is very important factor to evaluate to the geotechnical stability. In this paper, geological origin and classification of faults with structural geological features are described. These geological characteristics of faults are useful to understand and detect of faults for engineering practice.

단층의 공학적 의미와 분류방법을 살펴보고 토목구조물의 설계 및 시공을 위하여 조사단계에서 단층에 대한 분포 및 공학적 특성을 파악하기 위한 각종 물리탐사, 현장시험, 실내시험 사례를 검토하였다. 단층의 분포특성 조사 사례를 통하여 지표지질조사, 시추조사, 물리탐사 결과들의 상호 관계를 살펴보고, 단층 및 주변 상태에 따라 적정한 탐사 및 조사 방법을 검토하였다. 그리고 단층의 공학적 특성 평가를 위한 현장 및 실내시험 방법을 고찰하고, 단층의 점착력, 마찰각 등과 같은 물성치의 산정 사례들을 수집하여 분석하였다.

In this study, Analyzed stress history, state of stress, ratio of stress/strength to use FEM. Fault Zone depth is 3m, 6m, 9m, 12m and 15m for study, and also Distance is 3m, 6m, 9m, 12m and 15m at center of tunnel with thickness 3m fault zone. It is not appeared that Arching in stress state and stress history by FEM. On the other hand, excessive shear stress and high compressive stress happened. Therefore, Tunnel design is desirable that do it so that state of stress that is the imbalance may be uplemented. it is important that examine each state of stress and stress history in detail tunnel design.

암반내 존재하는 단층은 암반거동에 중대한 영향을 미치게 되며, 특히 단층내에 충전물이 협재되어 있거나, 파쇄대가 넓게 발달한 경우에는 암반구조물의 안정성에 보다 심각한 문제를 가져오는 경우가 많다. 이는 단층의 불연속적인 거동과 충전물의 거동이 복합적으로 작용하게 되며, 장기적인 시간을 두고 나타나기 때문이다. 본 검토에서는 단층의 공학적 특성을 분석하고, 단층대 구간에서는 보강설계 사례 및 단층대 구간에서의 붕락사고로 인하여 문제가 발생한 현장사례분석을 통하여 단층이 암반사면이나 터널과 같은 암반 구조물에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이를 통하여 단층과 점토 그리고 지하수 등의 복합거동에 의한 장기적이고 잠재적인 거동을 수반할 수 있는 단층의 공학적 문제점을 고찰하였다.

It is important to identify the fault for solving the problem about slope failure and landslides. This brief report is to review occurrence and characteristics of the fault. Also, this is to introduce the geotechnical characteristics and properties of the fault and suggests how the fault affects to the cut slope stability and propose countermeasures with respect to the fault.

Sixteen percent of a total of 18,000 dam facilities in Korea are reported to suffer problems related to seepage. It has also been observed that the natural frequency of torrential rainfall has increased quite significantly in recent years. Seepage in man-made structures combined with natural phenomenon may make the risk of dam failure higher, and can even lead to disasters for the people residing in downstream area. Thus, the social demands for the technology to prevent these disasters are higher than ever. In this contribution, we provide a brief review of technologies that are used to evaluate the structural safety of dams. We also discuss the results of three case studies where geophysical exploration methods (e.g. resistivity survey) were employed to find possible seepage zones of dam structures.

2000년 남북정상회담 이후 남북한간의 교류가 많은 분야에 걸쳐 점차 확대 심화되어가면서 통일에 대한 국민들의 기대가 점점 커지고 있다. 수자원의 확보 및 에너지의 개발은 앞으로 북한에게 있어서 해결해야할 핵심적인 과업분야의 하나로서 향후 남한과의 협력이 크게 기대되는 분야라고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 댐의 건설, 관리와 관련한 북한 내 현황과 향후 댐기술 분야의 상호협력에 관한 소고를 소개하고자 한다.

