This study focuses on the survey of the elderly care for older persons restricted ADL/IADL and characteristics analysis of decision making factor for AIP as health status from 「The 2020 National Survey of the Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Older Koreans」. The purpose of this study is to seeking for direction of care services based improvements of settlement environment for AIP. As a result of this study, there were the differences in the characteristics of households types of demographic & sociology, economic position, residential condition, health condition and support. Also, the elderly in need of help as require of ADL/IADL was most often helped by family living together, but there is a tendency for elderly who is in a delicate state of health to receive care from professional services. Last, there is deduction of statistically significant affecting 16 factors in the categories include demographic & sociology, residential characteristics, local living environment and social activity as physical health status. For AIP, this study suggest that the government should provide personalized public welfare to reflect characteristics of the elderly persons, operate service centers in different regions for adjusting housing supply and housing management and improve welfare policy in the way of local community revitalization.

The field of architecture reflects the culture and society of its users. Childcare facilities, where children first learn cultural and social skills, hold a significant role in this context. Moreover, culture varies from one country to another for various reasons. When examining Hofstede's Dimensions of National Cultures, particularly the femininity index, which explores cultural differences among countries, the Nordic countries exhibit the strongest femininity values. While Korea also demonstrates a relatively high index, differences become apparent when the spatial design of childcare facilities is compared and analyzed. This study aims to identify distinctions in spatial layout and visual ambiance by analyzing cases of domestic and Nordic childcare facilities. By scrutinizing the characteristics of Nordic childcare facility spatial designs, which emphasize femininity, a direction for incorporating femininity into domestic childcare facilities was proposed. Six cases of childcare facilities from both Korea and the Nordic region were selected and floor plan analyses to understand spatial composition and organization were conducted. Additionally, visual openness and connectivity through Isovist analysis to evaluate the visual environment were quantitatively assessed. Ultimately, this study offers a pragmatic approach to adapting domestic childcare facilities to align with a more feminine culture. It does so by applying the insights gained from the analysis of Nordic childcare facility designs to enhance the spatial planning of domestic facilities.

This study conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature concerning the connection between neighborhood built environmental features and mental health outcomes in Korea. Out of the 38 chosen studies, the collective outcomes indicated that various aspects of the neighborhood built environments (BE), such as land use, street conditions, transportation, parks and green spaces, local facilities, housing, urban design, environmental pollution, safety, and overall quality, displayed associations with mental health outcomes. Nevertheless, inconsistent and contradictory findings were prevalent, possibly due to absence of robust methodological approaches in this research area.

This study aims to experimentally measure how the inclusion of natural elements in urban indoor spaces affects users' experiences. To achieve this, the objective was to identify visual and auditory stimuli elements by analyzing prior research. Research trends in biophilia revealed that most studies primarily consisted of case studies or design-focused investigations. However, there was a lack of in-depth analysis involving actual users. Auditory stimulation from nature reflected that one study experimentally categorized six different nature sounds. The most commonly utilized sounds were water-related noises or non-animal and bird sounds such as animal or biophonic. As a result, applying these two types of sounds in experiments can effectively replicate natural auditory stimuli experienced by humans. The materialization of visual stimulation from nature was primarily based on Coulthard's book from 1988. Research cases related to visual stimulation from nature were also examined. The main components included natural photographs and natural patterns that were then narrowed down to facilitate specific experimentation. Notably, unlike previous studies, natural patterns were included, which are widely used in interior design, as visual stimuli. This allowed for a comparative analysis between actual photographs and natural patterns. Overall, this study aimed to translate various natural factors based on the biophilia theory into tangible experiences to expand the scope of design by incorporating both visual and auditory stimuli, which are frequently employed in design practices. Ultimately, the goal was to lay the foundation for experimental research on the biophilic effect by organizing and specifying the scattered natural stimuli.

