Objective: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of industrial accidents of support workers in the elementary, middle and high schools. Background: Schools play an important role as public institutions in society, and school safety is recognized as an important part of public safety. Method: In this study, 768 injured persons in 2015 have been categorized by the elementary, middle, and high school. Also, these data were analyzed regarding properties of injured persons and accidents by school type. Results: Among 768 injuries, 84.2% of injuries were women, and 53.7% were aged ${\geq}40years$. Slips and falls were the most frequent type of accident (39.1%), followed by high temperature (19.0%), and struck by (13.5%). Legs/feet were the most common injured body part (36.7%), followed by arm/hand/finger (30.6%), and trunk/back (12.7%). Conclusion: There was a significant difference in injured person distributions of size of employment, work experience, and accident time according to school types. Application: The results of this study can be used as basic data for establishing preventive policy reflecting the characteristics of accidents of school workers.

Objective: In this paper, some improvements for a more practical and realistic application of HRA are suggested with an example of an HRA method recently developed. Background: Various HRA methods have been developed for quantifying human reliability of nuclear power plants. With technical bases of cognitive engineering and HRA practices, those methods aimed to reduce analysis variability and enhance traceability of the HRA process. However, several related issues needing to be resolved, were still remained. Method: With reference to recently conducted research, some measures alleviating the indicated issues are suggested. Empirical studies and several kinds of HRA methods were benchmarked for deriving improvements. Results: The four strategies including plant-specific guideline for task analysis, distinctive human error classification, grounding on empirical data, and clarification of performance shaping factor definition were suggested in this study. Conclusion: A more practical method can be generated with a foundation of human cognitive theoretic and empirical findings for a next generation of HRA method. Application: A new method is being developed for human operators in computer-based control rooms. The above suggestions will be implemented for enhanced applications of HRAs.

Objective: This study is to design optimal haptic warning signal to secure awareness of drowsy driver and evaluate its alertness compared with the auditory signal. Background: As drowsy driving is one of the causes of fatal traffic accidents, the vehicle needs an assistant system that can monitor the driver's drowsiness and give warnings to arouse in case of drowsy driving. It is important to design and utilize effective warning signals in a drowsy driving warning system (DDWS) for fast and clear response of the driver. Under certain circumstances like public transportations, haptic display is more appropriate for silent and private communication between the system and the driver. Method: Experiments were conducted to evaluate alertness of warning signals in terms of response rate and time in a simulated driving environment. Subjects participated in the experiments for comparing the alertness for 3 haptic signals with 1 auditory signal. Different haptic signals modulated by its frequencies of 2, 5, and 8Hz were given in random order when a valid DDWS identified the subjects' drowsiness defined in two levels (light and heavy). Results: The response rate of the haptic signals (90%) was significantly lower than that of the auditory signal (97%) under light drowsy condition, but haptic signal of 2Hz got fastest response time (1,390msec) among the signals. The difference in the response time was statistically significant among the haptic signals but it is not for auditory signal. The response time of 2Hz haptic signal was found as competitive in heavy drowsy condition. Conclusion: It is found that haptic signals with different design parameters can make differences in alertness of drowsy driver and in case of this study the best option was of 2Hz. Application: The Haptic signal is going to be implemented in a DDWS and tested for its alertness in real vehicle conditions.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the job stress factors of shipbuilding design workers. Background: Due to the nature of building a ship in a shipyard being a job-order production, we assume shipbuilding design worker's duty be in connection with ship production across the board. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the job stress and occurrence of muscular skeletal disorders due to VDT work and provide prevention programs to fit the job characteristics of design workers. Method: Two hundred and fifteen shipbuilding design workers participated in this study, using survey based on 'Job stress factors evaluation tool for Koreans' that was developed by KOSHA in 2003. The eight job stress factors, which are physical environment, job requirement, job autonomy, job insecurity, organizational system, unfair compensation, relationship conflict, and workplace culture were analyzed with job characteristics and health characteristics. Results: The results showed that the stress level of a job requirement, was relatively higher than that of manufacturing industry workers, meaning that shipbuilding design workers' duties involve heavier workload, higher time pressures, and bigger responsibilities that of manufacturing industry workers. And the stress level of the four job stress factors which are physical environment, job requirement, job autonomy, organizational system was relatively higher than that of office worker. Conclusion: An analysis of a high reliability could not be carried out due to the small number of responses received compared to the total number of shipbuilding design workers. However, it is possible to find and remove the factors that influence job stress of workers based on the researched contents, and it is also expected that the study will help in establishing prevent programs for musculoskeletal disorders that match the nature of the VDT workers. Application: Through this study, our results are expected to be helpful in reducing the shipbuilding design worker's job stress and provide better guidelines for VDT syndrome prevention programs.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to define and measure the performance of pilots, and review how to manage human errors through recent domestic accidents. Background: It is not easy to measure the performance of pilots. The understanding of the pilot's performance and the efforts for maximization it are key to aviation safety activities. Reviewing the current ergonomics and human factors textbooks in terms of performance, most textbooks describe performance in terms of work physiology, cognitive psychology, and biomechanics. Those information are not sufficient to comprehend the performance of pilot. Method& Results: In this paper, we discuss in the management program and pilot performance technologies in terms of aviation safety, as applied by the international aviation organization and the domestic aviation organization focused on literature research and case study in the latest international standards The main purpose of discussion is to define pilot's performance in view of subjective evaluation of technical skills, objective evaluation of technical skills, and evaluation of nontechnical skills. We analyzed the standard aviation safety program such as LOSA, FOQA and CRM/TEM in terms of pilot's performance on subjective evaluation of technical skills, objective Evaluation of technical skills, and evaluation of nontechnical skills. Conclusion: Although safety improvements in the aviation sector have brought significant safety improvements, it is important for aviation safety to define, measure, and manage the performance of pilots more closely. Application: This paper reviewed on the safety activities for the prevention of aviation accidents can be extended and applied for other industries regarding efficient safety management.

