Global warming, which has accelerated since the 20th century, has led to significant rising sea levels, heavily impacting human society. To address this issue, various global initiatives, including marine urban planning, are being implemented. However, most current methods focus on migration and defense, requiring constant redevelopment and compensation. This study proposes a sustainable and monolithic compliance approach as an ideal architectural response. The study aims to identify architectural characteristics of marine cities that can respond to disasters by analyzing realized marine buildings. Ocean buildings, a form of compliance suitable for rising sea level scenarios, were viewed as an ideal response. To achieve this, 97 cases of marine buildings were investigated, and categorized into tourism, research, residential, non-residential, and marine cities or complex residential complexes. Their locations were mapped based on elevation and population density. Next, the architectural characteristics of marine city planning types were analyzed to determine forms responsive to rising sea levels. Cases along the coast and those with a total floor area of less than 10,000m² were excluded, resulting in six primary marine city cases using the compliance method. This study aims to raise awareness of sustainable marine building practices and provides detailed data for future architectural research and technological development in response to rising sea levels.

The study focuses on utilization patterns for the welfare of aged people in Long-Term Care Facilities and factors analysis of the continuous use intention of facility care on 「the Survey of Elderly in 2019」. The purpose of this study is to suggest improvement direction of facilities in consideration of usage characteristics of elderly people. The analysis contents is comprised the four major sections of demographic & sociology, utilization of children, institutional characters and programs. There is deduction of statistically significant affecting 7 factors include age, size of family, chronic diseases, distance, visit count, financial and bath. As a result of this study, there is improvement plan consideration in facilities emphasized the importance of residing space for long-term care. Government need to suggest the social support program for elderly people, way of operation for community relations and programs of family participation. Plan to establish is suggested different types of facilities considering local resources and regional characteristic with condition of a location. The establishment should be decided the typed of care services and constructed the supporting system for operation of programes, facility condition and regional linkage.

Planning housing environments to support the health of older adults is extremely important in the aging era. This study surveyed domestic baby boomers to investigate the importance of healthy housing elements and satisfaction levels. The results indicate that satisfaction levels regarding healthy housing elements, including thermal environment, air quality, lighting environment, noise environment, and safety, were significantly lower than their perceived importance. Notably, improvement is required in areas related to environmental noise, such as inter-floor noise, inter-wall noise, external noise, and household noise. Additionally, enhancements in eco-friendly interior materials and ventilation systems for air pollutant removal are needed in the air quality domain. Furthermore, satisfaction levels regarding the thermal environment, lighting environment, and safety were also lower than their perceived importance, underscoring the necessity for housing maintenance or improvement. In conclusion, this study identifies the urgent need to improve physical environmental factors to promote healthy housing for the orlder adults in the accelerating aging era and suggests effective directions for housing enhancement.

Recently, the demand for monthly rent has increased due to its lower interest and deposit requirements compared to Jeonse. Among these options, Gosiwons, especially those with minimal or no deposit, are becoming more popular. However, with the rising demand for Gosiwons, there is a lack of accurate classification for their building use types. Gosiwons designated for other uses and operated accordingly may evade proper crime prevention and safety management measures, potentially leading to various issues. This study aims to classify residential types in Guro-gu, one of Seoul's 25 autonomous districts, and assess their compliance with the Building Act. Additionally, it analyzes the distribution characteristics of Gosiwon types by dong in Guro-gu, providing valuable data for fostering Gosiwons that may require use changes. Future research should focus on addressing inappropriate designations and illegal use changes of Gosiwons, leading to a clear management system for vulnerable housing populations.

Architectural assets reflect the unique characteristics of a region and can enhance regional identity through active utilization. This study identifies the characteristics and relationships of architectural assets by classifying areas based on socio-cultural regional characteristics. The focus is on the old city center and the new city area in Sejong City, two areas with contrasting features. The study classifies regional types in Sejong City, analyzes architectural assets through basic survey analysis, and identifies their characteristics by regional type. Sejong City emphasizes strengthening local characteristics and the sense of place inherent in architectural assets. The old downtown area and the new urban area, with their contrasting features, show different architectural asset characteristics based on completion date, conservation status, and use. In Sejong City, older regions have older buildings with lower preservation status. Housing is the most common use in both areas, but the structure and value of housing vary by region. Additionally, the uses of neighborhood living facility assets differ between the two areas. Therefore, different strategies are needed to utilize Sejong City's architectural assets based on the regional type.

