Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference (한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집)
Korean Society of Ocean Engineers
- Semi Annual
Domain
- Construction/Transportation > Maritime Safety/Transportation Technology
- Construction/Transportation > Water Engineering System
2002.10a
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본 논문은 대 변형 굽힘에 의한 소성 모멘트의 계산시 ovality를 고려한 파이프의 중립축에 대한 모멘트에 관해 논한다. 기존의 계산방법에 의한 중립축에 대한 모멘트 계산결과와 새로운 방법에 의한 계산결과를 비교해 보았다. 파이프가 길이방향의 모멘트에 의하여 굽어질 때, 증가하는 모멘트에 따른 ovality 변화를 고려하여 중립축에 대한 모멘트 계산에 적용해 보았다. 모멘트 계산은 타원형의 파이프 단면을 미세한 단면으로 나누어서 각 단면에 대한 응력을 비선형 strain-stress 식을 이용하여 구한 다음 중립축에 대해 계산을 수행하였다. 대 변형 굽힘에서 일어나는 실제현상 중 하나인 ovality를 파이프의 계산에 적용함으로써 좀 더 정확한 중립축에 대한 모멘트를 계산할 수 있었다. 이 방법을 reel에 의한 해저배관의 설치 공법에서 사용되는 reverse bending radius 계산에 적용해 보았다.
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A procedure of free span and fatigue analysis of offshore pipelines was made per DNV-RP-F105, 2002. The new method includes the axial force and deflection load in pipelines. The screening criteria were used to calculate the allowable span lengths. The screening criteria allow small amplitudes of vortex-induced vibration due to wave and current loading. However, the induced pipe stress is very small and usually below the limit stress of a typical S-N curve. A simplified method was established to calculate the fatigue damage due to long-term current distribution. The long-term current statistics was assumed with a 3-parameter Weibull distribution. The fatigue damage was estimated for the span lengths obtained from the screening criteria for various conditions. Sample calculations show the effect of axial force for various boundary conditions.
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A Semi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (SAUV) capable of simple work at sea bed is under development in KRISO-KORDI. A pressure vessel of SAUV which is composed of FRP was manufactured to load electronic equipments. The objective of this paper is to verify the safety of the pressure vessel through conducting the structural analysis and test in pressure tank. Strain and stress under unit load were obtained by using ANSYS in the linear structural analysis. And local buckling analysis was performed with NASTRAN for the middle cylindrical hull. For the pressure test, strains were measured at three point. We found that the results by linear structural analysis and experiment are coincide well at the points where buckling does not occur. Maximum depth was estimated to be 250m by the local buckling analysis.
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선박 설계시 최적화에 있어 종래에는 Random search Parametric study, Hook&Jeeves Method등이 사용되어져 왔으나 1960년대 Genetic algorithm이 소개되고 꾸준히 발전함과 함께 선박 설계에서도 Genetic algorithm이 사용되기 시작하였다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 Genetic algorithm 중 Simple Genetic algorithm(SGA), Micro Genetic algorithm(MGA), Threshold Genetic algorithm(TGA), Hybrid Genetic algorithm(HGA)을 선박 설계에 적용하여 그 성능을 비교 검토해 보았다. MGA는 계산 부담을 줄이기 위해 작은 개체로 효율적인 탐색을 하며, TGA는 local optimum에서 쉽게 벗어나게 할 수 있는 특징이 있다. HGA는 Hook&Jeeves Method를 Genetic algorithm과 병합되어 있다. 이를 바탕으로 본 논문에서 망간단괴 수송선의 경제성을 평가한다. 평가 방법은 연간 300만톤을 생산한다고 가정하여 연간 운송 용적을 동호제약으로 해서 최적화를 한 뒤, 이를 이용하여 몇가지 Case로 나누어서 초기 자본, 연간 비용, 20년간 총 비용을 계산하여 가장 경제적인 선박을 선택한다.
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This study presents a modeling method to predict fate of resuspended sediment in the development of deep-sea mineral resources. Resuspended deep-sea sediment during the development is considered a major environmental problem. In order to quantitatively analyze the resuspended sediment in the water column, particle size distribution (PSD) is considered an important factor. The model developed here includes PSD and coagulation process, as well as sedimentation process. Using the model, basic simulation was performed under representative environmental setting. The simulation showed the dynamics of change of particle size distribution for 50 m depth of water column up to 10 days of simulation time. Coagulation seemed an important factor in the fate of resuspended deep-sea sediment.
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End of July. 2002 Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. Offshore Division is successfully completed Load-out & Float-off work of "AMENAM KPONO/FSO Project" similar to 300K VLCC size. The AMENAM FSO hull and topside module built at the HHI Offshore yard using "On-Ground Building Method" developed by HHI. Various methodologies/techniques like Flexi-built FPSO Hull. Topside module erection method. Load-out Float-off methodology etc. are combined to develop a successful on-ground building method. In this paper, we described the "Hull Structural Strength Analysis Methodology" using 3-D Finite Element Analysis and results. This analysis is performed to verily the structural integrity or the AMENAM FSO hull during the main load-out on two semi-submersible barges combined together.
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After many casualties with conventional bulk carriers in recent years, double hull bulk carrier was proposed ta enhance the structural safety of side shell and transverse bulkhead. In this paper, two alternative structural designs of double hull bulk camel were executed based an the Lloyd's rule, and the results were examined in comparison with the existing single hull bulk carrier in the viewpoints of the increase of weight and construction cost. The relative construction concept was used to certify the economical validity of double hull bulk carrier.
