The nation's emergency medical care has been highlighted in the wake of the recent MERS outbreak, and the facility standards have been detailed through the revision of the law on emergency medical care in 2015. Following these changes, many emergency medical centers are currently undergoing remodeling. However, the revised standards are focused on the functional aspects of the emergency room. But emergency rooms also need to be considered for emotional aspects that can alleviate fears as a human-used indoor environment. Emergency department interior design should be based on behavior and sense factor of emergency care and emergency room. Behavior factor is composed observation, way-finding and privacy. Sense factor is expressed as light, color and texture. This study is meaningful in that it has studied the design upgrade of the emergency patient area, which has not been studied before, and draws out the basic factor and analysis results according to the characteristics of the emergency room.

The purpose of this article is to present an actual case study of address-based integration of public open application programming interface (OpenAPI), by developing a system for the address-based integration of the public OpenAPI, with the road name address as a reference point. In addition, this paper suggests improvements for the OpenAPI integration by investigating error cases of the system. The developed system for the integration includes an algorithm to assist integration and two OpenAPIs: Address searching API from the Ministry of Interior and Safety, and Building legister API from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The address-based integration through the system is presented, with the data contains Addresses of public institutions from All public information all-in one (ALIO) and public health organizations from the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Result of the integration showed that 83 addresses among 587 addresses were unable to integrate. Based on the result, this paper classified these error cases into six categories, discovered reasons for the unavailability through expert meeting and suggested improvements. This paper mainly contributes to the analysis of actual cases of the public OpenAPI integration without constructing an additional database. Further study should be performed to develop the algorithm and to expand the range of the API integration. It is to be hoped that this paper will serve as a basis for better road address-based utilization of the public data in the construction field.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the scope and contents of Glacière-Daviel, the wooden vertical extension remodeling in Paris, which are useful or applicable for the vertical extension remodeling of aged apartment complexes in Korea. The study is carried out as a research method through literature review to understand the main contents of domestic vertical extension remodeling and foreign case analysis to figure out the applicable and suggestive items for the domestic remodeling. First of all, the review of previous studies shows not too much dates and merely wooden extension in relation to vertical extension. It has not been implemented by the domestic wooden vertical extension yet. The results of the case analysis can be summarized as follows: first, planning of an environment-friendly and pedestrian-friendly community space, second, extending two-story wooden vertical floors and improving apartment facades, third, replacing internal finishes and installing double-glazed windows in units. These remodeling contents have implication that could be applied to the vertical extension remodeling of aged low-rise public rental housing in Korea.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the publicness of indoor public spaces of large office buildings in Seoul. Six cases of indoor public space(atrium space) in large office buildings were analyzed using Visibility Graph Analysis by evaluating its accessibility and visual openness. To evaluate the publicness of the atrium space, the 'Indoor privately owned public spaces evaluation index' from former research was applied. As result, a significant correlation was derived between the accessibility evaluation and the atrium pedestrian flow rate, which verifies the effectiveness of the developed evaluation index. Also, it was proved that the indoor public space in Korea was as public as the indoor privately owned public spaces in New York City.

As human beings inherently value nature, attempts are continuously being made to introduce nature into buildings. In previous studies, Biophilic design patterns were presented to provide the basis for Biophilic architectural planning. However, existing building cases are applying these patterns through similar and limited methods. Therefore, studies that can introduce various and creative planning methods for designing biophilic buildings are needed. This study aims to present planning methods for designing Biophilic buildings by analyzing works of architects, who were laureates of the Pritzker Architecture Prize. Cases were analyzed to examine planning methods of applying Biophilic designs to architecture. The results of this study are expected to be used as reference materials for architects to design Biophilic buildings which provide environments that connect with nature.