Objective: The Purpose of this paper is to analyze and adjust the LOSA codes types in consideration of the characteristics and environment for the aviation organization with proactive aviation safety. Background: It may be required to analyze and adjust the LOSA codes for effective collection standards. It could better serve to identify the threats and Errors of the characteristics of the organizations for effective data collection. Method: It is analyze and adjusted for the threats and Errors codes on transportation purpose through the monitoring the flight operation and consulting from aviation safety specialists. The qualitative verifications are done by the domestic and international subject matter experts. Results: The analysis and adjustments on the threats and Errors codes types are made through in consideration of the flight environments. Conclusion: The LOSA has been promoted by international organizations as ICAO, IATA, FAA and IFAPA. It is required to implement LOSA as proactive safety tool to identify actual threats and Error of the cockpit for better management of human factors in safety management system with adjusted types of threats. Application: The aviation organizations are expected to manage aviation safety efficiently implementing LOSA by enhancing the safety change process before the accidents and incident occurs. The actual behavior of the crew can be identified explained through the narrations for improvements on standard procedures and training based on the evidence using types adjusted on this paper.

Objective: This study developed a determination method of representative points in the space of principal components to generate representative cases for anthropometric design and digital human simulation. Background: The advanced generation method using principal component analysis can create a group of representative cases that statistically accommodate a designated percentage of design target users. However, a specific determination method of representative points to generate representative cases has not been proposed in existing studies. Method: This study proposed a determination method of representative points on an n-dimensional ellipse formed in the space of principal components. The proposed method determined representative points on each principal component and on the combination of principal components using an optimization model. The performance of proposed method was evaluated by generating representative cases for anthropometric design and digital human simulation of airplane cockpit. Results: The proposed method selected eight representative points on an ellipse formed to accommodate 95% of design target users in the space of two principal components. The selected points represented one overall small user, two small users with different body proportion, two medium users with different body proportion, two large users with different body proportion, and one overall large user. Conclusion: The proposed method properly determined representative points on an ellipse in principal components. Application: The proposed method can be used to generate representative cases using principal component analysis for anthropometric design and digital human simulation.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the combination of function variability that has affected the development of the Fukushima accident and to identify potential risks of the emergency response system that directly related the Fukushima accident using the functional resonance analysis method. Background: From a traditional perspective (safety-1), safety management is implemented in a way that finds and solves the direct cause of the accident. In the Resilience engineering (safety-2), perspective, accidents or adverse outcomes are considered to emergent from the variability of performance rather than a linear causal relationship. The FRAM is a method of modeling system functions and finding potential risks in the system. Method: This study used the FRAM to analyze the accident response of the Fukushima case. In order to identify the accident response system of the Fukushima, we investigated the existing Fukushima accident reports and analyzed the nuclear power plant structure report. Based on these results, we modeled the accident response system of Fukushima accident. Through the FRAM model, we analyzed the variability of the system functions and identified the risks that the combinations of variability might cause. Results: Through the retrospective analysis, we identified the effect of the combinations of variability of system functions on the accident development process. In this study, we present two instantiations. In addition, we conducted the prospective analysis to identify the potential risks of accident response system of the Fukushima that were not reported in actual Fukushima accident. Conclusion: This study suggested that how the variability of the functions of system connected and contributed to the expansion of the accident. The FRAM can be used to reduce the risk of system-wide hazards through analyzing the combination of variability of system functions, identifying the potential risks related to safety. Application: The FRAM will be a systematic method of analysis for in-depth risk management.