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The joint warfighting environment, arranged by the net work-centrics, consists, with the situational awareness, the battlespace deconfliction, the joint force ID/location/allocation, and the ordnance on targets, considered by the concepts evolving In meet the future scenarios and threats. And then, the next generation warships have the operational requirements, such as the major offensive capability, the low operating cost, the ability to operate in net. centric forces, the revolutionary stealth, the in-stride mine avoidance, and the revolutionary manning. Therefore, the proposal discussed at this paper will be accepted in order to resolve only the portion of the afore-mentioned problems.
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Localization with array sensors has been applied for not only military but also non-military purposes. The identification of submarines and fish finding are those examples. Nowadays the demand for noise identification is increasing to characterize noise sources and improve acoustic performance of underwater acoustic equipment. For that reason KRISO/KORDI recently constructed an anechoic basin which bus reflection only at the free surface. This paper suggests a noise identification methods using MUSIC algorithm in such an acoustic field. For comparison phase delay sum and minimum valiance methods are also described. At first basic principles are described. A several numerical simulations are also performed. The results say that reflection effect many cause a new non-real source although good estimation is obtained under no reflection conditions.
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Ships and ocean structures are generally under random loading. Various type of variable-amplitude loading affects fatigue crack growth and fatigue life. However interaction effects due to irregularity of loading including random loading have not explained exactly and it is difficult to examined fatigue crack growth behaviour and fatigue life for this reason. Therefore in this paper crack growth tests with constant-amplitude loading including a single overload were conducted to measure plastic zone size near crack tip of DENT specimen. And the observed plastic zone sized were discussed in terms of crack growth rate. As a result of this the effect the plastic rue size due to the overload is examined on the effect on crack growth rate and, consequently, fatigue life.
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To study the effect of functional water on the compressive strength of mortar, city water was changed to functional water through ceramics treatment. The change of characteristics of water was measured with
$O^{17}$ NMR and Killian Camera. The compressive strength of mortar was measured with various curing conditions. The test results show that by the ceramics treatment the characteristics of city water was changed. At 28 days under curing condition, the compressive strength of mortar which was mix-proportioned with treated water was increased about 22 % than that of mortar which was mix-proportioned with untreated city water. -
종강도 위주의 일반 상선의 LMC 의 경우는 단지 선박을 l 차원 Beam Model 로 단순화하여 선미로부터 선수까지의 Weight Distribution 과 Buoyancy Distribution 을 계산하여 두 값의 차이를 Shear Force 로 계산하고 Shear Force 적분값을 Bending Moment 로 계산한다. 횡강도가 중요시되는 Barge 선의 경우 Global Transverse Strength 같은 경우에는 위의 식을 적용할 수 있으나 복수의 바지선을 Hinge Type 이 아닌 Fixed Type 으로 고정시켜 사용할 경우 각각의 Connector 에 작용하는 Strength 값이 횡강도의 큰 비중을 차지한다. 일반적인 Load Master Computer 의 경우 이와 같은 계산이 불가능하며 NAPA 와 같은 전용 계산 프로그램의 경우 하나의 Condition 을 계산하는데 소요되는 시간이 많아 실질적인 Monitoring 은 불가능하다. 이에 특수목적의 Load Master Computer(ShipManager-88) 를 제작하게 되었고 이 Program 을 이용하여 Loadout 과 Floatoff 의 Simulation 을 수행하고 Monitoring 하였다. ShipManager-88 은 Barge 선의 종강도 횡강도, Stability, Trim & Draft 등을 계산하며 Sequence 기능으로 실제 LOADOUT 과 FLOATOFF 시의 모의시뮬레이션을 수행해 볼 수 있으며 Online Interlace 제공으로 Tank 에 설치된 센서에서 Level 값을 받아 실시간으로 현재 선박의 상태를 정확하게 계산할 수 있다. 실제 LOADOUT and FLOATOFF 를 수행하면서 Check 한 부분은 종강도, 횡강모 Stability, Deform, Connector Strength, Level 등을 Check 하였고 종방향의 LOADOUT 이 불가능한 Project 를 위해 Transverse LOADOUT 을 이용할 계획이다.
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Resistance performance of 6.67 G/T class fishing vessel is experimentally investigated in low and middle speed ranges to find out the effect of a new chine. The tests are performed for four different cases in the circulating water channel(CWC). Wave patterns are observed together to make clear the relation between the resistance performance and the wave characteristics. The results show that the new chine can be one of the effective device to reduce the resistance.
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최근 들어 해양개발에 관심이 고조되면서 심해저의 진출이 늘어날 것으로 보이며 또한 환경에 미치는 영향 등으로 부유식 소파제의 이용이 늘어날 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 부유식 소파제는 고정식 방파제의 문제점을 상당히 해소할 수 있는 반면 아직까지 완전히 이해되고 해결되지 못한 부정적인 면도 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 부유식 소파제의 설계시 이용 가능한 정보를 얻고자 부유식 소파제의 형상과 파수에 따른 투과율에 대해 원형과 사각형 그리고 catamaran을 비교하였으며 사각형에 있어서는 계류삭의 위치에 따른 차이점을 비교하였다. 또한 catamaran 부소 파제의 후면에 catamaran 구조물이 있는 경우 즉, Dual catamaran의 운동에 대해서도 고찰하였다.
