Kenzo Tange was interested in how to express tradition in the process of creation of modern architecture and tried to express the traditionaluty of Japanese architecture in his own way. From the point of view of his own 'New Tradition', in particular, Tange sought to express Japanese tradition in terms of space rather than building materials or component aspects to create the 'Japanese style of architecture' based on traditional architecture to match the discourse of international architecture and distinguish it from the Western one, by harmonizing the spatial concept of Japanese traditional architecture with the Western technology. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the signs and traces of traditions in the space of his architecture. Through this study, I would like to have implications for our architecture, which had a very different process and result from Japan in digesting and combining it with traditional architecture although Western civilization was accepted at about the same time.

This research proposes the method of using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) more efficiently in the classification of architectural images. The characteristics of images are not considered in the conventional methods of classifying architectural images. In this research, architectural images are first categorized primarily as two-dimensional images such as facades or three-dimensional images such as perspectives before classifying the types of the images. We compared the cases, where the types of architectural images are classified without being categorized as two- or three-dimensional images, with the cases where they are classified after the preliminary categorization is conducted. In this research, it was confirmed that the latter had higher classification accuracy. This implies that for image classification using the CNN, it could be effective to classify the types of architectural images after categorizing the basic preliminary delimitation based on characteristics of the images. We anticipate that the outcome of this research for architectural images will also apply to classification of other types of images.

This study is intended to understand the current situation of small market building and raise several problems with that. In spite of the increase in demand for small-scale construction, the relevant legal system is insufficient compared to large-scale construction projects. Even though some Acts on small-scale buildings were revised, they don't adequately reflect the condition of the market. Because the market has problems such as imbalance of labor supply and demand, unstable employment structure, lack of funds and poor sales, the businesses giving architectural services and doing construction work are mostly poor in their operation. To study the literature survey of the law in force and technical statistics were used and the Focus Group Interview(FGI) was conducted to supplement. In terms of the market structure, the market has problems of the uncertain practices in a contract with the parties concerned, the expedient method of the direct undertaking construction and illegal lease of license. Also with aspect of industrial structure the quality control in design and construction process is not properly performed and the warranty liability against defects is ambiguous. Therefore, based on these problems it is necessary to provide an institutional strategy and introduce new professional curriculum and build the information delivery system.

On After World War II, 16 Grundsätze des Städtabaus was instituted in East Germany in 1950, influenced by socialist realism based on the Soviet Marxist-Leninist ideology. 16 Grundsätze des Städtabaus had the greatest influence on architecture and urban planning in East Germany until it became German. 16 Grundsätze des Städtabaus consist of a total of 16 Principles, and the main content is the definition of cities, city centers, and residences in the socialist ideology, and the rules for the role of the square, transportation, and residential environment. New planned cities according to 16 Grundsätze des Städtabaus were constructed, and buildings in the form of socialist classicism were built. In particular, Plattenbau was supplied to the people as an industrial collective housing form expressing socialist ideology. 16 Grundsätze des Städtabaus was successful as a method of faithfully expressing the socialist ideology, but as a result, it created the limits of urban growth and the inhuman living environment.

This study analyzes the production process through community participation, focusing on contemporary local public construction project. In particular, existing studies mainly focused on institutional and methodical discussions for participation, and lacked an integrated and practical analysis. This study targets the Yeonhui-dong Community Center in Seoul, analyzes the beginning and change of community participation in all stages from planning to outcome, and looks closely at how it affects the production process of public places. In the space improvement project of the Yeonhui-dong Community Center, which started with the planning of Seoul City and Seoul Design Foundation, community participation began with the search for an unspecified community of residents of Yeonhui-dong. In other words, it was not to create a new participatory community, such as a committee, or to select an existing organization. At first, the government provides information about the project, collects opinions from residents, and then creates a participatory group based on the workshop. Then, based on these existing participants, the participants for consultation were reorganized, and seven organizations related to the operation of the facility were formed. On the other hand, when interpreting the result of community participation in terms of the publicness of the place, this paper confirmed the publicness as merely the presence and absence of participation and the continuous community acceptance of the place. In conclusion, in the production of Yeonhui-dong Community Center, through the process of reconstructing the unspecified community of ordinary residents, continuous community participation appeared in the places created later.