As the number of single-person youth households increases, both the government and local authorities are expanding the supply of youth housing. In this process, it is crucial to incorporate community facilities within these residences. While the importance of community facilities is growing, issues regarding their utilization and management are surfacing in public housing. Currently, research proposals and plans have been developed by analyzing community facilities in apartment housing, addressing associated issues. However, research on community facilities for single-person youth housing is limited. This study aims to identify problems and generate insights by analyzing community facilities in public housing, government-provided dormitories, and privately-operated co-living spaces for young individuals in Seoul. To achieve this, the definition and housing status was first examined of single-person youth in Korea. Next, the current state of community facilities was assessed in domestic apartment complexes. Then, examples of public housing, dormitories, and co-living spaces offered to single-person youth households in Seoul were analyzed. Finally, based on case analysis, challenges and implications were derived for single-person youth housing in Seoul. This study is expected to serve as fundamental data for designing community facilities when developing public housing and government dormitories for young individuals in the future.

Natural elements that give human physiological and psychological stability are applied to spatial planning to restore visual attention. In previous studies, it was said that space satisfaction and preference differ depending on the degree to which natural elements harmonize with space. By analyzing the gaze characteristics shown by space exploration and visual attention through eye tracking experiments, the difference in the Index of Greenness according to the experience of architecture and design education was confirmed.Visual stimuli have a difference in the Index of Greenness of spatial image a (0%), spatial image b (9.6%), and spatial image c (57.59%). The participants in the experiment were 64 Major (preliminary: 1, main: 63) and 67 Non-Major (preliminary: 1, main: 66). The gaze tracking experiment was presented for 123 seconds per spatial image and proceeded for a total of 369 seconds.It was confirmed that there was a lot of space exploration at the value of Saccade when there was experience according to architecture and design education. If there was no experience, the result of high visual attention concentration was found as the value of Fixation. As for the gaze characteristics of 'b' examined by the Fixation data,visual attention began to change from the middle of the experimental time when there was educational experience, and was the highest frequency at the end. If there was no educational experience, there was a change throughout the experiment time. The frequency was high in the time stage included in the middle and end. In the case of space exploration, when the Saccade data had educational experience, the most changes were seen at the end of the experimental time. Changes were confirmed in the early and mid-terms when there was no educational experience. The results of previous studies could be verified by analyzing numerical data through measured gaze data. This study conducted data analysis through gaze tracking experiments on the effect of natural factors on space preference. In spatial planning, basic data necessary for a psychologically stable spatial were provided.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of cleanliness in architectural spaces has grown significantly. This study explores how spatial design can enhance people's perception of cleanliness and service quality. To do this, a literature review was conducted to identify factors affecting perceived cleanliness in architecture. Then, experiments and surveys were conducted using virtual reality to study the effect of indoor plants and glossiness on perceived cleanliness and perceived service quality. There were four virtual environments created by varying the levels of indoor plants and surface gloss in a mixed-use building's public spaces. There were 48 participants who took part in the experiments, and the results showed that indoor plants have a significant influence on both perceived service quality and cleanliness. However, the interaction between indoor plants and glossiness affects their impact differently. Furthermore, perceived cleanliness was found to mediate the relationship between indoor plants and perceived service quality. These findings can guide the design of indoor spaces to improve how users perceive cleanliness and their ability to infer high-quality services.

This study aims to identify design factors and propose guidelines for the National Youth Healing Center, focusing on residential treatment and rehabilitation for youths with emotional and behavioral disorders. To achieve this, the conditions of the National Youth Healing Center was assessed through three field visits and expert interviews, including the NYHC and Daegu NYHC. The design guideline analysis framework was established based on the concept and facilities outlined in the Youth Basic Law and the Youth Welfare Support Act for the National Youth Didim Center. The findings revealed eight key design influencing factors: functionality, natural integration, safety, adaptability, aesthetics, performance, cost-effectiveness, and maintenance. These factors were further categorized into architectural planning aspects, including site planning, layout, indoor environments, and outdoor facilities. Ultimately, the analyzed factors and content were synthesized to propose design guidelines for the National Youth Healing Center's residential treatment and rehabilitation facilities. These guidelines are expected to serve as essential references for the architectural design of the NYHC.