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This study investigates the seasonal variation and spatial distribution characteristics of pollutant load, as executing the quantity valuation of pollutant load inflowing into Yeong-Il bay from on-land including the Hyeong-san river. Annual total pollutant generating rate from Yeong-Il bay region are 202ton to BOD, 620ton to SS, 42ton to T-N, 16ton to T-P respectively, if expressly point out, pollutant generating rate from the Hyeong-san river is the greatest, which BOD ratio is 78.2%, SS 88.5%, T-N 62.5%, T-P 73.1%. As calculating Tank model with input value of daily precipitation and evaporation of 2001 year in drainage basin of the Hyeong-san river, Estimated result of the annual total river discharge effluencing from this river is
$830{\times}106m^3$ . As result to estimating annual total effluence rate outflowing at the rivers from each drainage basins, annual total inflow pollutant rate are BOD 10,633ton, SS 19,302ton, T-N 15,369ton, T-P 305ton. The III basin which is population congestion region of the Pohang-city drain away a good many pollutant load than the V basin including the Neang-Chun with wide drainage area. Especially, a great many T-N than T-P inflow into Yeong-Il bay. The accumulation of pollutant load effluenced from on-land will happen on at the inner coast region of Yeong-Il bay, finally we would make a prediction that the water quality will take a bad turn. -
다공체 이론은 간극수압 및 토질입자 및 간극수의 상호 작용을 포함하는 여러 가지 지반관련 문제의 이해에 있어 매우 중요하다. 이러한 상호작용은 토질강도 및 변형에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 본 논문은 다공체 이론(porous medium theory)의 일반식 및 구성모델을 제시하고 그에 따른 유한요소 공식을 유도하였다. 압밀 예제로서 이러한 모델의 정확도를 검증하였다.
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Wave overtopping is one of the most important hydraulic responses of breakwater because it significantly affects its functional efficiency, the safety of transit and mooring on the rear side, wave transmission in the sheltered area, rear side armor stones and to some extent, the structural safety itself. The hydrodynamic characteristics of low crest breakwater by the overtopping rate can be summarized as follows: 1. It is better to use maximum overtopping rate than to use mean overtopping rate for design of coastal structures. 2. Maximum overtopping rate was increase with wave steepness (between 0.01 and 0.02). 3. Overtopping rate is decreased when relation length of berm was over wave length.
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Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG) continues to attract modern gas industries as well as domestic markets as their main energy source in the recent years. This is mainly because LNG is inherently cleaner and more energy efficiency than other fuels. Offshore LNG production plant is of interest to many oil producing companies all over the world. This article discuss about the production process encountered while developing such a production facility. Typical offshore oil and gas processing required for oil stabilization and other optional units that can be added to the facilities. The production process can broadly be divided into five major units namely, (i) Oil Stabilization unit, (ii) Gas Treatment unit, (iii) Methane Recovery unit, (iv) Distillation unit and (v) LNG Liquefaction unit. The process simulation was carried out for each unit with a given wellhead composition. The topside facilities of offshore LNG production plant will be very similar to the process adopted in offshore processing platform along with the typical onshore LNG production plant. However, the process design problems associated with FPSO motion to be taken care of while developing floating LNG production plant.
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본 논문에서는 FPSO 측면에 나란히 연결된 작업선에 대한 계류계 해석이 수행되었다. FPSO 측면에 연결된 작업선의 횡동요에 의한 충돌 가능성, 작업선의 연결선 및 펜더의 파손 가능성 등에 대한 검토가 이루어졌다. 다물체 계류계 해석을 위하여 MOSES 프로그램을 사용하였고, FPSO와 작업선과의 유체역학적 상호작용은 무시하였다.
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곡선 구간에 복합 해저관로를 설치하기 위해서는 한 개의 관로를 설치하는데 필요한 설계 및 장치보다 더 많은 상황들을 고려해야 한다. 본 논문은 두 개의 복합 해저관로를 설치하는데 필요한 각종 설치 설계 및 장치 설계를 비롯하여 개발된 특수 장치들을 소개한다. 두 개의 해저관로의 외경은 30 inch, 두께는 17.5 mm, 콘크리트 코팅은 70mm이고 3.007km의 노선 중 약 1km가 곡선 구간이다. 최대 수심은 34m이고 약 7.5m의 조수간만의 차를 갖고 있는 지역이다. 해저 곡선구간에는 18개의 해저 가이드 파일을 설치하여 곡선부에서 요구되는 반경을 확보하였다.
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A series of forced oscillation test on model mooring chain was carried out to investigate dynamic tension characteristics. The model test was conducted at two different water depth to gather basic data for 'truncated mooring test' and 'hybrid mooring test'. The truncated and hybrid mooring test are highly recommended to overcome the limitation of water depth in model test recently. The resultant tension RAO gives good possibility of approximation of dynamic tension by equivalent weight adjustment for the ratio of water depth in different water depth. Because the hybrid mooring test is the adequate combination of model test and simulation, accurate simulation model on mooring system is essential. The simulation results show good agreement with model test results.
