The purpose of this study is to present indicators of facilities planning element(FPE) and maintenance system(MS) to determine the fire safety level of a sanatorium for senior citizens. This research focused on deriving indicators scientifically proven in previous studies according to the Evidence Based Design theory. The indicators were specifically derived through a two-step process of derivation of primary indicators through Systematic Literature Reviews (SLR) and verification of indicators through Focus Group Interviews (FGI). As a result, most of the indicators derived through the SLR and FGI were mutually consistent. It was found that the FPE indicators were more effective for fire safety than the MS. The most effective FPE indicators for fire safety were sprinklers and escape and rescue equipment. In addition, smoke exhaust facilities, automatic fire detection systems, fireproof partitions, fire extinguishers, and single alarm detectors were also shown as major indicators. Among MS indicators, fire drill, in-house inspection on fire-fighting systems, fire evacuation manual, and the preparation of an evacuation plan was found to be important indicators. It was also found that securing sufficient staff is essential to ensure the safety of elderly with weak physical and cognitive characteristics. On the other hand, the importance of sprinklers and escape and rescue equipment for fire safety was found to be different in terms of derivation of indicators according to SLR and FGI. From this point of view, it is necessary to investigate whether smoke exhaust facilities, automatic fire detection systems, single alarm detectors, fireproof partitions, and fire extinguishers were installed to improve the fire safety of elderly care facilities. Lastly, this study presented a list of data that should be collected to understand the fire safety level of sanatoriums for senior citizens.

This study aims to historically discover the underlying causes of today's skyway network issues and analyze the Minneapolis Skyway System, which potentially represents a successful proliferation of a skyway network that addressed problems through the mediation of a skyway and an urban street. In history, the skyway was considered an absolute solution to the issue of overpopulation and the tyranny of traffic transportation. However, most skyway projects were based on the denial of existing urban structures and the demand for radical reformation. Due to the historical basis affecting today's skyway network, the spread of this network caused a decline in urban streets. Some city governments decided to demolish the skyway network to restrict development. However, the Minneapolis Skyway System continued to expand and maintained the world's most enormous in scale. This was due to the lobby spaces in the system being used as a space for mediating skyways and urban streets that addressed the issue of urban street depression. In this study, four buildings (IDS Center, Dayton's Department Store, Gaviidae Common, and US Bank Plaza), functioning as a hub in a skyway network traffic was selected for analysis. Although the physical form of the lobby spaces in these cases were all different, they effectively connected the skyway and the urban streets through common factors such as emphasizing vertical circulation, acceptability of various events and assisting the pedestrian environment. Recently, expanding the skyway network in Korea became a possibility. This study was significant in that it presented the direction to pursue the successful advancement of a skyway network.

The purpose of this study is to draw housing performance fields by comparatively analyzing domestic and foreign housing certificate systems. The high classification level was composed of the architectural plan field and the architectural environment field, based on the items to be evaluated by each certificate, to analyze the characteristics of housing certificates that are currently used, arranged and summarized into sub-items that then divide the evaluation items by each field into the middle classification level of plan, safety, pollution, and environment. The housing performance fields by each certificate, based on the re-classified performance evaluation items were then analyzed. It drew a total of 15 fields including plan, transit, structure, water, BF, safety, energy, pollution, location, unit, maintenance, material, access, waste environment, by comparatively analyzing domestic and foreign housing certificate systems. The housing certificates intensively evaluated energy performance including HVAC and MEP, which primarily consisted of environmental performance involving thermal environment, light environment and sound environment. It was determined that the entire architectural plan including unit household plan, transportation, access to public facilities, the structure safety performance and the living environment place for taking care of the socially disadvantaged were not adequately evaluated.

This study aims to identify the residential environment of elderly single households in urban and rural areas. For this purpose, the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), living environment, and community environment of the elderly were analyzed. Data from the survey of the Korea Institute for Heath and Social Affairs conducted in 2020 was used for the analysis. The subjects of the study included 7,871 single or elderly couples who were aged 65 and older in Korea. The result of analysis indicated the general characteristics of elderly single households where the rural elderly were older than the urban elderly, the level of education was lower and the health status was poorer. In terms of housing type, the rural elderly mainly lived in houses while the urban elderly mainly lived in apartments. The rate of self-ownership was higher for the rural elderly than the urban elderly. It is interpreted that the individual situation of the elderly in rural elderly single households were generally worse than urban elderly single households, but housing stability was higher. There was no difference in the ADL of elderly single households between urban and rural areas. In the living environment of elderly single households, it was found that rural areas were worse than urban areas in terms of the housing environment, leisure and cultural activities. In the community environment, rural areas were analyzed to be more inconvenient than urban areas in terms of facilities, public transport, security and traffic safety, and the distance from the residence of children or relatives. Looking at the factors affecting overall life satisfaction, it was analyzed that the network of relationships with friends and local communities had a greater effect on life satisfaction than the networks with spouses or children for elderly single households. It is necessary for the elderly to increase their accessibility with friends and neighbors who can live independently. In addition, it was found that rural areas were more uncomfortable than urban areas in the living environment and community environment. Therefore, improvement is needed in poor housing and facilities such as hospitals in rural areas.