Defining the architect's concept is variously interpreted according to the society, ideas, culture and perspective of the period, so single definition is not easy. Rem Koolhaas is interpreted in various aspects, including neo-organism, neologism, and deconstructionism, but looking at the interview and several prior studies in El Croquis shows that his architecture experiences time and space according to the program and affects various movements. He considered various characteristics of the building space and applied the contraction and expansion and sequence of the space according to the user's movement to the space design of the building. By studying and analyzing the architectural space of Kunsthal designed by Rem Koolhaas, which applies these elements densely to the space, he intends to establish the concept of the space he is pursuing. Starting from this point of view, this study seeks to find out the characteristics of Kunstal's interior and exterior spaces. As a method of creating a sequence and contraction and expansion of the space in connection with the vertical flow, the opening, the material, and the variability of the program was considered. By studying these techniques and elements, we are going to accumulate spatial vocabulary of Kunstall architecture. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current status, layout, floor plan, elevation, cross section, structural system, etc. of Kunsthal architecture to find out the characteristics of space by the circulation, materials and programs, and present the vocabulary and technique of new interior and exterior space of the building.

In East Asian timber structure, the roof types are major factor in expressing the hierarchy of buildings. China has long held the perception that the 'hip roof' is the highest while the 'gable roof' is the lowest. Just as the ancient Chinese building code from Tang and Song Dynasty mainly recorded the 'hip and gabled roof' for regulating hierarchy, the hypothesis that Silla's Oksa(屋舍) in the 9th century may have contained a regulation on the roof type brings an opportunity to newly illuminate the 'flying eave(飛簷)', which has long been interpreted as the 'flying rafter' in Korean architectural history. On the Chinese dictionaries written in the 18th century, the term 'flying eave' indicated Chun-Hyeo in Korean. Chun-Hyeo, the old word for Chu-nyeo, seems to be used for the 'corner eave', not the 'corner rafter'. Therefore the 'flying eave' means the 'corner eave' just as the same as the wide meaning of Chu-nyeo in the contemporary Korean language. When we can apply this retroactively to the 9th century, the prohibition of the 'flying eave' in the Silla's building code becomes the regulation of the roof type to maintain the hierarchy for all residential buildings, allowing the 'hip roof' and 'hip-and-gable roof only for the highest rank such as Seong-gol(聖骨).

The creation of their own monumental architecture within a century after the birth of Islamic religion is unprecedented in the history of architecture. The identity of Islamic architecture was completed through the passage of thousands of years with the compromise of various regional cultures. The Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, embraced the architectural tradition in the conquered area, is one of the most monumental buildings that symbolized the excellence of their faith. In this paper, therefore, we investigated the relationship between the architectural components of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, which developed into a unique Islamic style and the regional architectural tradition. We also analyzed the factors that determine the direction of Qibla placement. The Great Mosque of Cordoba, a representative building of medieval architecture as well as of Islamic architecture, was analyzed as having the following characteristics by accommodating the local architectural elements and the method of constructing the Christian church during the extension period. The two-tier arcade system and the alternation of stone and brick colors of arches were induced with reference to the Roman aqueducts in Mérida, Spain, The Visigothic horseshoe arch has become a representative architectural element of Islamic architecture in Spain and North Africa since the construction of the Cordoba Mosque. They show how Muslims transformed the architectural elements of the conquered regions into their own original architectural forms. The interior of the building with decorating the three bays in front of the mihrab was extended in the longitudinal direction so that applied the hierarchical arrangement of Christianity. The cross-arch of the multifoil arch and mukarnas dome, which suggest to have influenced the development of the rib vault and point arch of the Gothic architecture, seems to be the result of the mutual exchange between Islam and Christianity. Finally, the qibla of the Cordoba Mosque is about 51° south of Mecca and does not face the Kabba. Because it is possible to measure the direction of the qibla since the 9th century, thus, they probably built the qibla wall according to the road direction of the Roman city as the method of Umayyad tradition.