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Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are unmanned underwater vessels to investigate sea environments, oceanography and deep-sea resources autonomously. Docking systems are required to increase the capability of the AUVs to recharge the batteries and to transmit data in real time for specific underwater works, such as repeated jobs at sea bed. This paper presents a visual servo control system for an AUV to dock into an underwater station with a camera mounted at the nose center of the AUV. To make the visual servo control system, this paper derives an optical flow model of a camera, where the projected motions of the image plane are described with the rotational and translational velocities of the AUV. This paper combines the optical flow equation of the camera with the AUVs equation of motion, and derives a state equation for the visual servoing AUV. This paper proposes a discrete-time MIMO controller minimizing a cost function. The control inputs of the AUV are automatically generated with the projected target position on the CCD plane of the camera and with the AUVs motion. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the modeling and the control law of the visual servoing AUV, simulations on docking the AUV to a target station are performed with the 6-dof nonlinear equations of REMUS AUV and a CCD camera.
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A simplified 3D dynamic model of tracked vehicle crawling on cohesive soft soil is investigated. The vehicle is assumed as rigid body with 6-dof. Cohesive soft soil is modeled through relations: pressure to sinkage, shear displacement to shear stress, and shear to dynamic sinkage. Equations of motion of vehicle are derived with respect to the body-fixed coordinates. In order to investigate 3D transient dynamics of tracked vehicle, Newmark's method is employed based on incremental-iterative algorithm. 3D dynamic simulations are conducted for a tracked vehicle model and steering performance is investigated.
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In this paper, a compliant buoy mooring system of a floating cylindrical structure in shallow water depth is studied experimentally. The compliant buoy mooring system consists of four buoys, vertical mooring legs and horizontal mooring lines. A series of model test were carried out at KRISO ocean engineering basin for various mooring parameters; line length, pretension of mooring leg and mooring layouts and environmental conditions; regular and irregular waves combined with current and wind. The mooring line tensions and 6-DOF motions of the floating structure were measured using water-proof load cells and 3 CCD camera system. The results of a series of model tests were discussed on nonlinear motion behaviors of the floating structure and characterisitics of cumulative distributions of mooring line peak tensions.
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As offshore oil fields move towards the deep ocean, the oil production systems such as FPSO are being built these days. Generally, the FPSO is moored by turret mooring lines to keep the position of FPSO. Thus nonlinear motion analysis of moored FPSO must be carried out in the initial design stage because sea environments affect motion of it. In this paper the mathematical model is based on the slow motion maneuvering equations in the horizontal plane considering wave, current and wind forces. The direct integration method is employed to estimate wave loads. The current forces are calculated by using mathematical model of MMG. The turret mooring forces are quasi-statically evaluated by using the catenary equation. The coefficients of a model for wind forces are calculated from Isherwood's experimental data and the variation of wind speed is estimated by wind spectrum according to the guidelines of API-RP2A. The nonlinear motions of FPSO are simulated under external forces due to wave, current, wind including mooring forces in time domain.
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For moving cargo between the North Pacific region and Northern European ports, the Northern Sea Route, along Russia's coastline, is 35-60% shorter than the traditionally used routes through the Suez and Panama Canals. In addition to its shorter distance, there exists and extensive ports and shipping infrastructure, and the potential for developing new markets in Russia and other northern countries including Korea and Japan. These incentives attracted considerable attention from the international shipping and shipbuilding industries and have formed a cooperative international research program, called as the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP). This paper is a general compilation of the historical usage, recent trade developments, the physical environment, and the practical considerations that may shape future operational mode of shipping in the NSR based on results from INSROP reports. This study focuses mainly on an operation of commercial icebreaking vessels that may be utilized along the NSR.
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Virtual Reality Technology for Multipurpose Numerical Simulation in Marine Environmental EngineeringA virtual reality technology for multipurpose numerical simulation is developed to reproduce and investigate a variety of ocean environmental problems in a 3D-Numerical Wave Tank. The governing equations for solving incompressible fluid motion are Navier-Stokes equation and continuity equation, and the Marker-Density function technique is adopted to implement the fully-nonlinear free-surface kinematic condition. The marine environmental situations, i.e. waves, currents, wind, etc., are reproduced by use of multi-segmented wavemaker on the basis of the so-called "snake-principle". In this paper, some numerical reproduction techniques for regular and irregular waves, multi-directional waves, Bull's-eye wave, wave-current, and solitary wave are presented, and a model test in motion with large amplitude of roll angle is conducted in the developed 3D-NWT, using a overlaid grid system.
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The modeling of realistic water-jet geometry is needed in order to facilitate the design modifications. The present paper proposes a method of generating inlet geometry. Inlet duct was represented by NURBS method which utilized the skinning and local cubic interpolation scheme. Three test examples are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the methods of skinning and local cubic interpolation. Computational examples associated with practical configurations have shown the usefulness of the present method.
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In this paper, various kinds of A-Frame are surveyed and classified according to their functional ability and sizes. Based on the study, a A-Frame that is suitable for ROV/AUV operation is designed. Basic theoretical structural requirements are applied and relevant Finite Element Analysis are earned out for the verification of the sound workability of the proposed A-Frame. Final configuration and the specification are proposed for the usage of ROV/AUV operation.
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The paper presents a numerical and experimental investigation on dynamic behaviors of a towed low tension cable. In the numerical study, an implicit finite difference algorithm is employed for three-dimensional cable equations. Fluid and geometric non-linearity and bending stiffness are considered and solved by Newton-Raphson iteration. Block tri-diagonal matrix method is applied for the fast calculation of the huge size of matrices. In order to verify the numerical results and to see real physical phenomena, an experiment is carried out for a 6m cable in a deep and long towing tank. The cable is towed in two different ways; one is towed at a constant speed and the other is towed at a constant speed with top end horizontal oscillations. Cable tension and shear forces are measured at the top end. Numerical and experimental results are compared with good agreements in most cases but with some differences in a few cases. The differences are due to drag coefficients caused by vortex shedding. In the numerical modeling, non-uniform element length needs to be employed to cope with the sharp variation of tension and shear forces at near top end.