International Urban Design Studios hold the potential to bridge national boundaries and encourage collaborative efforts. While they create unique design concepts and promote cross-cultural understanding, these studios face challenges such as unfamiliarity with target sites and the complexities of organizing field trips. Additionally, there is a lack of research and guidelines to improve curriculum operations. To address these gaps, this study analyzed design schemes and curriculum operations from the University of Seoul's (UOS) International Urban Design Studios in 2018 and 2019. Through a combination of literature review and quantitative methods, including Frequency and AHP analyses, this study offers refined guidance for future studios. These findings revealed there were variations in outcomes between 2018 and 2019. In 2018, the studio focused on masterplans based on field trips and cultural aspects, while in 2019, an emphasis was placed on smart city technologies, resulting in improved design schemes and final report quality. This suggests that even with the same target site, altering the curriculum's emphasis and approach can lead to different results. Also, through quantitative analysis, this study emphasizes the importance of effective coordination of cultural experiences, strengthening practical curriculum, and providing detailed information about the target site. However, it's important to note that this study has limitations, as it does not account for differences between countries and only examines the 2018 and 2019 sessions at UOS. Despite these constraints, this empirical study, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods, offers valuable insights that can guide international studios as they resume operations in the post-pandemic period.

Contemporary Chinese architectural scholarship often explores the modern reinterpretation and preservation of tradition. Chinese classical landscape painting, a prominent facet of traditional culture, significantly influences today's architectural practice. This study delves into how Wang Shu incorporates the 'mountain' element from Chinese classical landscape painting into his architectural designs. The focus is primarily on Wang's two notable works: Xiangshan Campus 2nd Complex and Ningbo Museum. Wang Shu has ingeniously crafted three architectural forms inspired by the natural 'mountain' element: the Taihu house, the Mountain house, and the Dashan method. These designs also pay homage to the 'three-distance' approach seen in classical landscape paintings and the artificial mountains found in classical gardens. Notably, the Mountain houses in Xiangshan Campus Building No.14 and Building No. 19 convey a horizontal landscape, mirroring the 'level distance' seen in paintings. On the other hand, the Dashan method, exclusive to Ningbo Museum, aligns with the 'high-distance' concept of paintings. The Taihu house's design draws inspiration from the Taihu stone rockeries found in traditional gardens. While the garden's Taihu stone evokes the "high distance' in the viewing experience, the Taihu house's role as a subsidiary structure to the main building makes it somewhat challenging to analyze within the framework of the 'three-distance' approach. This study underscores Wang Shu's remarkable creativity in integrating tradition into his architectural formations. His interpretation of the 'Mountain' concept has sparked significant interest in Chinese architecture and has influenced subsequent scholars and architects in their endeavors to upload tradition in contemporary architectural practices.

Due to the increase of respiratory infectious diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and COVID-19, the importance of facilities such as negative pressure isolation wards are increasing. However, the number of negative pressure isolation rooms and wards are in short supply worldwide. Therefore, this paper would like to use the modular method as a method of quickly installing negative pressure isolation facilities in large quantities in the event of a rapid spreading diseases. If the modular method is used for negative pressure isolation facilities, it is believed that the hospital room can be quickly installed and expanded in case of emergency disasters such as infectious diseases. In most of the previous studies, studies were conducted based on the general ward. In addition, research on negative pressure isolation wards is limited, and guidelines related to wards that can be quickly deployed in the event of an emergency disaster are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to identify the limitations of existing previous studies and propose guidelines to effectively respond to the epidemic of infectious diseases by using modular methods that can quickly install negative pressure isolation facilities in the event of an infectious disease. The purpose of this study is to propose a plan for a modular negative pressure isolation wards that can minimize the spread of infection by proposing a optimal layout and circulation.