The purpose of this study was to measure and observe Memes of people in Korean modern architectural discourse. After extracting Memes from the text of 'SPACE' magazines, network analysis was used with the Memes which were obtained. As a result, the five most eminent people in the SPACE magazine discourse texts were Le Corbuiser, Mies Van der Rohe, Louis Kahn, Kim Soo geun and Gilles Deleuze, and the Meme pattern for each character is as follows. Le Corbuiser : 'Modernism' Memes were most exuded, and it was found that both thought and work had a lot of influence. Also, from the 1960s until recently, Memes have consistently been released the most. Mies Van der Rohe : 'Modernism' Memes were most exuded, and it was found that both thought and work had a lot of influence. Among 'Modernism', the 'Minimalism' Meme took the majority. Many memes had been released before 2010, but since 2010, the number has decreased significantly. Louis Khan : Various Memes were released evenly, led by 'Phenomenology' and 'Sense of Place'. Both thought and work were found to have a great influence. Since its appearance in the 1980s, it has been consistently emitting a lot. Kim Swoo Geun : There were many Memes about personal relationships, not thoughts or philosophies. Also, from the death of Kim Swoo Geun to the mid-90s, many Memes have been released for several years and since then, little has been released. Gill Deleuze : Many memes in philosophy, not architecture, were released. Since its appearance in the late 1990s, it has often been released.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that affect to the assessment of Hanok by using the complete enumeration survey data of the entire Hanok in Jongno-gu. Although the data of the Hanok survey has accumulated for establishing and editing Hanok policy, it hasn't used for quantitative researches. This study tried to find the convergence between adaptive use and conservation of Hanok by finding the factors that affect the value and condition of the buildings. The methods of this study are literature review, site survey, statistic survey, and case studies. Through One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA analysis, it has figured out that the commercial Hanok in the "Hanok Conservation Area" is one of the most unmanaged cases. According to SEM analysis, the figures of Hanok have a relation to the assessment grade. Attached equipment, gate, roof, facade wall has more effect on the grade, and windows and fence have less affect. Through case studies of the factors, it has suggested that the direction about flexible standards of Hanok policy for neighborhood commercial use.

In this study, the effects of the construction of Gwangju-Jeonnam Innovation City were examined on the existing urban context around the city in the respect of urban spatial structure, and improvement directions of the broader region of Gwangju and Naju were discussed. Focusing on the wide-range region from Gwangju Metropolitan City to Naju City including the innovative city, comparative analyses were conducted of the wide-range spatial structures before and after construction of the innovative city using Primal Spatial Network-based Spatial Analysis. As a result, it was found that Gwangju-Jeonnam Innovative City had more influence on Gwangju Metropolitan City, than Naju City. After construction of the innovative city, Gwangju City showed clear differentiation of accessibility and centrality by region. The centrality has moved to the southern areas of Gwangsan-gu and Nam-gu, and accessibility has increased on the arterial roads connecting the innovative city and Gwangju. However, the accessibility of those roads did not spread to urban cores. Rather, it was found that the accessibility was lowered on the second ring road and the arterial roads connected to it, and the centrality in the urban cores was lowered than before construction of the innovative city. In this regard, Gwangju Metropolitan City is expected to increase the likelihood of development in the outskirts of the city, which is a boundary area with Naju, due to the innovative city. While it is expected that the centrality of the urban cores is shifting, and some urban cores will decline or even become hollow. Moreover, the phenomenon of decline of the old urban core is more concerned than other regions in that the centrality of the old urban core has already begun to decrease before the construction of the innovative city.

The importance of improving the energy performance of existing buildings has been emphasized in response to the strengthened national GHG reduction targets and national energy transition policy. In particular, public buildings are actively managed by diverse Korean government ministries. The officer, in each public organization, who manages public buildings should submit annual greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption of the buildings to each ministry's information system. However, the submitted information has been duplicated in different systems. To overcome inefficient duplication issue, it is necessary to integrate public building and energy consumption information in one platform. In this study, the prototype of integrated platform specialized for public buildings was designed and implemented based on the national building energy database. Specifically, the platform was designed with the method of "primary key matching", which links energy meter to building ledgers automatically and collects building operation information and other diverse information related to energy consumption. The prototype was applied to the Public Building Energy Information System(PEIS) operated by the Korea Infrastructure Safety and Technology Corporation(KISTEC). As a result, it is expected that this platform will contribute to enhancing the work efficiency to manage public building's greenhouse gas and energy efficiency.