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양식장 해양 레져, 항구 등에서 Calm Sea Area을 필요로 한다. 착저식은 소파효율은 좋으나 해수순환을 방해하여 환경에 좋지 않은 영향을 미치게 된다. 또한 설치비용이나 설치 해역의 한계가 있다. 따라서 이러한 한계들을 극복하기 위해서 부유식 소파구조물을 채택하였다. 본 논문에서는 몇 가지 소파공의 크기를 가지는 반 투과성 부유 소파구조물을 무한수심에서 유체역학적 특성과 소파효율을 계산하였다. 산란문제와 발산문제를 해결하기 위해 선형 포텐셜이론을 사용하여 구조물의 유체역학적 특성을 계산하였다. 적절한 소파공의 크기를 결정함에 따라 소파효율을 향상시킬 수 있다.
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The motion of a floating body with multiple owe chambers in waves is studied taking account of fluctuating air pressure in the chambers. The atmospheric pressure drop in one chamber is interrelated with the drop in the other chamber. Velocity potential in the water due to the free surface oscillating pressure patches is calculated by making use of the hybrid Green integral equation. The chamber motion in the frequency domain is calculated for various values of parameters related to the atmospheric pressure drop in the multiple chambers.
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FPSO(FSO)같은 대형 구조물을 육상에서 건조하여 LOAD-OUT 과 FLOAT-OFF 를 수행하기 위해 한 척의 반 잠수바지로는 불가능하였다. 그래서 두 척의 반 잠수 식 바지를 HINGED TYPE 이 아닌 FIXED TYEP 으로 연결하였고 이에 따라 FLOAT OFF 시에 고려하여야 할 사항 중에서 횡강도 및 바지가 잠수 할 시점의 STABILITY 가 중요시되었다. 또한 FSO 가 잠수바지로부터 떨어져 나올 시점에서, STABILITY CASING 과 FSO 와의 충돌가능성도 고려하여야 할 사항이다. 이 논문에서는 안정성 측면에서의 반 잠수식 바지의 BALLASTING과 충돌방지 차원에서 전체적인 OPERATION에 대하여 언급하였다.
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평행한 벽 내부의 흐르는 규제 속에 원형실린더를 놓고 운동장 해석을 수행하였다. 비압축성 Navier- Stokes 방정식을 풀었고 3차 풍상미분의 수치해법을 이용하였다. 채널 내부에서 실린더의 위치를 이동하면서 벽면의 효과 전단력, 와류의 현장을 규명하였다. 수치처리는 Marker & Cell 기법에 의한 유한차분법을 사용하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 실린더와 벽 경계 사이에서의 생성된 와가 박리 전단에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.
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초대형부유식 해상구조물의 안전성 확보를 위한 방파제 설계를 수행하여 그 효용성을 검증하고 관련 구조물의 설계에 대한 지침을 제공하였다. 초대형부유식 구조물의 설치 위치에 따라 파랑 하중을 계산하였고, 이 하중에 대한 최적의 직립식 방파제 단면을 통용되고 있는 Goda 식에 의하여 scantling 하였다. 케이슨의 안전성 검증을 위하여 유한요소해석을 수행하였고, 최종적으로 VLFS의 안전성 확보를 위한 하나의 방파제 설계도를 제시하였다.
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To study the trafficability on soft and cohesive benthic terrain, a soil bin is designed and constructed. The information of shear strength of pacific seafloor and the results of dimensional analysis of vehicle-train system are used as basic datum for concept design of soil bin. Cohesive benthic terrain is modeled by means of bentonite-water mixture. The shear strength of the mixture is measured by motorized shear meter. Several facilities are constructed for mixing and evening modeled soil, transporting vehicle model. The shear strength in soil bin is investigated for depth, age and velocity. The result of this study is used as basic information to the experiment, study for development of crawler on benthic terrain.
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This paper presents the results of slamming experiment using air pressure cylinder to increase the repeatability of the experiment. When it comes to the slamming experiment, the traditional way of doing it has been the free fall experiment. By adopting air pressure cylinder almost equal peak pressures were obtained with that of free fall experiment. Therefore, the air pressure cylinder can be an alternative tool in slamming experiment.