Before and after the coronavirus epidemic, the introduction of a quarantine policy changed the usage of major facilities using the square. Through the analysis of the behavior of public facilities centered on universities before and after the coronavirus, the relationship between square and public facilities is identified. This study analyzes the importance of not only the function as a central space within the university, but also the connection between the inner and outer spaces. The student union and library, which are major public facilities located across the Chungbuk National University square, are analyzed before the corona epidemic in 2019 and 2020. Starting from the midterm exam in the 2nd semester, survey the user's behavior of the square three times in the morning, noon, and evening during three weekdays for three weeks from October 14 to November 1, 2019 and October 12 to October 30, 2020. Analyze the amount of usage of facilities and understand the user's behavior of public spaces. Even after the coronavirus epidemic, it was investigated that a large number of students use university public facilities through the square, indicating that these facilities are playing a pivotal role in the campus. The square should increase the utilization rate of public spaces and become a central space that contains various behaviors through linkage between university-centered facilities and external spaces. Thus, the university central facilities and the outer space should be recognized as a complex cultural space, so that the university facilities and square can function as the university central space and public space.

The purpose of this study is to figure out the characteristics of the ChungBuk National University's Masterplan through the analysis of campus masterplan and the concept of Hong Soon In's CBNU masterplan and it's sustainability. In this study, Siteplan in 1979 and masterplan in 1979 drawn by architect Hong Soon In and siteplan in 2015 are analyzed. Figuring out the architectural characteristics by period through the analyzing each of three drawings and architectural concept of Hong Soon In and it's sustainability. As a result, four concepts are maintained from Hong Soon In's masterplan. The first one is maintaining of CBNU's identity formed by changing the topography. It formed a foundation of core facilities' arrangement to connected with surroundings. The second one is building territoriality through the zoning. It formed the criteria for campus arrangement. The third one is building architectural form according to territoriality. Each territoriality shared the same morphological characteristics. The fourth one is making spatial impression through repetition of outdoor space. This study is meaningful as a basic data for establishing the direction of CBNU's architecture through masterplan.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the alley regeneration projects implemented in Daejeon Metropolitan City and to derive a direction for developing alley regeneration by conducting specific monitoring and evaluation based on a questionnaire on two projects that had different implementation methods. The 'Junggyo-ro cultural flow Street' was conducted as a government-led project in the process of establishing a project promotion plan. The collection of opinions from residents was very poor. There was insufficient education on local resident's capacity building. The reason why satisfaction with physical environment improvement and socio-cultural effect was not high as a result of project promotion was interpreted as a result of insufficient collection of opinions from residents. 'Cheongja-Taeyang village fence improvement' project continuously reflects resident's needs in the plan through resident briefings and opinions gathering process during the establishment of the project promotion plan and in the process. In addition, it was found that the satisfaction of local residents was very high as the project implementation resulted in a differentiated image of the village to provide tourist attractions and the village environment was clean. Through monitoring and evaluation studies, it was confirmed that the alley regeneration project to be promoted in the future needs to be promoted by resident's proposals and residents-led small-scale resident participation rather than large-scale projects of administration led. In addition, it was found that a program to strengthen resident's competency in advance should be provided, and a public-private network system and expert and budget support should be accompanied for continuous maintenance even after completion of the project.

This research measured the impact of crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED) projects based on crime occurrence data by location. Also this research analyzed the crime displacement and diffusion of benefits due to the project. Five areas were selected for alayzing the CPTED projects, and statistics on crime occurrence were established for each type of administrative dong, district, and Seoul Metropolitan area. The number of crimes were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and shift-share model. According to the analysis, the CPTED project has been proven to reduce theft crimes by 10% to 60%, and it is more effective in diffusion of benefits than displacement effect of crime caused by the project.

Social mix in the concept of housing means that residents of sales·rented households live and interact together within a same complex or a building. However, some social mixed complexes were built without considering interaction and discrimination between the classes, and there was a spatial and psychological exclusion of tenants from rented households within the mixed complexes. Therefore, in order for a social mixed complex to have a positive effect on social integration, it is necessary to consider the behavior of the residents in terms of architectural design, so the relationship between the spatial structure of the social mixed apartment and the interaction between residents was studied. The purpose of the study is to quantitatively analyze the relationship between the spatial structure of social mixed apartments and the frequency of interaction between residents, and to verify how the frequency of interaction between residents has with residents' perceptions. In this study, space syntax was used to analyze the spatial structure of the social mixed complexes. And, surveys were conducted to find out the interaction frequency between residents and their interaction satisfaction. The results of this study were as follows; in some places, the spatial structures have effects on the interaction frequency, and the interaction frequency was positively correlated with the interaction satisfaction. The significance of this study is that it can be used as basic data to promote social integration when designing social mixed housing in the future.