The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in the types of residential areas in Busan based on previous studies. In addition to the existing studies on the types of residences up to the 1990s, considering the changes in the 20 years since 2001, this study intends to figure out the direction of development, changes of the residential areas in Busan and to find the direction of these changes. Aerial photographs from the 1970s to the present, related references, and field surveys were used. In addition, the location of the apartment was taken as the standard to confirm the development period and that there were construction activities above a certain scale. This method considers the representativeness of single-family houses or small-scale multi-unit dwellings which are difficult to understand, and it was introduced in a way that could confirm each case relatively evenly with a limited range. The results of this study showed that there were various types of locations since 2001, but the rate of redevelopment and reconstruction was high. It was confirmed that the expansion of a residential area was taking place and two types of sites need to be added compared to the previous study as the types of sites were diversified. This study is meaningful in that it is a foundational work for the development of more specific studies in the future by identifying the factors and conditions of such changes.

Community Housing, a housing policy of Seoul, was implemented to present a new housing culture that cooperates with various living circumstances and revives a neighborhood community. However, most community housing has limitations in influencing a village community in the form of a single building. Therefore, this study aims to present the planning characteristics of community housing through a case analysis of Village-type Community Housing in which several community housing units were planned and operated together. Based on previous studies, the transitional space of community housing was classified and the plan for each transitional space was analyzed. The external space of the front was planned according to the characteristics of each site by reflecting the pedestrian environment of a village that created a space where people could stay and increased accessibility to neighborhood living facilities. The entrance to the community housing was planned according to the degree of openness of a space. The privacy of residents was secured through separate residential entrance routes. The frequency of chance encounters could potentially increase by planning to extend the length of the internal movement line. Certain spaces between the shared space and the residential space was planned to secure the territoriality of a residential space. The significance of this study is that it derives the planning characteristics of community housing that have not been specifically presented thus far. Based on this study, the planning characteristics for community revitalization can be widely applied to future community housing and multi-household housing.

This study examines the characteristics of domestic temporary residential facilities by analyzing and evaluating its residential conditions of temporary residential facilities provided during the 2019 wildfire in Goseong, Gangwon-do. Variables related to improving resident satisfaction and hierarchy were identified. Data that can be used to support and operate temporary residential facilities in the event of a disaster was provided. The research methodology included field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. Samples were collected using snowball sampling and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics v.24. The findings revealed that during the Goseong wildfire, government and corporate training centers, and temporary residential facilities such as gymnasiums, senior centers, and village halls were provided as emergency shelters. This is first case where the prefabricated housing budget was reflected in the government's recovery plan. The government provided vacant apartments nearby through rental arrangements with the families whose houses were destroyed. The government also provided prefabricated housing free of charge. Existing private residential areas and prefabricated housing complexes where the houses were destroyed in the wildfire were used as the sites for these prefabricated housing. The stages from the residents' evacuation route immediately after the disaster to their relocation to temporary residences and then restoration of the damaged housing included emergency evacuation such as short-term residence or emergency shelters and temporary residence in temporary housing. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine the hierarchy among variables affecting satisfaction from prefabricated housing based on the variables derived from multiple regression analysis. The result showed that indoor ventilation was the most influential variable, followed by the number of rooms and the time until the provision of prefabricated housing.

A healing environment needs to take into account the well-being of residents. In this study, the current condition of outdoor facilities along with natural factors was analyzed and features were identified that focused on the outdoor environment of public rental housing. By conducting a satisfaction analysis and a survey on the healing effect of outdoor facilities, it was investigated whether satisfaction influenced the healing effect. As for the theoretical background, the elements of the healing environment were studied based on Roger Ulrich's 1984 supporting design theory. The subjects of this study were public rental housing complexes that received an excellent score or better on the G-SEED certification within ten years and had external environmental factors suitable for a healing environment. Based on residents' behavior, the therapeutic factors of outdoor facilities were divided into accessibility, convenience, longer period, and connectivity to conduct a satisfaction survey on outdoor space. The healing effect was examined using Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1989) Attention Recovery Theory (ART) and whether satisfaction with the outdoor space influenced the healing effect. The results of the satisfaction survey showed that the outdoor environment of satisfaction factors had a significant impact on overall satisfaction, with convenience having the greatest impact. The effect of overall satisfaction on the confirmed healing effect also showed a positive effect. These results revealed that satisfaction with the outdoor environment and satisfaction factors are correlated with the healing effect; it was possible to confirm the importance and elements of outdoor environments in a healing environment in terms of residents' well-being.