The technical committee of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering of Korean Geotechnical Socity has conducted Round Robin Test(RRT) on seismic ground response analyses in 2007. Total 14 participating teams were given exact same soil information of three sites and three input ground motions including two recorded ground motions and one synthetic ground motion. Each team selected its own analysis method and approaches to perform ground response analyses. There were equivalent linear, nonlinear total stress, and nonlinear effective stress approaches, which could be selected. The results from RRT were systematically analyzed and dispersion and variation due to analysis methods, input ground motions, shear velocity profiles, shear modulus reduction curves, damping curves, and other input data are reported by the companion papers.

Round Robin Test (RRT) on ground response analyses was conducted for three sites in Korea based on several site investigation data, which include borehole logs with the N values from standard penetration test (SPT) for all three sites and additionally cone tip resistance profiles for two sites. Three input earthquake motions together with the site investigation data were provided for the RRT. A total of 12 teams participating in this RRT presented the results of ground response analyses using equivalent-linear and/or nonlinear method. Each team determined input geotechnical properties by using empirical relationships and literatures based on own judgment, with the exception of the input motions. Herein, the characteristics of input motions were compared in terms of the frequency and period, and the selection of the depth to bedrock, on which the motions is impinged, was discussed considering geologic conditions in Korea. Furthermore, a variety of geotechnical properties such as shear wave velocity profiles and soil nonlinear curves were investigated with the input properties used in this RRT.

In 2007, Round Robin Test (RRT) on ground response analyses has been conducted by the technical committee of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering of Korean Geotechnical Society. Total 14 teams have reported 16 different results. This paper discusses the evaluation of ground response dispersion caused by the difference of input ground motions. In order to determine the characteristics of ground response, this study analysed the peak ground acceleration, predominant period, and response spectrum of reported ground surface motions. The results suggest that ground response dispersion due to the difference of input ground motions can be significant.

Free field ground motion during earthquake is significantly affected by the local soil conditions and it is essential for the seismic design to perform the site specific ground response analysis. So, Round Robin Test (RRT) on ground response analysis was performed for three sites in Korea. A total of 12 teams presented the results of ground response analysis with used input soil properties based on own judgement. In this paper, the results of one dimensional equivalent linear analysis presented by 11 teams were compared to evaluate the effect of input soil properties on ground response analysis. Additionally, 4 influence factors on ground response analysis, that is shear wave velocity of soil layer, nonlinear dynamic deformational characteristics, bedrock depth and bedrock velocity were studied for assumed simple soil conditions.

The Round-Robin Test (RRT) for ground response analysis was performed by Division of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering of Korean Geotechnical Society. This research analyzed the influence of analysis methods on variation of ground response by using the results of this RRT. The analysis methods include equivalent linear analysis, non-linear analysis and effective stress analysis. A total of 5 teams among 12 teams applied two kinds of analysis methods. This research compared the results of these 5 teams and analyzed the variation of the results according to analysis methods. The compared results were shear stress-shear strain relation, transfer function, time history and the response spectrum of ground surface acceleration, peak ground acceleration, peak shear strain and maximum excess pore pressure ratio.

This paper performed a comprehensive evaluation of the results of the 2007 Ground Response Analysis Round Robin Test, at which 14 institutions and individuals participated. The submitted results showed significant discrepancies. The main reason for this difference has been attributed to the dispersion in the estimated shear wave velocity profiles and dynamic soil curves. It is therefore concluded that accurate evaluation of the material properties is of primary importance for reliable estimation of the ground vibration. Evaluation of the effect of the analysis method showed that the equivalent linear analysis overestimates the peak ground acceleration, but overall the results are similar to a total stress nonlinear analysis. However, the total and effective stress nonlinear analyses show distinct discrepancies, the effective stress analyses consistently resulting in a lower response due to the development of the excess pore water pressure and thus softer response.

Predicted behaviour of a soft clay deposit in design stage is sometimes different from in-situ settlement and pore pressure measured during and after construction. In this paper, characteristics of settlement and pore pressure occurred in soft soil deposits were investigated briefly in order to get a better understanding of time-dependent viscoplastic behaviour and prevent geotechnical problems resulted from long-term settlement, differential settlement, etc.