This study analyzed the developmental aspects of the discourse of Korean national housing in the 1950s and 1970s with a synchronic perspective, and grasped the characteristics and meaning of the concept of national housing according to the diachronic flow. Through this, it expanded the scope of research on national housing in Korea and derived the universal meaning of housing occupied by national housing in the historical context of Korea. The discourse and concept of national housing in the 1950s was recognized as public housing in the relative concept of private housing due to the limited supply of national housing, and the government sought to indirectly utilize the model of future national housing through the National Housing Home Design Contest. The nationwide spread of national housing in the 1960s formed the basis for the distorted residential perception of standardization of life. In the 1970s, the size and type of housing were dualized according to the enactment of the Housing Construction Promotion Act and the growth of the middle class, and it was operated as a new norm for housing fund loans due to housing financing. The national housing in the 1950s and 1970s began as a means of mass production and solved housing problems of the general nation in the early days, but changed to the concept representing the standardization of life as the size of national housing by housing type was institutionalized. In addition, the concept of national housing and architectural space/form began to be separated from the same initial equivalent, and this change resulted in widening the gap between the ideal concept of national housing and the real world.

Biophilia is the concept that humans feel most comfortable with nature and find neurological and psychological stability. In order to use colors that help with neurological and psychological stability and healing in architectural plans, it is necessary to develop a biophilic design color palette that can create a mechanism of the biophilia effect by quantifying these colors. The propose of study this study is to propose a biophilic design color palette development process for healing environment planning. To achieve this purpose, firstly, the relationship between biophilic design (Kellert et al., 2008; Kellert & Calabrese, 2015; Kellert, 2018) that contributes to the establishment of a human well-being environment based on the vitality of nature and modern architecture is studied. Secondly, in order to extract the color actually shown in the image, the problem of the existing computer color extraction method was identified. The results of this study are as follows; The process of proposing a biophilic color development process is carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the method of calculating the color area ratio was introduced, and in the second stage, the mosaic method was introduced. Based on this, colors are extracted with a color picker in stage 3. Stage 4 goes through the process of converting to a NCS. In Chapter 4, based on the proposed process, the study applied to 100 landscape images that explored the colors of nature, derived 500 biophilic colors, and verified the applicability of the biophilic color palette development process. The color palette development process for biophilic design is ultimately for planning a healing environment. Based on the concept of biophilia that humans prefer nature, a development process was proposed to develop biophilic colors for biophilic design, and this biophilic color-based architectural design can have a positive effect on neurological and psychological stability in space.

This study investigated and analyzed the physical and user conscious aspects of the facility to extract the remodeling effects of underground public pedestrian facility, and the following positive results were obtained: First, the facility before remodeling met 35.3% of the 'Rules' standard, but 64.7% of the facility were met after remodeling. Second, the remodeling of the facility greatly improved walkway and shop elements, including the expansion of the basic width of walkway, the installation of many underground squares, and the establishment of elevators. In addition, a significant reduction in the shop area and the number of shops shall be deemed an important measure to strengthen the public nature of facility. Third, the average satisfaction level of users with facility improved by 13% to 2.85 before remodeling and 3.22 after remodeling. Fourth, after remodeling, the indoor environment of the facility has significantly improved user satisfaction in the category "thermal environment, cleanliness of general space, toilet hygiene, and construction." Fifth, after remodeling, the design of the facility has significantly improved user satisfaction in the category "ceiling design, walkway floor design, store design." Sixth, after remodeling, moving and wayfinding inside the facility have significantly improved user satisfaction in the category "walkway width, sign system, and openness."