This study explores a visualization method to incorporate water attributes in residential spaces using generative AI, focusing on the direct experiences of biophilic design. Generative AI, which has recently gained popularity in the architectural design field, efficiently generates new design ideas. Applying water attributes to residential spaces offers residents positive experiences in various ways. Therefore, this study aims to identify the water attributes of biophilic design that positively impact residents and to develop an efficient generative AI-based visualization method. The research method involved analyzing previous studies on generative AI in architecture and water attributes of biophilic design. Images were created using stable diffusion, and prompts representing water attributes were derived to build a dataset for developing the LoRA model. The study then compared and analyzed the prompt-based water attribute visualization method with the LoRA model-based visualization method. This research provides foundational data for visualizing water attributes in biophilic design and contributes by discussing the application of generative AI in architecture-related fields.

After retirement, elderly people engage in various activities such as hobbies, social interactions, and community involvement to maintain their living conditions. The number of elderly individuals is rapidly increasing, prompting the government to urgently provide related facilities and welfare systems. Among these facilities, elderly welfare centers serve retired individuals by offering spaces for community and social communication. However, local governments struggle with planning the appropriate building size and required functions for these centers. Currently, most elderly welfare centers are created by remodeling existing buildings, leading to mismatches in required functions and building sizes. Therefore, clear criteria are needed to determine building size and functions during the early planning stages. This study offers an approximate scale for deciding building size and functional requirements, based on a survey of building synopses, functions, and usage in elderly welfare centers across 22 local governments in Kyungbuk province. The results revealed that there is a proportional but low-slope relationship between population size and center area, indicating that as the population increases rapidly, the center building area does not grow correspondingly. The average unit area per 1,000 people for a center building is 29.4 m², with a median value of 19.1 m². For every 1,000 elderly people, the average unit area is 146.2 m², with a median value of 97.6 m². For administration, the unit area per 1,000 people is approximately 7m²for the general population and 30-50m²for elderly people. For welfare services, the unit area per 1,000 people is about 3m²for the general population and 15m²for elderly people. For physical recovery, the unit area per 1,000 people is approximately 0.7m²for the general population and 4m²for elderly people. For social education, the unit area per 1,000 people is about 7m²for the general population and 34m²for elderly people. These results provide a basis for estimating the size and functional area of welfare centers during the early planning stages.

This study compares and analyzes examples of Ctesiphon construction methods from domestic and international sources, focusing on the characteristics of suspension arches to elucidate the planning characteristics and transformation process of the Ctesiphon method in Jeju. It was found that Ctesiphon construction spread actively in Europe, Oceania, and Jeju during the 1950s and 1960s. While it was primarily used for military and religious purposes abroad in the 1950s, in Jeju, it was mainly applied to industrial purposes such as houses, pigsties, warehouses, and factories in the 1960s. The spatial planning characteristics of Ctesiphon buildings in Jeju showed that residential buildings preferred square-shaped plans for effective space utilization, while non-residential buildings favored rectangular plans with high aspect ratios and large spaces achieved through physical additions or B series. The transformation process of Ctesiphon buildings in Jeju was traced through their spatial planning characteristics and historical context. This analysis confirmed that the Ctesiphon method spread globally during the 1950s and 1960s, was introduced to Jeju in the 1960s, and has since evolved to suit the island's specific purposes and conditions.

In response to the escalating global population and climate change-induced food crises, smart farms have emerged as a new architectural paradigm, reconfiguring traditional agricultural production, transportation, and consumption networks. Recent studies have explored the transition of smart farms from isolated industrial entities in suburban areas to their integration into urban settings, recognizing their production functions as well as their social and cultural values. This research critically examines the essential functional and spatial structures needed for integrating smart farms into urban landscapes. It specifically investigates the potential for comprehensive integration of smart farms within urban settings by combining their functions with the cultural and educational aspects of cities. The methodology includes an extensive review of existing smart farm typologies and features from prior studies, followed by a comprehensive survey of domestic and international case studies to elucidate the integration of production functions and supplementary programs within urban smart farms. This analysis aims to identify adaptable programs and explore their spatial integration methods. The latter part of the research uses findings from prior investigations along with urban and environmental data from Seoul to examine the practical application and limitations on Nodeul Island. This study aims to offer a new architectural typology by combining urban agriculture and cultural amenities as an alternative solution to social and environmental challenges.