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Acoustic sounds generated by a uniform flow around a two-dimensional circular cylinder at Re=200 are simulated using finite difference lattice Boltzmann method. A third-order-accurate up-wind scheme is used for spartial derivatives, and a second-order-accurate Runge-Kutta scheme is used for time marching. The results show that in capturing very small acoustic pressure fluctuation with same frequency of Karman vortex street compared with the pressure fluctuation around a circular cylinder. The propagation velocity of acoustic sound is presented that acoustic which approaches tire upstream due to Doppler effect in the uniform flow slowly propagates, while that for the downstream quickly propagates. It is also apparent that the size of sound pressure is proportional for central distance
$r^{-1/2}$ of the cylinder. -
Mathematical and numerical modelling is proposed to evaluate the horizontal behavior of a wave-driven upwelling device and then, the horizontal behavior and the structural ability are inspected for the regular and irregular waves in East sea. Analysis results indicate that the buoy moves with the water particle and the pipe behaves cantilever beam. Also, it is found that the strength of pipe is sufficient to resist the internal moment
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This report describes the effects of following flaws due to ship's propeller on the fish farm structure when the ship's propeller is operated in full power. This study is applied an incompressible newtonian fluid theory, which is governed the Navier-Stokes equation. For the numerical solution, Neumann equation are applied as the boundary conditions. The result shows that the flow velocity near the fish farm is 1.0 m/sec. The actual measurement carries out by using propeller type velocimeter in order to measure the velocity of following flows and currents around the fish farm area. The result shows that the maximum velocity near the fish farm structure is 1.2 m/sec in depth of 1.5 m. This velocity is used for calculation of external force on the fish farm structure. The results of structural strength of the fish farm structures show that the actual maximum bending moment and bending stress are less than the damage strength of material. So the fish farm structure is not affected by the following flows and currents of ship's propeller.
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Eutrophic matters accumulated on the bottom of sea, river and lake cause red tide phenomenon in ocean and outbreak green algae in river and lake. Systems are developed to remove the noxious deposit. But the existing systems remove not only the eutrophic matters but also natural materials, sand, pebbles etc. that should remain at the bottom. This paper describes a new system that can safely, and economically take away the noxious deposit in underwater. High pressure water jet is used to induce vortices in the triangular suction section, and air-lifting pump to lift up the deposit. The mixture of the water and deposit is filtered through the drum filters. An under camera shows the under water situation along the moving direction of the system that is controlled by a remote operator. This remote controlled moving system obliterate the necessity of the diver that usually costs high. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the suggested system.
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This report summarizes the results of global performance analysis of TLP(Tension Leg Platform) at in-place operation condition. The frequency and time domain analysis were performed to calculate the wave induced dynamic responses of TLP using the commercial 3-D diffraction program, MOSES. As results of the analysis, air-gap, excursion and tension on the tendons&risers were provided. For verifying, the existed numerical and experimental result were compared with the results of the present study.
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This study presents the wave forces for spar platforms. The advantage of spar platform is that it is easy to manufacture and excellency to motion characteristics. It is important to estimate exactly wave force acting spar platforms for basic design of them. We measured the wave exciting force for classic spar and truss spar model, and accomplished the numerical calculation using diffraction theory. The results show that experimental values are good agreement with theoretical values. But it is difficult to estimate accurate value considering the heave plate of truss spar due to the viscosity.
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Pitting corrosion is a very common occurrence in marine structures. Therefore, the 3-D finite element analysis is carried out to determine the stress intensity factors at the pit depth and also at the surface of the pit. The pits are modeled as a part of sphere, based on the pit depth and the pit diameter as specified by the Ship Structural Committee. The pit depth and pit diameter are function of the percentage of pitting that the plate is subjected to. A dog-bone shaped specimen is subjected to different intensities of pitting and the stress intensity factors are determined under axial tensile loads.
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Many artificial steel reefs are being built in Japan, however, in Korea, only few steel reefs were manufactured by POSCO, recently. In order to develop their novel types suitable for marine environments near the Korean Peninsula, it is very important to carry out model tests in the initial design stage. In the Ocean Engineering Wide Tank(
$L{\times}B{\times}D=30{\times}20{\times}2.5m$ ) and the Circulating Water Channel of the University of Ulsan, Korea, fluid drag forces acting on models of steel reefs with different sizes are measured in waves and currents. Also numerical predictions based on the Wavier-Stokes equation are made and compared with experimental results. -
This study was performed to find out basic function of artificial upwelling structures. Generation of artificial upwelling current was affected by size of structures, incident current and porosity. when stratification parameters was about 3.0, relative height(hs/h) of structures was
$0.125{\sim}0.15$ , stable artificial upwelling current was generated in the back-side of structures. when porosity is lower than 50%, the effect of artificial upwelling structure was to be better than little by little. -
This study accompanied with the friction welding of a spheroidal graphite cast iron bar and 2024 Aluminium alloy bar with A1050 insert metal and investigated between conditions of friction welding faces and welded joint strength. This principal results of the experimental investigation could be summarized as follows: If the optimum friction welding is selected, the aspect of the spheroidal graphite cast iron and 2024 Aluminium could be welded with a pure Aluminium insert metal.
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Unlike Tubular Steel Tower, This Composite Material Tower is a low-technology Component, whose design is easy to optimize, and which therefore during the design process-lends itself easily as an object for possible cost reduction at very little effort. This may come in useful as the cost of a tower usually significant part of the total cost of a structure. This paper is written by the Composite Materials Tower which loaded Complex loading in Off and On shore. This Composite Material Tower is made by the Method of Filament Winding, and the Component of Composite Material is used by the Roving RS220PE-535. When it loaded Complex trading, there is a results which is bigger than steel tower deflection. We controlled this 1a18e deflection by stiffeners which has thickness 20mm. At last, Off and On Shore Tower which used Composite Materials is compared with Off and On Shore Tower which used Steel.
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To establish an optimum condition in the surface treatment and curing process will be an important parameters for the fabrication of multilayered hybrid composite materials, A17075/CFRP (CARALL : carbon fiber reinforce aluminum laminates). Effects of carbon fiber direction and thickness variation in tensile strength were investigated. And impact damage behavior of carbon fiber reinforce plastic (CFRP) and CARALL were investigated also, it was found that a partial stress increase in order of epoxy adhesive, A17075, CFRP. And the partial stress of CFRP carried out a great portion of applied stress. The impact damage resistance of CARALL was higher than that of CFRP. This is because both side Al sheet of CARALL absorb a great of impact damage.