The purpose of this study was to analyze on the publicness inherent in architecture, focused on the private architecture through the case of the Vessel at New York City's Hudson Yards development. The definition of the publicness in architecture is identified from many previous researches, and they set the method of analyzing by the planning elements. From those studies, it needs to expand and develop the method for the private architecture, like the Vessel, because the method was already customized for the public architecture. So, this study proposes the new analyzing method of the architectural publicness to have various perspectives to include with the context and the customer's experience. The method provides three different approaches, such as urban, architectural, and customer oriented. Each approach has the characteristics of the publicness in the architecture, and related planning elements that represent in the architecture. Through analysis of the Vessel, it shows this building represents the architectural publicness by various planning elements, which created by the Architect. Therefore, the Vessel shows the publicness in architecture even it is private owned, but it represents that every architecture should show the publicness because the architecture itself always has inherent the publicness in it.

Wayfinding concerns spatial experience and personal safety. Although studies suggest that corridor spatial configuration promotes wayfinding behavior, a lack of empirical evidence and detailed discussion in practice prevails, especially in underground streets where people often encounter wayfinding issues. To verify whether corridor configuration attributes, namely, width, length, height, or radian, encourage people's turn-taking during exit-finding in practice, we simulated a series of exit-finding tasks in virtual streets combined with four different T-intersections. This study finds that exit-finders prefer going the upward pathway via stairs followed by the corridors with broader widths or curved corners; with the short ones showing no visible affinity; besides, exit-finders seem to have an inherent right turn preference when facing a two directional-path. As a theoretical contribution to wayfinding issues, this study offers some empirical evidence for the effect of corridor configurations on pathfinders' turn-taking. Deviating from researches conducted in image-choices, e.g., the floor plans, virtual environment screenshots, or panoramic photos, this study applies virtual roaming technology combined with UE4 to obtain relevant experimental data, and provides some ideas for future research.

This study analyses two different pamphlets co-authored by Louis I. Kahn and Oscar Storonov in 1943 and 1944. Kahn and Storonov interestingly suggest to the layman each strategy of urban regeneration through the process of neighbourhood planning rather than just slum clearance, such as establishing governance and neighbourhood institutions for an old neighbourhood located within the city centre. Several findings from the analysis are as follows. First, the neighbourhood and institution must have the local residents' concern and participation to achieve sustainability. Above all, governance is necessary to build a transparent communication process between subjects. Second, a group of experts- architects, city planners, engineers, etc.- should not neglect their role and duty of grounding the foundation for the renewal and renovation of the institution. The institution, built without any consideration, was inevitably disregarded by society. Finally, to achieve sustainable urban resilience, a virtuous cycle of education needs to be established. Planning a neighbourhood and city is for the future generation; therefore, children and adolescents need to prepare and be educated in the various roles and responsibilities that urban life imposes by implementing 'civics' in the curriculum.

Wonsan has been in the spotlight of the global media during the Kim Jong Un era for its military and economic importance. Despite the growing interest in the city, little is known about how Wonsan was rebuilt from almost complete destruction after the Korean War. This study examines how Wonsan's reconstruction plan changed from 1953 through 1963 and analyzes the reasons for the changes. This paper argues that, influenced heavily by Soviet urban planning, the early city plan of Wonsan was ideal in form and ambitious in scale. However, since full-scale reconstruction began in 1958, Wonsan's city boundaries have shrunk and become almost the same as the old city limits that were in place during the Japanese colonial period. In addition, as the reconstruction progressed, the plan transformed to emphasize the city's geographic characteristics and its identity as a coastal tourist city. The resulting asymmetric and dynamic composition remains an important compositional principle in Wonsan's urban planning to this day. Unlike the splendid reconstruction of Pyongyang, where human and material resources were concentrated, Wonsan's rebuilding was the result of a trade-off between ambitious ideals and limited resources. Using Wonsan as a case study, this paper seeks to reveal the difficulties and compromises encountered in the reconstruction of North Korean provincial cities that have been long obscured by the exemplary rebuilding of Pyongyang.