Objective: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the R&D investment decision-making is highly susceptible to the emotional information available, wherein the decision-maker's approach or avoidance (preference to consistency) to the R&D investment has been built upon. Background: Human decision-making has been believed rational. However, numerous studies have conversely revealed that one's emotional stance on the decision-making situation would affect their preference to a particular alternative. This study intend to empirically demonstrate that the different types of emotional information available at the time of decision-making trigger the affect heuristic, by which one would make an influence on one' risk awareness to the R&D investment. Method: A Web-based experiment with 41 subjects was carried out for a game-like R&D investment situation, in which they had to decide how much they would like to invest (i.e., willing-to-pay; WTP). The collected data of the ten investment trials were statistically analyzed in the time-series experimental design, by which the first five and the last five trials were alternatively given by either positive or negative emotional information. Results: We found that one's WTP was highly susceptible to the emotional (positive or negative) information, by which we could see the different risk assessments on the same decision-making problem in the first five trials. The negative emotional information decreased one's WTP, and the positive emotional information increased the R&D investment again. Persevered was that, in the last five trials where the positive emotional information were changed into the negative emotional information, preference of consistency of decision-making. This was not the case where the emotional information was changed from the negative to positive. Conclusion: Human decision-making is intuitively biased when the positive psychological clue decreased the risk perception of an alternative, and it also negatively affected when the negative information activates the analytical risk assessment. Decision inertia is also strongly related to this psychological cue. This implies that the affect of emotional psychological clue should be considered in the managerial decision-support system design, for which the discipline of cognitive systems engineering would contribute. Application: The results of this study firstly imply that designing managerial decisionsupport system would be benefitted from the discipline of cognitive systems engineering (CSE). Furthermore, the aesthetics, that has been less studied in the CSE, would be an important role to play in human-being's decision-making.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate physiological mechanisms underlying cognitive load and determine important factors that should be considered to quantify cognitive load. Background: Many studies have been conducted to propose measurement methods and effectively quantify effects that cognitive load has on user experiences, human performance, and human safety. However, few studies have been made to investigate which factors contributed to different findings of changes in physiological signals characterized with increasing cognitive load. Method: This study systematically reviews physiological mechanisms related to cognitive load based on working memory and selective attention theory. In order to determine the contributing factors to the different previous findings, subjective and objective measurement methods frequently and recently introduced in the literature have been overviewed. The contributing factors were determined by discussing the current advantages and limitations of the measurement methods. Results: Individual differences in inherent cognitive capability and differences in how to increase cognitive load affect human cognitive control, which results in the different findings of the physiological changes as a function of cognitive load. Minimizing the number of measures to quantify cognitive load is very important to address statistical issues such as increased false discovery rate. Conclusion: In order to evaluate accumulated cognitive load for ensuring human safety, objective measures indirectly reflecting neural connection between brain and heart can be considered while using multi-dimensional subjective measures such as NASA-TLX as an assistant method to validate the objective measures. In addition, EEG changes underlying cognitive load can be effectively measured by recording and analyzing brainwaves at just two midline electrodes (frontal and parietal) since the cortical regions are inextricably tied with cognitive control functions such as working memory and selective attention. Application: The findings in this overview are expected to provide practical guidelines to potential researchers who want to quantify cognitive load in their practical fields. With the updated knowledge of the measures, it can be possible to more precisely quantify cognitive load, determine contributing factors to the load, and then optimize various factors positively affecting man-machine interfaces.

