Purpose. The actual status of wearing toric soft contact lenses was investigated to learn why it is not used although it is required. Materials and Methods. This study has studied 64 contact lens wearing the local college students, Gyeongsangnam-do who are 20.17(${\pm}0.70$)years old, by measuring their refractive power and over-refractive power with auto refractometer(HRK-8000A, Huvitz, Korea). In addition to that, a survey was done to figure out why they do not wear toric soft contact lenses, the purpose of using toric soft contact lenses, whether they have astigmatism or any knowledge about it, the kinds of contact lens, whether they are willing to buy corrective lenses, and how they are satisfied after purchasing them. Results. 17 students (21.9%) said they experienced light-spread; 9 students (14.1%)said that they have dizziness when they wear contact lens all day long. In the survey to see whether they had astigmatism or not, 37 students (57.8%) said they had it. For the reason they do not wear toric soft contact lenses, 33 students (51.6%) said that "they were prescribed regardless of astigmatism in the optometrist." To the question asking if they are willing to buy toric soft contact lenses according to the existence of astigmatism, 51 students (79.6%) answered they are. 31 students (48.4%) said they heard a description about astigmatism at the time of purchase for contact lens. Conclusion. As the ways for any people who need to correct astigmatism to wear corrective lens, enough education about astigmatism and consistent follow-up management are needed, where the role of optometrist is considered important.

Purpose. This study was to identify mental health in nursing students. Methods. Participants were 575 nursing students who studied in 3 nursing colleges in B city and Gyeongsangnam-do. The period of data collection was from October 21 to 30, 2013. The data ware analyzed by frequencies, t-test, one way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 19.0 program. Results. The results are as followed : First, the average of mental health was $1.77{\pm}0.58$ points. Second, mental health was significantly different according to age, housing style, pocket money, adaption of environment, health status, and grade point average. Third, the influencing factor in mental health of participants was age, pocket money, health status, and housing style, $R^2=.163$. Conclusions. Development of guidance program to improve mental health of nursing students in recommended.

Objective. There were two objectives of the study, first was to identify the barriers as perceived by the patients and providers to access the low vision services and second was to identify the challenges faced by the main providers. Study design. Structured questionnaire based interviews of patients and providers Methodology. To find out the barriers to access of low vision services, the interviews based on structured questionnaire were conducted for two patient groups. The first group consisted of 97 visually impaired individuals attending the department of low vision services at Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital Rawalpindi while the second group included 56 visually impaired individuals attending the four rehabilitation centers/schools for the blind in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. To identify the barriers as perceived by the main providers of low vision services and challenges faced by them the interviews based on structured questionnaire were conducted for 19 low vision service providers. Results. From patients point of view, major barrier to low vision services identified was inability to visit hospital /rehabilitation center alone - 29.8% in hospital group and 33.9% in rehabilitation centers group, while the lack of social support, lack of family support, cost of travelling, long distance, afford ability, hesitation in using devices and lack of satisfaction were other important barriers identified. From providers' point of view, major barrier to uptake of services was the need for repeated follow-ups. Optometrists were the main provider of low vision services contributing to 47.4% of the providers. The major challenge faced by the providers was motivation of patients to use low vision devices. Conclusion. The major barrier to low vision services according to the patients is inability to visit the hospital alone, while according to providers, it is the need for repeated follow up which proves major barrier towards uptake of services. The motivation is the major challenge faced by providers, majority of which are optometrists.

Purpose. This study was to investigate the relationship between hand function and characteristics of hand. Methods. Participants were 56 occupational therapy students who studied in M colleges in Gyengsangnam-do, april 20, 2015 from 1 May, and hand circumference and length (vertical, w), the width was measured. A hand grip on the measurement subject was measured by the Grip dynamometer and Pinch gauge. Results. The results was hand length, width, circumference long, broad, thick, and hand strength was a greater correlation emerged. Grip strength was showed a significant correlation to the size and grip strength was also correlated. Conclusion. This study was correlation of length of the hand, a length wide and strength of the finger circumference.

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to identify the mediating effects of nursing competency between transformational leadership and organizational commitment of nurses in hospitals. Method. Data were collected from 204 nurses in 3 hospitals and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson' correlation coefficient, and hierarchial multiple regression with the PASW 21.0. Results. There were positive relationships among all three variables, transformational leadership, nursing competency and organizational commitment. There was a mediating effect of nursing competency between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that strategies which could enhance the nursing competency of nurses should be developed by mangers in hospitals. Further study is needed on other factors which may influence nurses' nursing competency and organizational commitment especially in hospitals.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the relationship between the palpebral fissure and the exophthalmos in an elder women population in Korea subjects with normal eye status. Methods. From November 2014 to July 2015, The author analyzed the morphological values in 81 Korean elder women population. The clinical test was performed using the Hertel exophthalometer and verner califer. Analysis of data were described using the spss 20 and Pearson's test. Results. The mean age of the 81 subjects (162 eyes) was (73.938+/8.585)mm. The mean value of palpebral fissure was (5.673+/-2.065)mm in width and (24.179+/-4.409)mm in height. The mean value of exophthalmos was (5.537+/-2.151)mm. There were a significant relationship(P>0.01) in the mean size between the width and height in palpebral fissure. Also, there were a significant relationship(P>0.01) in the mean size between the palpebral fissure width and exophthalmos. Also, there were a significant relationship(P>0.01) in the mean size between the palpebral height width and exophthalmos. However, there were not significant relationship(P>0.01) in the mean size between the palpebral fissure width and exophthalmos in right eye. On the other hand, The relationship between right eye and left eye of the palpebral fissure and exophthalmos was similar results. Conclusions. In this study, these results suggested that the palpebral fissure and exophthalmos was a significant relationship in the mean value of morphologic characters in Korean elder women population.