The purpose of this study is to identify characteristics of the ondol patient room and types of the patient room in plan drawings of the charity hospital in 1910s. It was confirmed that the patient room of the charity hospital were planned in various ways, including repair, construction, relocation, and expansion, and the names of the various rooms were divided into five types. Types according to flooring materials such as ondol, tatami, and wooden boards, types of the characteristics of patients, types according to the grade, and types according to the purpose of use were used. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the ondol patient room was used as the meaning of the charity patient room or the Korean patient room, in addition to the meaning of the floor material. In addition, it was also considered that the use of ondol patient rooms for heating reflected the characteristics of the 1910s. On the other hand, the analysis of the detailed planning drawings confirmed that the use of open fireplace in the early 1910s was changed with the installation of closed fireplace chamber and various planned cases of the fireplace chamber were also identified. These illustrate how Ondol is combined in a modern facility.

Ikseon-dong, located in Jongno-gu, Seoul, has a small Hanok village in the city, which has been developed as a high density Hanok area since the 1920s and 30s, and still retains its traditional architectural and urban organization. In recent years, various commercial programs have been merged with the Hanoks, and the area has become a tourist attraction in the city. However, the commercial Hanoks of the village, which has been rapidly gaining attention in recent years and remodeled by economic logic, cannot be considered as a systematic process in terms of conservation and management of Hanok. In order to managing it, Ikseon-dong District Unit Plan has been designated in 2018. And one of the big issues of Hanok management in this area is the roof structure that covers the Madang, courtyard of Hanok. The purpose of this study is to derive the contents to be considered in future District Unit Plan, especially related with the courtyard roof structure of Ikseon-dong commercial Hanok, by analyzing the status of those and examining their practical problems. The courtyard roof structure of Ikseon-dong is illegally installed due to the conditions of its birth, and it hurts the landscape of the region. Therefore, the paper propose a direction for improvement of the regulations and recommendations of district unit plans for the desirable landscape improvement of the hanok in Ikseon-dong in the future.

Various urban regeneration projects implemented so far have had a positive effect of rediscovering local assets and revitalizing urban space. However, the value of real estate in the region has risen sharply, and the side effects of local members being transferred are also accompanied. It is especially serious in local cities that do not have their own driving force to revitalize the region. In this study, the trend of land prices changing after the implementation of urban regeneration projects was time-series for Gunsan, Daegu, and Jeonju, where gentrification occurred, among the urban regeneration areas where urban regeneration projects were implemented. After selecting the control area, which has similar physical environment to the research site and has a difference in whether urban regeneration projects are implemented or not, the pattern of land price changes from 2006 to 2020 was compared and analyzed through the DID analysis method. As a result of the study, there was a difference in the trend of changing the DID coefficient values in each region, but the land price changed over four stages in all three regions in common. It showed a pattern of falling land prices due to the declining regional characteristics before the project implementation, gradual or rapid rise in land prices due to the implementation of urban regeneration projects, amplification of changes, and continuous increase or decrease. It was also seen that the DID coefficient value showed a greater degree of change after the maximum value was displayed. In other words, it may be determined that the implementation of urban regeneration projects has a strong impact on the land price of the relevant area. Therefore, in order to strengthen the net function of urban regeneration projects and reduce the adverse effects, it is necessary to proactively respond to changes in the characteristics and environment of the target site based on step-by-step land price changes.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the necessity and significance of applying a dynamic clothing insulation for controlling the thermal environment. For this purpose, the comparative analysis of indoor thermal comfort in the residential building was conducted with three different control methods: 1) DBT (dry-bulb temperature)-based control, 2) PMV (predicted mean vote)-based controls reflecting the fixed clothing insulation, 3) PMV-based control reflecting the dynamic clothing insulation. DesignBuilder was employed for a residential building modeling and the thermal comfort analysis which was accessed with PMV and PPD (predicted percentage dissatisfied) indicators. As a result, the PMV-based control applying the dynamic clothing insulation satisfied the comfort ranges of the PMV and PPD at all times regardless of the season. On the other hand, in the case of the DBT-based control, the average PMV value was out of the comfort range in both seasons, and the PPD value was more than twice that of the PMV-based control reflecting the dynamic clothing insulation. In addition, PMV-based control reflecting fixed clothing insulation resulted in a slightly cold condition in the morning and at night in both seasons as presenting PMV values below -0.5 and PPD values over 10%. In conclusion, from this study, the possibility was confirmed that the PMV-based control reflecting dynamic clothing insulation can provide a comfortable thermal environment for the occupants. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the accurate value of the clothing insulation in order to comfortably control the thermal environment, and a follow-up research should be conducted to develop a prediction model of the real-time clothing insulation.