The residual settlement due to difference between predicted and observed settlement is one of the social problems during reclaiming construction in the soft ground having a deep depth such as Busan and Gwangyang province. Prediction error for the secondary compression settlement makes the construction much harder. To examine characteristics of the secondary compression settlement, the secondary compression index is the most important factor. In this study, various empirical methods for determining the secondary compression index are evaluated. And errors applied to the design case practically are also explained. The pre loading method is the only way to reduce the secondary compression settlement and reduction ratio of the secondary compression should be investigated correctly. Hence, research results on the reduction ratio of the secondary compression are analyzed in this paper. Moreover, decrement of the secondary compression index due to over consolidation ratio is examined closely by laboratory consolidation test using clay in the Gwangyang area.

In the vertical drain method, discharge capacity is generally one of the most important factor which affect on the estimation of the drain efficiency. However, adopting the drain considering discharge capacity only is not sufficiently considered method so that systematic criteria for adoption is necessary to choose the most suitable drain. Therefore, this study represents the application method considering behavior of the ground and vertical drain which is coupled together and ground improvement efficiency analyzing various cases of discharge capacity test performed in the recent soft ground improvement projects. According to the analysis, most drains tend to satisfy the required discharge capacity. It presents that deformed shape of the drains and well resistance estimation along the ground settlement, improvement efficiency by water content ratio along the depth and shear strength obtained after ground improvement should be considered altogether with the discharge capacity to select the proper drain. Also, appropriate adoption of drain material considering the ground condition is vital through analyzing the field measured data and comparing the result of the discharge capacity test as various vertical drain materials are being constructed continuously.

As a state-of-the-art paper related to consolidation settlement, the 31th Terzaghi lecture was briefly described. Case histories that are compared between predicted and measured settlements in the Nakdong River deltaic plane were introduced to show the true picture of our technology. Structures and other features of clays in this country were needed to understand, which are closely related to sample disturbance and also consolidation properties. In order to improve the settlement-related technology, some problems that we have faced and their alternatives were considered.

Information Technique has been also introduced to the geotechnical engineering. This is an aggregate of many technologies such as sensor, communication, computing, internet, etc. This paper investigate the presence of IT in geotechnical engineering, and its advances.

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅은 공간의 형상화, 공간변화 인식 고도화 및 증강현실 등의 기술을 통하여 가상의 공간에서 수행한 결과가 실시간으로 현실 세계에 반영되며 또한 현실 세계의 변화는 실시간으로 가상공간에 반영되는 제3공간을 만든다. 한편 관제시스템은 센서를 통하여 현장을 파악하고 제어할 수 있는 시스템으로서 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅이 제공하는 제3공간에 가장 근접한 시스템이지만 시스템의 폐쇄성 및 강결합도에 의해 사용자의 접근이 힘들며 협업, 복합관제, 하부인프라의 공유 등이 힘들다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 웹서비스, SOA(Service Oriented Architecture) 및 BPMS(Business Process Management System)에 기반을 둔 유비쿼터스 관제모델을 제안하였다.

Data logger is generally needed for gathering field information automatically(or manually), using various sensors. However it, currently used in the county, is produced and developed by overseas. It is difficult to upgrade related program due to developed system and limited user in terms of environment it is used. On the other hand, several companies developed and sold unique data logger based their technique expertise in the country. But enhancement and practical use of related technology has much difficulties because feasibility, marketability and demand for technique are uncertain. In this study, it is the main purpose to offer basic information to select equipment suitable for field characteristic through analysis and comparison with features about method of information collection, operating program and process technique data logger which is used primarily in geotechnical engineering in both domestic and international.

Recently, researches for side resistances of drilled shafts considering socket roughness have been conducted actively. In order for these researches, roughness measurement devices using laser sensor were developed by two research groups. The devices were only applied in boreholes with dry conditions. In this research, a roughness measurement devices using the laser sensor (BKS-LRPS) was developed, which could apply in wet conditions and also measure vertical offsets of drilled shafts. In addition, the application of the laser sensor to the geotechnical engineering proposed in this paper.