This study focuses on ways to improve deteriorating, low-rise inclined residential areas, with a particular emphasis on Haebang-chon neighborhood in Seoul, through the use of modular architecture. It aims to overcome the constraints of traditional high-density development and presents a prototypical alternative development solution that respects the unique urban landscape of hilly terrain. This research includes a comprehensive analysis of the area's topography, infrastructure, and existing building usage. It proposes a master plan to enhance living conditions by upgrading roads and traffic systems, introducing pedestrian-friendly green walkways, and creating small, integrated blockshat blend with the existing urban fabric. This study suggests a sustainable, efficient middle-density collective housing model, utilizing the flexibility and environmental benefits of modular construction. This approach aims to tackle the difficulties of hillside redevelopment while improving the quality of life for local residents through implementing various social infrastructures and ensuring long-term resilience and adaptability by adopting neighborhood-scale master-planning ideas and spatial strategies that aligns with the modular architecture design.

This study explores how tradition was expressed in three buildings constructed at the Blue House in the early 1990s and why these differences arose. It argues that expressing tradition wasn't solely for architectural or aesthetic purposes, but also served specific political or functional aims. The new Blue House buildings needed to fulfill multiple goals, often conflicting with each other. Firstly, they had to incorporate traditional Korean materials, techniques, and forms to replace a building from the Japanese colonial period. Simultaneously, they had to represent the nation's progress, symbolizing a newly developing South Korea. Moreover, these buildings had to signify the country's supreme power while also embodying a new democratic era. These seemingly conflicting values of tradition and modernity, authority and democracy could not be prioritized separately, both needed pursuit. This study examines how these conflicting values were balanced through traditional forms of expression. By delving into these aspects, this study not only sheds light on the complex nature of the construction of the Blue House but also helps understand the modernization attempts of Korean traditional architecture more broadly.

The banquet held in the palace during the late Joseon Dynasty was held not only on the first day of the year but also at night. Taking this aspect into consideration, etc. were prepared, and the analysis of changes by period is summarized as follows. The characteristic of change over time is that in 1809, the lanterns of Gisajin Pyo-ri Jinchan mainly consisted of candlesticks, embossed lanterns, and Hongsa lanterns in large quantities. This is the early period when sheep-shaped lanterns appeared in rituals related to banquets. Starting with Mujajinjak in 1828, hanging lanterns and jochoks to announce the start of a banquet (night banquet) appear in Uigwe's doseoul, and long circular glass lanterns newly appear at Gichukjinchan in 1829. In the 1848 Musin Jinchan, the physical number of lanterns placed in the banquet hall increased, the format of the glass lanterns changed to a square shape, and four lanterns also appeared. The excrement of Mujinjinchan and others continues until Mujinjinchan in 1868. In 1877, a new glass lantern, such as a glass yukwoohwa lantern, appeared at the Jeongchukjinchan ceremony, but it did not appear in later periods. Looking at the characteristics of the Jeongjeongchan in 1887 and the newly built Jinchan in 1901, the number of circular glass lanterns was increased and placed in the hall rather than embossed lanterns and four-colored lanterns. It is thought that favorable lighting was concentrated in the brightness of the light. In 1902, Imin Jinyeon increased the number of all lanterns except for the four lanterns, and the characteristic feature was that the number of large candlesticks, small candlesticks, and red candle lanterns, which did not change, increased, which is a characteristic of the Jinyeon(進宴), Yeonhyangs with many types and quantities are Musin Jinchan, Mujin Jinchan, and Jeongchuk Jinchan. Overall, the lanterns used in banquets changed from an increase in type to an increase in quantity, and from intensive lighting with effective lanterns to lighting with the addition of indirect lighting, and it is believed that lanterns were the key to spatial lighting for banquets held at night in royal banquets.