The purpose of this study is to propose a novel method to pressurize a room using a ventilation system to block outdoor PM_2.5 through infiltration. We made various cases according to the building airtightness performance, pressurization ratio, and filter level, and evaluated the performance of the proposed method using simulation. As the simulation method, CONTAM, mass balance equation, simple thermal load equation, and regression equation were used. As a result, first, using the proposed method, the indoor PM_2.5 concentration could be reduced to a maximum of 30% even on a day when the outdoor PM_2.5 concentration is high. Second, in the case of airtight buildings, it showed excellent performance even with less pressure. Third, improving the filter level of the ventilation system was a good way to further reduce indoor PM_2.5. Finally, a moderate level of pressurization strategy was found to be thermally beneficial.

A study was conducted to determine the limit drift ratio of a traditional wooden structure wall. One of the national treasure traditional wooden buildings, the deformation is proceeding from the right side wall of Muyangsujeon to the out-of-plane direction. By this reason, the limit drift ratio was determined by selecting the wall of Muyangsujeon as an example of this study. Although there is a limitation that the Muyangsujeon wall does not mean all walls of the traditional wooden structures, the purpose was to provide basic data to choice a reasonable determination in the case of a Traditional Wall constructed in a similar way to the Muyangsujeon wall. In the case of historical buildings, it is often difficult to know exactly what is needed, so this study tried to determine the limit drift ratio of a traditional wall by using the minimum information available such as wall deformation and wall size. It has been confirmed that in the case of a traditional wall with studs inside, such as the right wall of Muyangsujeon wall, an unstable condition may occur when the limit drift ratio of the point in the center of the wall divided by the height of the wall divided by the wall height approaches 3.1%.

This study aimed to examine the shear friction strength at the smooth construction joints of lightweight concrete made using bottom ash aggregates and air foams (LWC-BF). Nine push-off specimens were prepared with the variation of foam volume and tested under direct shear and additional compressive forces applied normally to the shear plane. The increase in foam volume fraction reduced the shear friction resistance at the smooth construction joints, resulting from the decrease in the compressive strength. Meanwhile, the additional compressive forces improved the shear friction strength-relative slip relationship of LWC-BF, revealing the higher shear friction strength and greater amount of relative slip with the increase in the additional compressive stresses. The shear friction strength of LWC-BF could be reasonably assessed by the equation proposed by Yang on the basis of the upper-bound theorem of concrete plasticity.

The purpose of tIn this study, the column removal scenarios defined by U.S. General Services Administration (GSA 2003) were performed to compare the progressive collapse resistance of ordinary moment frames (OMFs) to that of intermediate moment frames (IMFs), which are most frequently used in the design of steel structures. Three prototype structures with either welded unreinforced flange-bolted web (WUF-B) or reduced beam section (RBS) connections suitable for each of the lateral load resisting systems were designed according to KBC 2016. Considering the reliability, convenience, and efficiency of modeling and analysis, structural members (beams, columns, connections, and composite slabs) were modeled using reduced models of 1-D and 2-D elements, and energy-based approximate analyses reflecting dynamic effects were performed. The comparison of the progressive collapse resistance capacities of the buildings was based on GSA 2003, as well as the structural robustness index. All three structures satisfied the chord rotation criterion of the GSA and showed sufficient resistance capacities in the 1-column removal scenario (1-CRS), but not in the 2-column removal scenario (2-CRS). In addition, it was confirmed that the RBS connection showed better resistance capacity than the WUF-B connection in results produced by the OMFs, and that the OMFs were superior to the IMFs when comparing the structural systems. Using these results, it is possible to reduce the effort needed for complex numerical modeling and time-consuming analyses and to aid in predicting the progressive collapse resistance capacity of similar types of structures.

In this study, the flexural strength of ultra-high performance concrete mixed with straight steel fibers were evaluated according to domestic and foreign standards. There are 6 specimens. The main variables are the fiber volume fraction and the yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement. The steel fiber was mixed into 0%, 1%, and 2% with 13mm single steel fibers, and 1.5% of hybrid steel fibers with 13mm, 19mm were mixed. According to the test results, ultra-high performance concrete with higher steel fiber volume fraction and yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement test specimens had higher moment resisting capacity. For evaluate design code of steel fiber reinforced concrete, test specimens were calculated moment by K-UHPC design recommendation, ACI 318-19 and ACI 544.4R-88. Current K-UHPC design recommendation predict moment resisting more specific than ACI.544R-88 and ACI 318-19.