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The characteristics of parameters for the probability distribution of fatigue crack growth lives by the non-Gaussian random process simulation method is investigated. In this paper, the material resistance to fatigue crack growth is treated as a spatial random process, which varies randomly on the crack surface. Using the previous experimental data, the crack length - the number of cycles curves are simulated. The results are obtained for constant stress intensity factor range conditions with stress ratio of R=0.2, three specimen thickness of 6, 12 and 18mm, and the four stress intensity level. The probability distribution function of fatigue crack growth lives seems to follow the 3-parameter Wiubull and shows a slight dependence on specimen thickness and stress intensity level. The shape parameter,
${\alpha}$ , does not show the dependency of thickness and stress intensity level, but the scale parameter,${\beta}$ , and location parameter,${\upsilon}$ , are decreased by increasing the specimen thickness and stress intensity level. The slope for the stress intensity level is larger than the specimen thickness. -
This study was investigated the photoelectrochemical behavior of STS304 steel with
$TiO_2$ thin films coating, applied by sol-gel method, for the purpose of cathodic photoprotection of the steel corrosion. One time$TiO_2$ -coated STS304 steel adopted two kinds of$TiO_2$ sol solution has the most dominant photopotential abilities, which was -200mV vs. SCE and -500mV vs. SCE under illumination with 40W fluorescent lamp, respectively. That was more negative than the corrosion potential of the bare metal(-150 mV). The bleaching of TCE was confirmed on$TiO_2$ -coated STS304 under UV-illumination with 20 W Black-light. This Study was concluded that$TiO_2$ -coated STS304 exhibited both a cathodic photoprotection effect against corrosion and photocatalytic self-cleaning effect. -
A experimental try was conducted for the purpose of establishment of the cast iron modification by the metal spray method. The friction and wear resistance properties of the metal sprayed cast iron surface were evaluated. The application experiment for the cast iron modification by the metal spray method was conducted in order to develope the restoring method of the scrapped cast iron cylinder liner of the marine engine.
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In this paper the automatic plate forming system developed by the present research group is introduced, which would be helpful for other researchers. The present system consists of three parts : heating line information generation software, automatic heating apparatus and numerical control system. The numerical control system developed by the present authors is detailed. Performance test for the developed system has been carried out and good results has been obtained. As an extension of the present study, the present automatic plate fanning system will be applied to surfaces found in ship and offshore structure.
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Since the pre flex beam is fabricated by welding, the precompressive stresses that should occur over the concrete pier are diminished by the welding residual stresses. Therefore the welding residual stresses must be relieved during the fabrication. So the analysis and examination of the accurate welding residual stress distribution characteristic are necessary. On this study, accurate distribution of welding residual stress of preflex beam is analyzed by finite element method.
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Preflex beam is a method of construction to hold the Pre-compressive stresses over the concrete pier by the Preflexion load. During the fabrication of the girder, welding causes the welding residual stresses. The welding residual stresses must be relieved to generate the accurate compressive pre-stresses that is designed. On this study, to find out the thermal distribution characteristics on the girder by welding, both the three-dimensional finite element analysis and the two-dimensional finite element analysis in a quasi-steady state is carried out. After comparing with each result between the three-dimensional analysis and the two-dimensional analysis, finite element analysis is carried out against the actual girder and analyze welding thermal distribution characteristic over the preflex beam and obtain the input data for the analysis of the welding residual stresses.
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In recent years, the study of metal matrix composite has increased specially, aluminum alloy, research and development are briskly progress to find new metal matrix composite. this study is following the this purpose; This study is used metal matrix composite that was produced by matrix, AC4CH. and reinforcement
$A_{18}B_4O_{33}$ metal matrix composite to add$Al_2O_3,\;TiO_2$ for strengthen of binding together among the Whisker. Each Metal matrix composite is produced using the squeeze casting method. Fracture tounghness test was in accordance with the provisions of ASTM E399; Specimen was produced half-size CT specimen W=25mm, B=12.5mm, Cross head speed 0.05mm/min in room temperature. The plane strain fracture toughness$K_{IC}$ is$8.7MPa-m^{0.5}$ for$Al_{18}B_4O_{33}$ /AC4CH.,$9.28MPa-m^{0.5}$ for$Al_{18}B_4O_{33}$ /AC4CH added$TiO_2$ . and$Al_2O_3$ but AC4CH alloy was violated the critical stipulated by ASTM standard for a valid measurement of$K_{IC}$ . In case of, it was performed$I_{IC}$ test instead of$K_{IC}$ based on ASTM E 1820 -
In this study, an effect that compressive residual stress formed by shot-peening the surface of spring steel(JISG SUP-9) at each shot velocity(1800, 2200, 2600, 3000rpm) on the fatigue crack growth property and threshold stress intensity factor,