This study examines the trend of ontology-related research in the architectural field using bibliometric methods based on articles indexed in the SCI-Expanded Database and the KCI-Korean Journal Database of Web of Science® (WoS, Clarivate). Scientometric analysis such as publication by year, co-author, keyword co-occurrence, and cluster was used to visualize the research status quo by using VOSviewer and identified challenges of the domestic ontology-related research in the field of architecture. The results identified an increasing trend of research publications in the field of convergence research related to BIM and artificial intelligence since 2015. A geographical area analysis identified the major producing countries that contributed to ontology-related architectural research and their research collaboration network. From the keyword network analysis, building information modeling (BIM) was the core keyword, followed by artificial intelligence (AI)-related keywords including deep learning, computer vision and natural language processing. Four research themes identified the combination of keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis: BIM, Architectural and Construction Planning, Building Performance and Management, and AI and Information Management. This study provides insight in the overall ontology-related research in the field of architecture and predicts its potential direction for future domestic research.

Recently, the significance of human well-being in architecture has been growing. In particular, it is quite important for student educational facilities to serve as a pleasant and safe space with an efficient classroom environment. Providing an appropriate light environment and preventing excessive glare in the classroom can improve cognitive function for students, their health and academic achievement. The domestic green building rating system (G-SEED) evaluated light environment and glare control for natural lighting in the classroom through illuminance and shade standards. Still, it was not assessed from an integrated perspective, and the shade standards were ineffective for the lighting environment and glare control. This study aims to verify whether the G-SEED shading standards for creating an appropriate light environment for educational facilities were appropriate through simulation. This research established the simulation standard through a comparative analysis of the light environment, glare measurement metric, and G-SEED and LEED(USA) evaluation criteria. In addition, the range of shade length for simulation was derived through the shade length specification of G-SEED targeting general classrooms (7.5*9.0m, h=26). Based on this, the light environment and glare were simulated with the Grasshopper Algorithm based on Climate Studio. Through statistical analysis (SPSS) of the simulation results, the trend of the light environment, glare change according to the length of the shade, and the mutual statistical significance between each shade length were identified. It was derived through simulation and statistical analysis that the shade length specification of G-SEED was not statistically significant in some effects on light environment and glare. In addition, it was found that there was a need for a method to evaluate the diversity of design integrated into the currently proposed standards. Therefore, it should be developed into a green building rating system that can improve students' learning and well-being while supplementing these limitations.

This study aims to propose a pre-check method using building energy performance factors during the design phase for zero-energy building certification in Seoul by examining energy consumption, energy production, and the energy self-sufficiency rate of office buildings in various sizes. Ten building design information cases were prepared with a gross floor area of 500 ㎡ to 20,000 ㎡ to analyze the correlation between the physical value level of building energy performance factors and the required primary energy consumption. The pre-check method for zero-energy building certification using the design information of building energy performance factors during the design phase was derived from the ECO2 analysis results of these 10 cases. The energy self-sufficiency rate according to the design difference of building energy performance factors was examined, and the increased rate of RES installed capacity to achieve an energy self-sufficiency rate of more than 20% by heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system type was presented.

This study presents a deep learning approach to measuring a brand's store image while generating positioning maps using social media data. Store design and architecture were highlighted as effective communicators of brand identity and positioning, but the spatial environment had been solely studied using traditional approaches such as surveys. This study adopted deep learning based CNN, which is an alternative methodology for evaluating a brand's store image and created a positioning map in terms of interior design. Two axes were set to create a positioning map of style (X) and atmosphere (Y) that collected training data from Pinterest. Using the training dataset, this research employed Inception-V3 to retrain this model to evaluate the interior design. Based on the retrained model, the interior images of coffee shop brands were evaluated to determine each brand's position and create a positioning map. Another positioning map was created based on a conventional method via a survey to demonstrate the validity of this approach. The results demonstrated that a brand's store image can be trained and recognized using social data and deep learning technology. Additionally, brands' relative positions and relationships can be assessed through a deep learning framework; therefore, a brand positioning map can be created. Various applications of these approaches in decision-making for brand store design, including the assessment of brand store positioning and redesigning stores were highlighted. Lastly, this study suggests wider uses for social big data and deep learning technology in branding and architectural design.