Objective: This study was to determine the levels of social intelligence based on physiological responses in emotional contagion. Background: The social intelligence is an important factor in the understanding of others such as the emotional state, intention, and ideas in the interpersonal relationship. The methods for evaluating social intelligence in previous researches have been shown the limitations of the objectivity and quantification because of the subjective assessment. Method: The participants watched avatars that expressing target emotion through facial expression and gesture. At the same time autonomic nervous system response and central nervous system response were measured. Results: The EEG level was significantly discriminated in positive, negative, empathy, non-empathy, intimacy and non-intimacy emotional contagion situations, and the ECG signals showed significant difference in negative emotion and non-empathy emotional contagion situations. In the case of GSR, there was a difference according to the level of social intelligence only in the non-intimacy emotional contagion state. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the physiological responses of the three groups with different levels of social intelligence are significantly different according to the emotional expression of the avatar. As a result, an objective and immediate social intelligence reasoning model was developed. Application: This study suggests the possibility of quantitative discrimination in social intelligence evaluation and suggests the importance of development of social intelligence evaluation tool.

Objective: This study is for the mobility efficiency of the two-person workforce handling. It is used to derive the optimal grip range for each type of product. Background: With the growing size of consumer electronics products, the handling of human resources is causing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of workers. Previous studies have focused on the effects on the Maximal Acceptable Weight of Load or the ergonomic pressures that are applied to the lumbar spine. However, studies are lacking on design variables that could minimize the workload. This study has produced design variables for PUIs that can minimize the workload of workers over 50kg or 100kg who are actually Manual materials handling (MMH) in environment. Determine the significance, interaction, and significance of design variables to increase the efficiency of product movement. Based on this, the optimal grip range is derived based on the size of each type of product. Method: First, it will derive three representative sizes for the large and medium sized products that are released on the market. Based on this, the 1st research the dimensions of the product type, the grip type, the grip height, the grip length the importance of the design variables. Conduct a discomfort test with stair climbing task. In the 2nd research, the level of design variables is divided to derive the optimal range of grips according to the user-specific design variables. Conduct a discomfort test with level movement tesk and stair climbing task. Results: The priority of PUI variables is given by the grip length, grip type, grip height, and size, depending on the behind user. And Design variable's which are revealed lowest discomfort are grip height 600~800mm, grip length 300~500mm in level movement tesk and grip height 200mm, grip length 300~500mm in stair climbing task. Conclusion: This study evaluates the user's discomfort with dynamic task. Based on the results of the study, the optimal grip range guidelines for sizes for each type of product are grip height 600~800mm, and grip length 300~500mm and grip height 200mm, grip length 300~500mm in stair climbing task. Application: This study is expected to be used as basic data for designing Manual materials handling (MMH), Especially Heavy electronics products. It is also applicable to MMH related product movement and manufacturing industry.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify and organize factors that can be influential in the performance of team decision making (TDM) through analyzing previous accidents in complex systems. Background: In the operation of complex socio-technical systems, it is increasingly important to enhance the performance of teamwork, particularly TDM. For this it is necessary to identify a set of factors influencing TDM. However, there is still a lack of studies that investigate TDM impact factors and propose a way of organizing them meaningfully. Method: We examined 989 accidents in the three work domains (nuclear power plants, railway systems, and aviation industry). Of those, 258 accidents were considered as cases in which human errors were involved. Again, a more detailed analysis of them revealed 35 accidents to which TDM performance was critical. Based on the analysis of those 35 accidents, we identified 88 TDM impact factors and classified them into 13 groups. Results: Seventy-two factors influencing TDM were identified and categorized into 13 groups that are meaningful to more comprehensive study of TDM process. Conclusion: We derived 88 factors that could influence the performance of TDM through accident analysis in the three work domains and classified them into 13 groups as well. Application: The identified TDM impact factors can be a useful input data for assessing team reliability in complex systems and offer a theoretical basis for understanding TDM more comprehensively.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to understand the flight crew error related with the ATC (air traffic control) communication. Background: The flying skill of the pilots are regarded as core part human performance in an Airline, however international society such as ICAO recommend airlines to implement competency based training which deals communication as core competency including ATC communication in English. Method: This study deals with the human errors of the airline pilots on ATC communications through LOSA (Line Operation Safety Audit) implemented by airlines A. Results: The most frequent communication errors on ATC by pilots are the wrong readback to ATC There are more error on larger fleet that operated mainly in international flights. Conclusion: The mismanagement of ATC errors by pilots are wrong readback or misinterpretation of ATC instructions. The mismanagement rate has been improved by 46% that first LOSA. Application: This study may help other airlines to enhance their managements on ATC errors. The airlines may train their pilots to manage ATC communication error and improve the system by providing situation awareness contents available for pilots including the training. The airline also may publish the information material explaining the ATC on the airports about special characteristics so the flight crew may have increased situation awareness.