The linear buckling analysis of steel members with web openings is carried out by using a continuum shell finite element having six degrees of freedom. In the analysis, the parameters such as the size, shape and existence of web openings are mainly introduced to see the change of buckling loads and mode shapes of steel members due to the degradation of structural stiffness. The full analysis procedure used in the present study is explicitly described. The subspace iteration is employed in eigenvalue analysis. In particular, for the eigenvalue analysis, the geometric stiffness matrix is formulated by using the stress distributions produced by using linear static analysis with design load. From numerical tests, it is found to be that buckling load and its mode shape of steel members are very sensitive to the existence, size and shape of web opening especially in higher modes. The present numerical results can be used as imperfection data for nonlinear buckling analysis.

High fluidity concrete has a high level of fluidity with the segregation resistance and the self-compacting property without the extra work for compaction. Therefore this concrete represents high quality concrete with excellent workability and enables the easy production of heavily reinforced concrete structures of complex geometry. Despite its obvious advantages, the high cost of high fluidity concrete prevents its wider use. Also the application of typical high fluidity concrete is limited in the normal strength range (18~35 MPa) because of the uneconomical strength development due to large amount of binder. It is required to design the formulation of an economical binders, proper materials and mixtures for normal strength and high fluidity in order to expand the usability of such high fluidity concrete for general application. But if the usage of binders is low in concrete, it is reduced the fluidity and segregation resistance due to the decrease in self-compacting reduction by lack of viscosity. The aim of the study is to evaluate the fluidity and strength of high fluidity concrete for normal strength range using the combination of polycarboxylate viscosity modifying admixture (P-VMA) and methyl cellulose viscosity modifying admixture (C-VMA). To improve the fluidity of concrete, this paper investigated the effects of VMA on the slump flow, passing ability, self-compacting and segregation resistance. In addition, the effect of VMA on compressive strength was investigated. The dosage of P-VMA and C-VMA in the mixtures was 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% by weight of the total biders, respectively. As a result of this study it has been found that addition of VMA to concrete improves its fluidity and segregation resistance by increasing the viscosity of concrete, but the compressive strength decreased with increase of VMA.

The fire safety performance of sandwich panels currently in use is non-conforming occasionally. In principle, the non-conforming sandwich panels installed at construction sites should be replaced with conforming ones. However, at the construction sites, instead of replacing the non-conforming sandwich panels, they are reinforcing them with several reinforcement methods in order to enhancing the fire safety performance. Typical reinforcement methods are paint reinforcement, glass wool panel reinforcement, and gypsum board reinforcement. In this study, the fire safety performance of these three reinforcement methods was evaluated using Cone calorimeter test and Single Burning Item Test. As the result, the Cone calorimeter test showed a good value only for the gypsum board reinforcement, and the Single Burning Item Test showed a good value for the glass wool panel reinforcement and the gypsum board reinforcement.

In this study, the development direction of specification specialized for small-sized buildings was proposed to develop measures to prevent defects and improve quality of small-sized buildings that are being built or remodeled. This is in accordance with the continuously increasing trend of small-sized buildings in the construction market. Canadian specifications used for large-sized buildings and small-sized building were chosen for comparative analysis, since its components are most similar to those in Korea. The features of small-sized building specifications were derived based on the construction classification and specification code contents. Additional improvement was proposed using the 'General requirements for small-sized buildings (in Korea)' as an outline. And the series of processes and results were synthesized and the 'Application plan of domestic small-sized building specifications' was prepared. In addition, the relevant literature was investigated and linked to reflect the visualization of specifications, and the 'Development direction of small-sized building guide specification' was established by compiling these results.