The purpose of this study was to accurately examine the history of Capital Hanyang, its Fortress Wall and Gyeongbok Palace by analyzing historical records such as Goryeosa, Goryeosajeolyo, and Joseonwangjosillok. As a result, we can see that the Hanyang Capital, which was known to have been built in Joseon Dynasty, was originally the Capital of Goryeo Dynasty, and was made by reducing the size of the capital, which was much larger than the capital of Joseon Dynasty. It can also be seen that Gyeongbok Palace during the opening period of Joseon Dynasty was originally the palace of Hanyang Capital of Goryeo Dynasty, and was renovated and extended to make it the palace of Joseon Dynasty. This study on the Capital Hanyang and the Palace, the centers of politics, economy, history, and culture, has important significance as basic data that can properly grasp the characteristics of Korean history and cultural heritage.

The rapid emergence of small commercial streetscapes known as Ridangil across many Korean cities has created new physical settings and street interfaces. This study examines changes in the urban fabric and place characteristics of Jeonridangil and Haeridangil in Busan. Through site surveys, observation, and photo documentation, unique urban features of Ridangil streetscapes were identified to analyze their physical, morphological, and typological characteristics. Based on urban content and levels of permeability and accessibility, street interfaces were categorized by openness, transparency, and opacity. The results showed that transparent interfaces, predominant in both streetscapes, ensure a human scale, opportunities to enjoy the climate, aesthetic experiences, and positive sensory impressions. The findings provide insights into various street interfaces that increase visibility, mixity, functionality, and intensity of commercial streetscapes, thereby enhancing urban vitality and walkability.

This study aimed to analyze the modern and contemporary history of the development of small and medium-sized cities in South Korea. It analyzed the history of urban development from the Japanese colonial period to the present day, focusing on the original city center of Sokcho City, located at the northern tip of eastern Gangwon Province. The timeline was divided into three periods based on political, economic, and environmental factors. This study investigated the characteristics of each period from the original and new cadastral maps, photographic materials, and interviews of residents, and presented their implications. Notably, it found that several factors had affected urban formation. It identified the process of forming urban organizations, including streets, blocks, lots, and architectures in the original city center of Sokcho City, which was affected by changes in the living environment and changes in form factors of prominent urban spaces such as Chungcho Lake. This study provides a basis for further studies on urban regeneration and management.

The purpose of this study is to propose an optimal ZEB 5 level implementation design plan for office buildings to revitalize the ZEB certification system. Among the 10-year project, one case of an actual office building was selected and five analysis models (EHP, GHP, Turbo chiller, Absorption chiller, and Absorption chiller-heater) were developed based on the type of cooling source equipment. Energy savings from passive and active technology elements were calculated and technologies were prioritized according to their impact. By calculating the actual construction cost for each technical element, we calculated the additional construction cost for each combination of technical elements and solar power generation system to achieve ZEB level 5, and presented the optimal ZEB design direction at the lowest cost. Through this, this study raised the need to comprehensively consider technical factors when designing building energy conservation because each technical element is interrelated and affects building energy and increases or decreases construction costs.

The heat flow meter method and average method have been widely used to measure and analyze the thermal resistance of building exterior walls because of their popularity and convenience. However, low accuracy and long measurement period are obvious limitations of these methods, and many studies have been conducted to address them. These studies reported that the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor environment is the most important factor affecting the accuracy and convergence characteristics of in situ thermal resistance estimation. However, these studies analyzed only a small number of cases with specific temperature differences, so the influence of various temperature differences that can occur in practice were not investigated. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the average temperature difference on the convergence characteristics and accuracy of in situ thermal resistance estimation using the average method. Data measured by the heat flow meter method from October 2022 to May 2023 on the north-facing wall of a full-scale experimental building were used. The findings show that the percentage of convergence satisfaction increases as the temperature difference increases, but each condition differs significantly from the other in ease of satisfaction. For temperature differences above about 12℃, the difference in accuracy due to the fulfillment of convergence conditions was larger than the difference in accuracy due to the increase in temperature difference.