In the realm of domestic design, the use of 2D CAD for creating design information has long been a major contributor to subpar design quality. The advent of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has prompted numerous efforts to enhance the process of delivering design information. Yet, many of these studies have overlooked the critical shift to a 3D BIM-based design process and production method. One of the most significant challenges in the design stage has been ensuring the integrity of design drawings. This study seeks to address this challenge by exploring a 3D BIM model-based documentation approach. To do so, an analysis of construction documents derived from 3D BIM models was conducted, breaking them down into sheets and views. For this analysis, a dataset comprising 298 sheets in the architectural field and 143 sheets in the structural field were collected as research data. Initially, these construction documents were categorized into two groups: those generated based on 3D BIM and those based on 2D CAD. Then the types of views extracted from the 3D BIM model across each sheet were meticulously examined and cataloged. These findings revealed that in architectural construction documents, a total of 481 views were employed across 214 sheets created from 3D BIM models. Similarly, in structural construction documents, a total of 252 views were employed across 107 sheets created from 3D BIM models. Importantly, these views contain design information that automatically adjusts as the 3D BIM model evolves. The outcomes of this study hold potential not only for enhancing the consistency of design information but also as foundational data for further research into BIM data composition, templates, and library development for documentation, considering the specific characteristics of different facilities.

The Korea Petroleum Group Housing in Yaeum-dong, Ulsan, built in 1966, is the city's oldest remaining company housing. Ulsan experienced rapid industrialization after being designated as a Korean industrial center in 1962. To accommodate the growing population of factory workers, various residential quarters were developed, including company housing, public housing, land readjustment projects, and housing for those displaced by industrial developments. Company housing is a distinctive feature of Ulsan, divided into housing for foreign engineers and housing for Korean employees. The Korea Petroleum Group Housing primarily served Korean managers and executives. Unlike housing for foreign engineers, it lacks boundaries and community facilities, following the standard design of 1960s public housing. This makes it a representation of Ulsan's original company housing for Koreans, built prior to the completion of urban planning. Furthermore, it's a significant urban heritage within Ulsan's industrial landscape, reflecting the city's industrial urbanization process. Its relatively well-preserved state is noteworthy, considering the removal of most company housing structures.

In today's changing society, temporary architecture is gaining importance as an alternative construction approach due to shifting demands. This study explores the concept and characteristics of temporary architecture by focusing on its temporal properties and its relationship with events and functions. Examples of temporary architecture from the post-2000 era were analyzed and categorized, offering a fresh understanding of its relevance in contemporary contexts. In particular, an analytical framework based on 'temporality' and 'formality' was used to define the scope of temporary architecture and facilitate case analysis. Temporary architecture was classified into two categories: 'Fundamental Typology' and 'Expanded Typology', with subcategories based on factors like duration, relocation and reinstallation, spatial context, and urban function. Furthermore, temporary architecture, when viewed through an avant-garde perspective, serves as a critique of mainstream architecture, challenging the industrialization and standardization of modernity. From this viewpoint, temporary architecture becomes a vehicle for participatory and practical architecture, reshaping architectural boundaries. This study aims to broaden the discussion surrounding temporary architecture, encompassing historical, artistic, and societal aspects to establish its concept and contemporary significance. A 'typological classification system' was proposed to support future analyses of temporary architecture.

The paper examines how the identities of a democratic nation, a decolonized entity, and national culture intersected in the discussions surrounding the construction of the National Assembly Building in Korea from the 1950s to the 1970s. These values influenced decisions ranging from site selection to building design and the overall narrative associated with the completed structure. Multiple architects were involved in this process, and various design proposals underwent changes due to political intervention. This paper analyzed the rationale behind the site selection of the National Assembly Building's location and emphasized the architectural elements and design decisions made throughout the design process. This modernist building incorporates traditional Western legislative architectural features, including the dome, while integrating facades with columns inspired by traditional Korean architecture. The structure itself reflects the conflicts surrounding the representation of a modern nation and Korean traditional culture. The struggle between modernism and historical perspectives has profoundly influenced the regional expression of Korean Modernist architects and their interpretation of tradition in Korean architecture.

This study analyzed gender-based differences in crime perception and awareness through surveys (anxiety perception perspective) and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) workshops (spatial perspective). By deriving CPTED items reflecting these differences and analyzing the effectiveness of CPTED workshops, we aimed to identify variations in crime anxiety and perception based on gender. The results of the analysis revealed perceptual-cognitive disparities based on gender within the same environment (context). The satisfaction with crime prevention effects derived from the CPTED items was found to be remarkably high. Particularly noteworthy is the high level of satisfaction with alternative solutions, as emphasized in local solutions. This underscores the effectiveness of spatially-oriented CPTED workshops in contributing to CPTED initiatives.