${\Delta}K_{th}$ , was examined. Followings are the result (1) Compressive residual stress on surface of specimen was determined at each -601 MPa(1800rpm), -638 MPa(2200rpm), -587 MPa (2600rpm), -550 MPa(3000rpm) by shot velocity of shot peening and threshold stress intensity factor,${\Delta}K_{th}$ , fatigue crack growth rate, da/dN, on fatigue crack growth is obstructed by the compressive residual stress was determined at each$5.619\;MPa\sqrt{m}$ (Un-peening),$8.319\;MPa\sqrt{m}$ (1800rpm),$8.797\;MPa\sqrt{m}$ (2200rpm),$7.835\;MPa\sqrt{m}$ (2600rpm),$7.352\;MPa\sqrt{m}$ (3000rpm) (2) Existing compressive residual stress by effect of shot velocity of shot-peening on relation of crack length. a, and number of cycle, N, was 2 times progressed in case of 2200rpm than specimen of Un-peening on fatigue life. And fatigue life was 1.6 times progressed incase of 3000rpm by Over peening. (3) Fatigue life of Material on Paris' law,$da/dN=C({\Delta}K)^m$ , that effect of material constant, C, and fatigue crack growth exponent, m, was influenced by effect of. C and m. -
The compressive residual stress, which is induced by shot peening process, seems to be an important factor of increasing the fatigue strength. And then it was showed that residual stress was disappearenced at the high temperature. The fatigue characteristic study of a SUP9 spring steel processed shot peening is performed by considering the high temperature service conditions in the range of room temperature through
$180^{\circ}C$ in the range of stress ratio of 0.3 by means of opening mode displacement. The fatigue resistance characteristics and fracture strength at high temperature is considerable lower than that of room temperature in the early stage and stable of fatigue crack growth region. -
This paper describes the need for a ductile Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures. To promte the degradation of the adhesive condition at the fiber/matrix micro interface without matrix dissolution loss were carried out in salt water surrounding. The absorption properties and the bending strength were compared about GFRP rebar and steel bar.
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The fatigue crack growth behavior of the SA516/60 steel which is used for pressure vessels was examined experimentally at room temperature
$25^{\circ}C,\;-30^{\circ}C,\;-60^{\circ}C,\;-80^{\circ}C,\;-100^{\circ}C$ and$-120^{\circ}C$ with stress ratio of R=0.05, 0.1 and 0.3. Fatigue crack propagation rate da/dN related with stress intensity factor range${\Delta}K$ was influenced by stress ratio in stable of fatigue crack growth (Region II) with an increase in${\Delta}K$ . The resistance of fatigue crack growth at low temperature is higher compared with that at room temperature, which is attributed to tile extent of plasticity-induced by compressive residual stress according to the cyclic loads. Fractographic examinations reveal that the differences of the fatigue crack growth characteristics between room and low temperatures are mainly explained by the crack closure and the strengthening due to the plasticity induced and roughness induced. -
Recently the steel parts used at automobiles are required to be used under high stress more than ever before in need of the weight down. To achieve this requirement of a high strength steel, it must be necessary to decrease inclusion content and surface deject as like decarburization, surface roughness etc.. In this study, the surface conditions are measured to know tile influence on fatigue properties by two cases of shot peening of two-stage shot peening and single-stage shot peening. And for this study, three kinds of spring steel (JISG4081-SUP7,SAE 9254, DIN 50CrV4, ) are made. This study shows the outstanding improvement of fatigue properties at tire case of two-stage shot peening in the rotary bending fatigue test and this is assumed to be from (1) Decreasing the surface roughness (2) Unchanging the surface hardness (3) Increasing the compressive residual stress But, results also show fatigue failures originated at inclusion near surface, and this inclusion type is turned out to be a alumina of high hardness.
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Metal matrix composites have a great interest in recent years because high specific strength, high specific stiffness characteristics, and application ranges of the composites are extend to variety industry. In this paper, an investigation was performed on the plane strain fracture toughness and slinding wear properties of AC4CH alloy(Al-Si-Mg line) reinforced with 20wt% aluminum borate whisker expect one, which contained a inorganic binder(
$TiO_2$ ). the binder led to the formation of strengthen the whisker each other. The test of fracture toughness was using CT(half size) specimen of thickness 12.5mm, width 25mm. and test of slinding wear of using tribo a pin-on-disk machine and lubricant is used without paraffine 8.2CST at room temperature. As results, Fracture toughness$K_{IC}$ is$8.7MPa-m^{05}$ for ABOw/AC4CH,$9.28MPa-m^{05}$ for ABOw/AC4CH added$TiO_2$ . but AC4CH alloy was violated the critical stipulated by ASTM standard for valid measurement of$K_{IC}$ . In case of, it was performed$J_{IC}$ test instead of$K_{IC}$ based on ASTM E 1820. -
The effect of size and volume fraction of ceramic particles with sliding velocity on the wear properties were investigated for the metal matrix composites fabricated by pressureless infiltration process. The particulate metal matrix composites exhibited about 5.5 - 6 times of excellent wear resistance compared with AC8A alloy at high sliding velocity, and as increasing the particle size and decreasing the volume fraction the wear resistance was improved. The wear resistance of metal matrix composites and AC8A alloy exhibited different aspects. Wear loss of AC8A alloy increased with sliding velocity linearly. whereas metal matrix composites indicated more wear loss than AC8A alloy at slow velocity region, however a transition point of wear loss was found at middle velocity region which show the minimum wear loss, and wear loss at high velocity region exhibited nearly same value with slow velocity region. In terms of wear mechanism, the metal matrix composites exhibited the abrasive wear at slow to high sliding velocity generally, however AC8A alloy showed abrasive wear at low sliding velocity and adhesive and melt wear at high sliding velocity.