This study aims to evaluate equations for shear strength in Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). A total of 79 experimental results from previous researchers were collected and classified by strengthening method. The existing equations were then evaluated based on these results. The shear strength calculation formulas considered include those by Nanni and Dias for Near Surface Mounted (NSM) reinforcement using FRP rods, and those by ACI and FIB for lateral confinement using FRP sheets. The analysis revealed that for U-wrap lateral confining reinforcement, neither the ACI nor the FIB calculation formulas could safely predict the strength after shear strengthening. For full-wrap lateral reinforcement, the critical effective strain of 0.004 for FRP, as defined by ACI, appears to be underestimated compared to experimental results. In the case of NSM strengthening, Dias calculates the effective strain through an equation, while Nanni uses an experimentally determined average value of 0.0059. The significant difference in the experiment/calculation ratio for both indicates a need for further research.

This paper proposes a novel modular steel assembly method for manufacturing and assembly design (DfMA) using innovative connectors produced by casting with 3D printed sand molds and rectangular steel cross-section (RHS) members. The demand for modular construction methods in high-rise buildings is growing due to their economic and sustainability advantages in reducing construction time. With the increasing demand for modular construction techniques in high-rise buildings, rational structural design of modular joints is crucial for safety against progressive collapse and practicality. This paper presents the results of experiments on tension, compression, and shear of modular nodes at each location, and compare and validate the performance of modular nodes through FEM analysis. This paper describes the structural performance validation, development of finite element models, and experimental methods and results for new modular joints for parametric investigation, demonstrating the reliability of finite element analysis models.

Floor impact sound is a very serious social problem in Korea, where life in multi-story apartment house is common. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for improving heavy weight impact sound performance by improving the stiffness of the structural member using steel fiber reinforced concrete to reduce the impact sound of building floor slabs. Preliminary experiments were conducted on the heavy weight impact sound improvement effect according to the mixing amount of steel fiber and the floor impact sound performance change according to the crack (effective stiffness) of the slab caused by the working loads. The floor impact sound performance was tested a total of 8 times according to the presence or absence of cracks on the 4 slab specimens, and the relative stiffness of each slab was evaluated through the load tests for the occurrence of cracks. Through this study, it is expected that it will be possible to develop a more efficient method than the conventional method of increasing the slab thickness as a method for reducing heavy weight impact noise among floor impact sounds of buildings. In the experimental results, it was difficult to directly compare the performance between specimens due to differences in the compressive strength of concrete. However, it was confirmed that impact sound performance tended to improve depending on the mixing amount of steel fiber and the status of cracks.

This study aims to develop a new form-finding system for net structures using visual programming techniques. The force density method is revisited and reconstructed in Python within the Grasshopper environment to implement the new digital system. A new Grasshopper component, FDM, based on the force density method, is developed for the form-finding of net structures. The design domain of the net structures is defined using NURBS (Non-uniform Rational B-spline), and a new Python-based Grasshopper component, MESH, is created to generate element mesh. The entire form-finding process utilizes the generic Grasshopper components, MESH, and FDM. Six numerical examples are carried out to verify the performance of the present system. From numerical results, the proposed system efficiently determines the forms of various net structures and can be applied to net structures with arbitrary shapes and openings.

This study evaluated the seismic performance of mass timber frames reinforced with wooden shear walls to establish a structural design method for mid-to-high-rise wood buildings. The timber frames were reinforced with either SIP or CLT shear walls. The experiments showed that the specimen with SIP shear walls failed in the shear walls without failure of the steel connectors. The specimen with CLT shear walls exhibited higher structural performance but had a lower ductility ratio due to the failure of the steel connectors. The results suggest that future studies should focus on securing the stiffness of the steel connectors between the CLT shear walls and the frame.

This study aims to identify the quantitative indicators construction companies use for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and to investigate their trends. ESG implementation in the construction industry is crucial due to its significant impact on the labor market and environment. However, challenges such as high accident rates and substantial industrial waste generation hinder full ESG integration. The diversity of ESG scores and criteria also slows adoption in the industry. To evaluate the current state of ESG management, this study reviewed ESG reports from the past 10 years of nine general contractor companies in South Korea, identifying 28 common quantitative indicators: 10 Environmental, 13 Social, and 5 Governance. Time series analysis revealed an increasing number of companies using these indicators, with progressive improvements in the values of E, S, and G indicators, reflecting better fulfillment of social responsibilities. These findings can aid ESG management, particularly for small and medium-sized companies lacking resources for ESG implementation. Additionally, by presenting trends over time, this study offers guidance on which indicators should be reinforced for improved ESG performance in the construction industry.