Objective: This study aims to propose a way of using a set of key questions and keywords to help work domain analysts to use abstraction hierarchy (AH) more systematically. Background: The AH is known as a good knowledge modeling framework for analyzing a work domain. However, it has also been reported that it is not easy to model the knowledge of a work domain by using the AH in spite of its merits. For this, it is necessary to develop a way of using the AH in a systematic manner. Method: We firstly introduced a set of key questions (prompts) and keywords that were originally proposed by Neelam Naikar and her colleagues. In order to enhance their practicality and applicability, we added more key questions and proposed a way of effectively using the extended set of key questions and keywords, based on our experience of using the AH in various domains and literature review results. Then, we conducted a small case study that analyzed reactor cooling systems in nuclear power plants (NPPs) based on the AH. Results: This study proposes a set of key questions and keywords and a way of using them that can be considered in the use of the AH. Conclusion: The set of key questions and keywords can be a useful tool for enhancing the practicality and applicability of the AH. Application: The set of key questions and keyword and their usage guideline can be useful when modeling a work domain knowledge based on the AH, particularly in a complex socio-technical system.

Objective: The Purpose of this paper is to study psychological competency and human behavior required to be a safe and efficient pilot. The success of the airlines are depend upon the safety records, so to provide psychological support programs and the selection of good pilot are becoming so important. Background: The safety always comes first in aviation field since the accidents are usually associated with human casualties and property damages. The aviation industry is expanding rapidly, and the demands for the pilot are increasing. Method: It was required to interview the subject matter expert in pilot training in military, airline and general aviation fields to find out the psychological competency and human behavior required to be a safe and efficient pilot. Results: The resilience which is the core psychological competencies of pilots is the competency based on the technical proficiency and personality. The resilience is the function utilizes the knowledge and proficiency through intentional self-control under unexpected situation or environment. Conclusion: It is recommended to consider the concentration of attention distribution and resilience related with personal factor as self-efficacy, sincerity, openness and self-control on hiring and selecting pilots. Application: The aviation organizations are expected to review psychological competencies and human behavior on hiring process for a cadet program for long term management.