Most of the buildings are built with RC structures. Since much of the construction cost of the RC structure is the cost of rebars, the calculation of the correct amount of rebar is essential for predicting the construction costs. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the effects of the application of seismic reinforcement details on the volume of rebars by analyzing changes in the amount of rebars before and after the application of seismic reinforcement details. The purpose of this study is to calculate and compare the exact amount of rebar before and after the application of seismic reinforcement details to columns, beams, and walls using BIM to provide quantitative data of the variation of rebar volume according to the application of seismic reinforcement details.

As a result of the quality tests on plywood, medium density fiberboard(MDF), and newly applied oriented strand board(OSB) as well as those required for use of environment on wood-baed flooring board(SEM, percentage of moisture content for over-dried one, size change, absorbing thickness, impact resistance, formaldehyde, permeability, and heat transfer), plywood showed the most stable quality. OSB and MDF requires solutions from moisture and management for discharging toxic matters such as formaldehyde. For temperature rising and diffusion according to heat transfer by board, all of them showed the similar results and yet, the board using MDF with additional materials should be improved with heating efficiency. Therefore, in case that there are different characteristics from those by board type, it is necessary to establish criteria individually or by product according to types of boards, and to prepare for detailed standards.

Slip and fall accidents in bathroom and bathtub have several causes, but they are especially common when there is soapsuds on the floor during a shower. Despite this situation, it can be said that there is a insufficient of standards on surface contamination materials used in bathroom floor slip resistance testing. In this study, as the surface contaminating substance which is alternative to the soapsuds in bathroom, the aqueous solution of SLS was experimentally derived using the proper concentrations. As the research method, first, the questionnaires were used to standardize the soapsuds, the consumption of the body wash and then the concentration of soapsuds used during the actual time of shower was analyzed. Second, a slippery test on 10 floor-covering samples were conducted using 9 types of soapsuds to get the C.S.R·B, the coefficient of slip resistance when taking action barefoot. Third, C.S.R.B were measured using 6 concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) of SLS aqueous solutions, and the concentration of SLS aqueous solution which is well harmonized with the C.S.R.B of body washes was obtained. The study conducted with the processes described above showed that 0.1% SLS aqueous solution was the surface contaminating substance which is similar to the soapsuds generated during a shower.

This study examined the potentials of foam concrete aggregates coated with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) for removing atmosphere precursors including nitrogen oxides(NO_X) and sulfur oxides(SO_X). The foam concrete aggregates that were obtained from crushing of hardened foam concrete by dry rotary cutter were sorted into 6~9 mm and 6~13 mm in size and then coated by sparing the solvent produced from the blending of isopropyl alcohol(IPA) and TiO₂ powder. The removal capacities of the TiO₂-coated foam concrete aggregates for NO_X and SO_X were measured by using reactor for the NO_X degradation with a chamber of 840 × 720 × 250 mm in size that was designed in accordance with ISO 22197-1 specification. The total porosity of the foam concrete aggregates was little influenced by the TiO₂ coating, resulting in the ranges of 41.3% and 45.4%. The removal rates of NO_X and SO_X measured in the TiO₂-coated foam concrete aggregates were 67.6% and 54.0%, respectively, indicating 2.7 times higher removal capacities than the conventional surface TiO₂ coating approaches.

Safety-related accidents are continuously increasing in the construction field. In order to prevent or minimize such accidents, a systematic and active safety activities of on-site managers and workers are required. However, preexisting advance research is lacking on how the safety organization systems are built in construction sites varying in sizes, and how well-trained the related personnel are in safety knowledge and task performances. Especially, a research on the analysis of the formation of their safety knowledge sharing and safety performance cooperation and their visualization is virtually nonexistent. In this regard, this research was conducted with a purpose to study the generalized safety organization method of domestic construction sites, analyze the safety knowledge and cooperation system of the members based on the SNA method and ultimately provide a hands-on data that could be effectively utilized in building an effective safety management system in the future.