In KOREA, since the COVID-19 Pandemic, medical facilities have been strictly controlled for the purpose of controlling infectious diseases by revising the medical law. However, there is a need to examine the possibility of control and prevention of airborne infectious diseases at medical facilities actually operated. In this study, SF6 (Sulfur hexafluoride) tracer gas experiments were conducted to observe the spread of airborne infections in the outpatient area. SF6 gas concentration was measured under conditions of 100% outdoor air intake mode and air recirculation mode. SF6 gas concentration was not detected in the consultation room where the outdoor air inlet was 100%. However, when the air recirculation mode was activated, SF6 gas spread to the HVAC system and SF6 gas was detected in the feed diffuser and the consulting room. In addition, the design airflow in the outpatient area was very different from the airflow in actual operation. As a result of the CFD analysis, it is judged that the supply air volume is larger than the exhaust air volume. The results of the CFD analysis with increasing exhaust volume showed that it was able to prevent the outflow to the outside sufficiently. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the exhaust amount so that the outpatient area is formed into a negative pressure so as not to be leaked to the outside. In addition, studies on the removing of pollutants controlled by negative pressure should be conducted. Consequently, to properly prevent the transmission of infectious diseases, it is necessary to control the air flow in the outpatient area and consider a suitable control methods including filter, UVGI, air cleaner etc.

This study serves as a foundation investigation to gather essential data for developing an algorithm to predict and prevent condensation using a Steam Sensor. In addition to utilizing temperature data typically employed in existing condensation prevention methods, the Steam Sensor was incorporated to monitor the continuous and discontinuous condensation behavior. This allowed for the collection of fundamental data for real-world condensation prediction and prevention. Before conducting the experiment, the heat flow rate for windows exposed to outdoor air using ISO-9869 was measured and validated. Indoor temperature and humidity were controlled through Arduino programming based on open-source platforms to observe the distribution of these factors. Subsequently, condensation was artificially induced by manipulating temperature and humidity conditions, then measured it with the Steam Sensor. During the experiment, as the indoor temperature was raised, absolute humidity and dew point temperature increased, resulting in an increase in the measured Steam Sensor values. When indoor humidity levels rise and the humidifier operates for an extended period, the accumulation of water vapor within the room increases. This elevated moisture level was detected by the Steam Sensor, and the condensation persisted until the end of the measurement. The experimental data gathered in this study will be valuable for future research where the aim is to develop a condensation prediction algorithm through machine learning techniques.

Recently, open plan office design has been increasingly adopted to improve communication and productivity of employees. However, some studies revealed that they can harm user satisfaction and speech privacy. Therefore, this study aims to utilize the ceiling-type hemispherical sound absorption system to enhance speech privacy in open plan offices by finding the optimal acoustic form. As design factors, the radius and absorption coefficients of the hemispherical acoustic absorbers were manipulated. The independent variable was modeled in nine cases by varying the radius (0.50 m, 0.75 m, 1.00 m) and sound absorption coefficients (0.10, 0.45, 0.80) of the hemispherical acoustic absorbers. Acoustic simulation was conducted to assess the effects of radius and sound absorption on speech privacy indicators (r_P, r_D, L_pAS4m) for open plan offices. The results indicate that higher values of radius and absorption generally result in increased speech privacy for r_D and r_P. Specifically, there was a difference of 3.08 m for maximum r_D and 7.40 m for r_P. Regarding the enhancement of speech privacy, it was found that the radius of the absorber had a greater impact on speech privacy than sound absorption. Based on the results, the best speech privacy can be achieved when the radius was 1.00 m and the absorption coefficient was 0.80.