Recently a number of research has been performed for the combination of new high technologies in order to find the solutions for various problems in civil engineering research field. Various high-tech measuring instruments have been applied to the geotechnical engineering field, and many attempts have also been performed for the more accurate measurements. Especially, the researches using image on the digital photogrammetry technique are gradually extending nowadays. The computer program developed using the digital photogrammetry technique and the case studies are explained and presented in this paper. Therefore, it could be considered that not only the measurement with high-accuracy but the disaster prevention should be available through the practical use of digital photogrammetry technique. The applicability would also be increased in the measurement of both the geotechnical engineering field as well as other research fields.

Excessive rainfalls due to climatic changes can trigger an increase in rainfall-induced slope failures that pose real threats to both lives and properties. Many high slopes in residual soils could stand at a steep angle, but failed during or after rainfall. Commonly, these slopes have a deep groundwater table and negative pore-water pressures in the unsaturated zone above the groundwater table contribute to the shear strength of soil and consequently to factor of safety of the slope. Stability assessment of slope under rainfall requires information on rate of rainwater infiltration in the unsaturated zone and the resulting changes in pore-water pressure and shear strength of soil. This paper describes the application of unsaturated soil mechanics principles and theories in the assessment of rainfall effect on stability of slope through proper characterization of soil properties, measurement of negative pore-water pressures, seepage and slope stability analyses involving unsaturated and saturated soils. Factors controlling the rate of changes in factor of safety during rainfall and a preventive method to minimize infiltration are highlighted in this paper.

This paper describes the rainfall-induced slope failures caused by infiltration due to prolonged rainfall. The emphasis was on quantifying the effect of fine-grained contents which are influencing on the infiltration rate in the wetting front of initially unsaturated slopes during rainfall. Suction tests by tensiometer were performed for five mixture specimens with varying fine-grained contents and then, numerical analyses for the stability of unsaturated slopes are carried out for different relative densities and mixture portions based on the soil water characteristic curves obtained by GCTS pressure plate. It is shown that the fines are highly influenced on wetting front suction of unsaturated soil slopes. Based on the results, it is found that until 15% fine content is the limit showing different wetting front suction, beyond which the wetting band depth do not affect considerably the stability of unsaturated slopes.

Earth reinforcement techniques are used worldwide and offer proven solutions to a wide range of geotechnical engineering problems. Here in this paper, recent developments of three major reinforced soil retaining wall methods in Japan were introduced in order to show how the current situation of this technique in Japan is. And the statistical data for the volume of the use was also shown, such as the total volume of the use, the scales of the structures, layout of the earth reinforcement, fill materials, and foundation conditions. Some of the case histories were also introduced with photographs and figures. And then, as one of recent research activity by the author, the study on the application of X-ray CT for the problem of earth reinforcement method combined with other method such as piling and soil improvement was introduced. In this study, a series of model test for several reinforced ground with geogrids was conducted using a newly developed test apparatus. Then, the behavior in the soil box was scanned after settlement using X-ray CT scanner. Based on these test results, the reinforcing effect by the geogrids and the soil arching effect over the pile heads was discussed precisely and those are done in 3-D with nondestructive condition. Finally, the effectiveness of the use of X-ray CT scanner in geotechnical engineering was promised.

To get the possible for management and maintenance, it was analyzed the deformation characteristics, such as crest of embankment and concrete face slab, and leakage of concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD). There are trends that embankment deformation depends on intact strength used rockfills rather than dam height, deformation normal to concrete face slab during the first reservoir filling is occurred more than 80% of the total deformation in general, and the magnitude and trend of concrete face slab deformation is similar to post-construction crest settlement. The results showed that the range of post-construction crest settlement suggested by Sherard and Cooke (1987), and Clements (1984) had a good agreement in the cases using rockfill with very high intact strength, but it had a trend which underestimated crest settlement in the cases using rockfill with medium to high intact strength. The maximum leakage rate in general was observed during the first reservoir filling and long-term leakage rate was rapidly increased when the dam height exceeds approximately 120m.