In tall buildings, there is a common use of taper-type structures, where structural properties change with height. Cantilever-type structures, which combine different taper types, are also considered. This paper introduces a method for identifying faults in a cantilever beam consisting of two tapered beam sections. To achieve this, a technique was first explored to estimate the modal characteristics of the un-cracked beam by considering boundary and continuity conditions. Then an equivalent bending stiffness was introduced for the cracked beam and an integral characteristic equation was established to estimate its natural frequency. This method was applied, along with neural network techniques, to identify cracks in a sample structure. Through numerical simulations and the generation of neural network training patterns, the sizes and locations of cracks were successfully identified. This suggests that this approach can be valuable for detecting faults in differently tapered cantilever-type structures.

This study aims to predict how reinforced concrete beams perform under shear stress using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and numerical crack data. The shear crack data from reinforced concrete beam specimens through finite element analysis were obtained. Afterward, K-clustering to create an input dataset for the ANN analysis was used. The training and testing of a multi-layer perceptron regression model involved the use of samples that had been analyzed using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The evaluation of the ANN model's performance considered the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Adjusted R squared, Coefficient of Correlation, and Coefficient of Variation (CV).

This study aims to assess the impact of combining triple hybrid reinforced concrete with carbon nanotubes, nanosilica, and graphene oxide on bond strength. The mechanical properties of these materials were evaluated through material testing and assessed bond strength via lap-splice experiments. The material testing revealed that nano-reinforced concrete had a slight increase in compressive strength compared to regular concrete but showed a significant improvement in splitting tensile strength. It also exhibited decreased volumetric strain and Poisson's ratio. To understand if these mechanical properties influenced bond strength, laboratory splice experiments were conducted using eight reinforced concrete specimens, varying splice length and cover thickness. The results of the lap-splice experiment showed variations in bond strength depending on the inclusion of nanomaterials in the mixture, with varying increases in bond strength as splice strength changed. This suggests that the combination of these triple nanomaterials does impact the bond performance of concrete.

When precast concrete elements and cast-in-place concrete are formed separately, they create shear friction at their interface. Ensuring structural integrity is vital, and this involves placing shear friction reinforcement at this interface. Steel fibers are recognized for enhancing shear strength by leveraging the dowel action of shear friction reinforcements, and shear friction capacity can be improved by using steel fibers locally. In this study, 12 push-off tests were conducted to assess how steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) contributes to shear friction strength in direct shear. The experimental findings were also compared with the predicted values from current code provisions. These experiments revealed that the crack width at maximum shear friction strength increased as the volume of steel fibers increased, and the contribution of concrete also increased with higher steel fiber volume. Notably, Eurocode 2 yielded higher contributions compared to AASHTO LRFD. Eurocode 2, which takes into account concrete's tensile strength, provided the most accurate results. Therefore, future studies should consider the influence of concrete when designing for shear friction strength.

This study aims to provide a framework for adopting performance-based seismic design in plant facilities, taking into account the recent introduction of performance-based design for non-conventional loads. A comparative analysis of existing performance-based designs, including earthquake, wind, and fire was conducted. To establish a basic framework for performance-based blast-resistant design, existing blast-resistant design guidelines were referred to. The design blast load based on the return period was proposed by referring to the QRA results performed by various researchers. In relation to the design blast load, the standoff distance factor was presented for the reduction of the load according to the distance. Through a comprehensive review, blast performance levels, protection standards, and acceptance criteria were proposed. This study can contribute to the development of design standard for the performance-based blast resistant design in plant facilities.

This study aims to assess the crack resistance and deflection control of half precast lightweight aggregate concrete one-way slabs when subjected to construction loads. The main parameters under consideration were the arrangement of tensile reinforcing bars and the use of micro-steel fibers. The flexural behavior of these slab specimens was assessed under a concentrated top two-point load. The results revealed that all slab specimens ultimately failed due to the concrete crushing in the compression zone, caused by the rapid propagation of flexural cracks. Notably, the flexural crack capacity of half precast one-way slabs reinforced with micro-steel fibers was approximately 2.04 times higher than the moment requirements for construction loads, as calculated by KDS 21 50. Although the moment of inertia for all slab specimens was roughly 15.0% lower than the effective moment of inertia at the limit deflection, as calculated by KDS 14 20, the disparity between the experimental and calculated values diminished as deflection increased. In summary, incorporating micro-steel fibers and prestressing into the half precast slabs increased their flexural crack resistance and stiffness, thereby improving safety against construction loads.

The cement industry is responsible for approximately 10% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the industrial sector, with most emissions occurring during the cement clinker production process. To address this issue, the cement industry is making efforts to reduce GHG emissions by developing technologies such as raw material substitution, improving process efficiency using new low-carbon heat sources, and employing CO₂ capture and utilization techniques. This study conducted foundational experiments to contribute to the reduction of CO₂ emissions in the cement industry by utilizing a CO₂ recycling technology called mineral carbonation. In this study, calcium silicate cement(CSC) was manufactured at the laboratory scale to convert CO₂ into a mineral form, and analysis was performed on the carbonate mineral phase and strength development. The manufacturing and analysis results of CSC clinker confirmed the formation of key minerals, namely wollastonite and rankinite. Furthermore, through CO₂ curing of CSC, carbonate minerals including calcite and aragonite were formed. The compressive strength measurements of carbonated CSC paste specimens confirmed the development of strength. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of CSC production and the manifestation of compressive strength through CO₂ generation, contributing to the potential reduction of CO₂ emissions in the cement industry.

This study examined the compressive strength development of concrete using electric arc furnace oxidizing (EAFO) slag particles as a coarse aggregate. The main parameters considered were water-to-binder (W/B) ratio, maximum size of aggregates, and curing temperature (T). The test results showed that the 28-day compressive strength [fc(28)] of EAFO slag aggregate concrete was commonly lower than the conventional concrete using natural aggregates with the same W/B ratio, indicating greater differences under T of 5 ℃ and 35 ℃ than under T of 20 ℃. Additionally, a lower decreasing rate of fc(28) with respect to the increase in W/B ratio was observed for EAFO slag aggregate concrete than for the conventional concrete using natural aggregates. No crossover effect was observed for EAFO slag aggregate concrete cured under the different temperatures. The previous models formulated from equivalent age method were not reasonable in assessing the compressive strength development of EAFO slag aggregate concrete. Therefore, this study modified the parameter explaining the compressive strength gain rate specified in KDS 14 20 to assess the effect of curing temperature on the strength gain rate of EAFO slag aggregate concrete.

This study aims to develop a web-based quantitative risk assessment model for the construction industry, focusing on the entire project life cycle. The construction industry is known for its higher risk compared to other sectors. In response to safety concerns, the South Korean government has mandated safety risk assessments before the construction phase. However, these methods have been predominantly qualitative and subjective. To address this issue, this study proposes a web-based quantitative risk assessment model tailored to the construction industry, considering the entire project life cycle. The outlined four-step approach for the model's development entails data collection to gather relevant data, accident probability calculation by determining the likelihood of accidents, project characteristic definition of identifying project-specific attributes, and accident-related loss calculation by assessing potential losses due to accidents. This model was then applied to actual construction projects. The findings indicate estimated accident-related losses of 100 million KRW, with a fatality rate of 1.02 and an injury rate of 1.50 during the project phase. In the design phase, the rates were 4.6×10^-2 for fatality and 3.7×10^-2 for injury, while in the construction phase, they were 4.2×10^-4 for fatality and 1.3×10^-3 for injury. This study provides a valuable tool for assessing high-risk areas throughout the entire project life cycle, thereby contributing to improved safety practices in the construction industry.

This study aims to assess job stress levels among construction engineers in various construction industries and propose strategies for reducing job stress to enhance their future work efficiency. First, a quantitative methodology was developed for evaluating job stress among construction engineers in each industry. After analyzing job stress based on this methodology, the results indicated that designers in design firms and engineers in construction firms experienced relatively lower job stress. Most construction engineers reported various physiological effects such as headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath due to job stress. They also mentioned psychological effects like anger, frustration, nervousness, and excitement, along with a decline in individual work efficiency and job satisfaction. To alleviate job stress among construction engineers in the future, companies should proactively identify tailored job stress relief programs and make substantial financial investments at the organizational level.