Contamination of subsurface results in degradation of geomaterials (i.e., soils and rock mass), in the long run. This is mainly due to the presence of chemical and/or radiological materials in undesirable concentrations and at elevated temperatures. However, as contaminant-geomaterial interaction is an extremely slow and complex process, which primarily depends on their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, it is quite difficult to study this interaction under laboratory or in situ conditions. In such a situation, accelerated physical modeling, using a geotechnical centrifuge, and finite element/difference based numerical modeling techniques are found to be quite useful. This paper presents details of various modeling techniques developed by the researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, for studying heat migration, flow and interaction (fate) of reactive and non-reactive contaminants in the geoenvironment, under saturated and unsaturated conditions. In addition, paper presents details of the technique that can be employed for determining susceptibility of a material to undergo physico-chemico-mineralogical alterations due to its interaction with contaminants.

It is important to obtain real-time data from long-term monitoring of landfills and develop leachate leakage detection system for the integrated management of landfills. A novel real time monitoring system and early leakage detection system was suggested in this study. The suggested monitoring system is composed of two parts; (1) a set of moisture sensors which monitor the areas surrounding the landfill, and (2) a set of moisture and temperature sensors which monitor the landfill inside. For the assessment for landfills stabilization, real-time monitoring system was evaluated in dry and wet cell of pilot-site. In addition, the grid-net electrical conductivity measurement system was also suggested as early leakage detection system. In this study, the field applicability of suggested systems was evaluated through pilot-scale field tests. The results of pilot-scale field model tests indicate that the grid-net electrical conductivity measurement method can be applicable to the detection of landfill leachate at the initial stage of intrusion, and thus has a potential for monitoring leachate leakage at waste landfills.

작년 7월 태풍 에위니아와 집중적인 호우는 강원도 지역에 많은 피해를 주었으며, 특히 강원도 인제, 양양, 평창 등의 지역에서 수십 명의 인명피해와 재산피해를 발생시켰다. 이로 인해 집중호우로 인한 사면 붕괴 및 산사태, 토석류 발생사례 및 하천과 인접한 도로 성토사면 붕괴 사례 등의 조사가 실시되고 수집된 자료를 분석, 문제점 제시 및 많은 대책방안들이 도출되었다. 이에 본고는 작년 수해현장들을 다시 찾아 수해복구 방법들을 조사하였으며, 수해복구사례를 소개함으로써 매년 여름철 발생되는 집중호우에 의한 자연재해 예방에 몸 담고 있는 관련자 및 토목기술자들에게 수해 저감 및 대책방안에 대한 일례를 전하고자 한다.

기상이변과 관련되어 집중호우에 의한 사면 붕괴 및 산사태가 전세계적으로 많이 발생하고 있다. 국내에서도 사면 붕괴로 발생하는 재해에 대하여 사후 대책마련차원에서 벗어나 적극적인 방재관리차원의 체계를 마련코자 급경사지와 관련된 법률을 만들어 시행하게 되었다. 사면과 관련된 기술은 국내 기술도 선진국의 기술에 버금가는 좋은 기술을 가지고 있으나, 다소 미진한 부분에 대하여 해외의 사례와 동향을 파악하여 보다나은 기술개발 및 정책 결정에 도움이 되고자 자료를 수집하고 정리 하였다.

It is well known that the standard penetration test (SPT) has been used in all over the world to get geotechnical properties of the ground. However, it is difficult to apply the SPT to the dense sand, gravel, weathered rock, etc. For the application of the SPT in these grounds, it is necessary to change in the diameter and the impact energy of the SPT. For the improvement of site investigation technology, Large Penetration Testing device (KICT-type LPT) was developed and applied to the in situ condition. The drop height and weight of the hammer in developed system were decided as 760 mm and 150 kg, respectively. Semi-auto hammer drop system identical with KS F2307 and JI A1259S was adopted. And the developed sampler has the inner diameter of 63 mm and the length of 500 mm with the adjustment of energy ratio to the SPT of 1.5. The hammer energy level was measured during the performance of the KICT-type LPT using SPI system (quality control system from driven piles).

In the design and construction of the coastal/offshore structures, it is very important to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of marine soils, which support the structures. Although the offshore site investigation is much more difficult than onshore, safe and precise jobs have not been accomplished in Korea because of the insufficiency of the test equipments especially for the site with deep water depth. The main objective of this study is to develop a new type of marine cone penetration testing(CPT) system, which can be utilized to even deep sea and high depth of soil layer. The system is one of seabed types and employs the conventional cone, which shows more reliable results than miniature cone. The most important parts of the marine CPT including continuous rod system, cone penetration system with wheel drive, automatic cone rod assembly/dissembly system etc., were designed and manufactured. Some tests to verify the developed marine CPT system were performed at both onshore and offshore sites as well as mechanical test in laboratory. The test results show the consistent and promising performance of the new equipment, and thereafter the system would be applicable to various sites with practical/economical advantages.

The aim of this research is development and verification of resistivity seismic dilatometer (RSDMT) system. The resistivity module for obtaining resistivity-depth plot and seismic module for obtaining wave velocity-depth plot are attached to the conventional flat dilatometer testing equipment. To enhance reliability and repeatability of seismic part in RSDMT, automatic testing system including automatic surface source, PC based data acquisition system and operating program were developed. To obtain real resistivity value of soil, geometric factor for the array of electrodes in RSDMT was derived empirically. The verification studies for the developed RSDMT system were performed at the southeast side of Korea where soil improvement work is planned. SPT, CPT, geophysical subsurface imaging techniques and some laboratory tests were performed for the comparisons. As one penetration of RSDMT, various soil parameters could be obtained. The results of field test showed good repeatability and reliability in every part. From these studies, developed RSDMT system was checked and the effectiveness of this system was verified in light of proper evaluation of geotechnical characteristics of soft soil.

Offshore geotechnical site investigation of the seabed ground has been a key factor of the successful construction of various types of offshore structures like as sea-crossing bridges, submerged tunnels, and other marine facilities. Offshore investigations are not easy tasks because of the wave, wind, tidal ebb and flows, and others. Recent developments of offshore equipment including platforms and testing devices like as maine cone penetrator have inspired us to get more reliable characteristics of the seafloor. General information on the offshore site investigations and technical trends concerned are introduced.

It was applied the grouting method to fill densely the space between the bottom of the caisson and the ground with the grout mixture mixed with anti-washout admixture after locating accurately the precast caisson on three concrete landing pads but it is far different from a costly conventional method, which place concrete to build the foundation of reinforcement concrete on the spot after excavating inside of the temporary coffering wall for the bridge foundation in the sea. To verify the grouting method in advance, the full-scale trial test was performed twice on the land. After confirming the fluidity of material for the injection and some possible problems during construction and then enhancing the original design, the main process is ongoing and it has been finished 12 spots until now. The purpose of this study is to introduces for the first time in Korea the grouting method including the automatic and the manual monitoring process applied to, based on the main process of the caisson foundation finished already in the site. In a similar construction it is sincerely expected to be referred to in the future.

There are several types of foundations for light-weight structures, such as low story buildings, on soft clay deposits. Those foundations, such as piled raft, compensated foundation, mat foundation, floating foundation are commonly used rather then end-bearing piles to get more benefits on the construction and cost savings. In this study, settlement behaviors are computed and compared for several types of foundations on soft clay deposits. Also, theoretical expressions of parameters for piled raft system were provided with co-relations for design purposes. The predictions of settlements of piled rafts foundation are proposed based on the pile dimensions and design loads. From this study, the piled raft foundations is more benefits for reducing the settlement of clay deposits, and it is found that the piled raft system is applicable and effective on thick clay deposits, and that differential settlements of the foundation should be managed by designing the configuration of pile lengths.