Commoning and collective approaches to space planning within university campuses can help foster a stronger sense of community and equity. But the increasing privatization of urban space has often influenced the spatial distribution within campus buildings, and the spaces designated for support staff, in particular, are often neglected, or intentionally hidden. Through photojournalistic documentation and personal interviews, this study provides a status report on the state of spatial equity within buildings on the campus of University A, selected as a representative sample of a typical university in Korea struggling to achieve a more egalitarian and humanitarian distribution of built spaces while dealing with perpetual space shortage. The concept of commoning, or campus as commons, as a theoretical framework, this study suggests possibilities for improvement in three areas of shortcomings regarding break rooms as identified through the study: seclusion, obscurity, and impermanence. The findings may provide helpful insights for adding qualitative considerations to the recently implemented guidelines which have narrowly focused on quantitative improvement. The findings also revealed that the multiple programmatic demands within the break rooms suggest its areas cannot be strictly based on number of users but also the duration and types of activities.

During the Jeongjo period in the 18th century, the inner banquet space hosted the main character and its participants, some of which had to sit in the yard. The main space, Bongsudang, had the highest hierarchy where the king was partitioned in the upper left corner outside the main pillar, and the yeoryung, participants, instruments, and performers were partitioned in the yard. The king's space was divided into a horizontal hierarchical structure where dancers performed in a dance space with a complex composition in which the spaces of the ministers were divided, and participants were located in the yard space. At the beginning of the 19th century, entering the period of prosperity, a vertical hierarchy was established in the arrangement of the banquet space. In the lively inner banquet, the crown prince sat in the upper right corner with increased political authority, and the upper left corner was clearly divided and partitioned into a space for royal women. The center of the vestibule was divided into spaces for dance and music, and the space for subordinates was clearly separated outside the hall. During the reign of King Heonjong in the middle of the 9th century, the lotus space was clearly divided into a structure with a vertical hierarchy: the primary space of the great queen, the main character of the rendition, the secondary space of the royal woman, the king's space, the tertiary space of dance, the fourth space of the musician, and the fifth space of the servant. Centering on the main character, the naeyeon was divided into a space for women of the royal family, a space for the king and dance in the yard. The composition of Mushinjinchan's rhyme during the Heonjong period appeared in the same compositional system as the composition of the banquet during the Gojong period. The composition of the banquet space was subdivided into vertical hierarchies, and the political dignity of the Great King, who was a convergence and cleanser in the late Joseon Dynasty, was fully reflected in the internal combustion space. In addition, the vertical hierarchy of the space was divided and expanded by reflecting the authority of the royal woman. The inner banquet play acting-stage composition was clearly separated from its subordinates after the period of King Sunjo. The king's space had a vertical hierarchy next to the great king where spatially it was transformed into a yard space to distinguish it from women. The authority of the great king in the late Joseon Dynasty was reflected in Yeonhyang, and its composition reflects her Confucian filial piety to the royal adults appeared directly in the play acting-stage to celebrate the inner banquet, and indirectly suggested that the king's authority was diminishing.

The purpose of this study is to prove the original form of walls around Heunginjimun Gate. The spatial scope and subject of this study are the sections between the northern wall of Heunginjimun Gate and the Ogansumun Gate; the time range is from 1869 when Heunginjimun Gate was rebuilt to 1911 when the wall was destroyed. To understand the transition process of Heunginjimun Gate in the 19th century, the original shape of the wall was inferred through literature records, old photographs, old maps, and modern maps; the changes shown in each data set was confirmed through field surveys. Through this, changes in Heunginjimun Gate's rampart Ongseong chemise, surrounding wall, and topography were analyzed. The results indicated that the Heunginjimun Gate area included flat land from the hilly area at the entrance of Naksan Mountain to Ogansumun Gate. The topography of this section consisted of low wetlands around Cheonggyecheon Stream, flatland around Wangsan-ro street, and hilly areas of Naksan Mountain. However, in the 19th century, the topography of Heunginjimun Gate changed twice. There were four types of construction methods identified in the fortress around Heunginjimun Gate. The construction of Heunginjimun Gate and the renovation of Ongsong chemise influenced the change regarding the shape of the wall of Hanyangdoseong.

In today's architecture, various types of spatial composition are being attempted to overcome the limitations of uniform form and fixed functions of architecture. This concept of architecture has become possible to interpret places, structures, and materials in various ways. The characteristics of the architectural space of Herzog & de Meuron include harmony while contrasting with the surrounding environment and the inflow of surrounding contexts. The creativity of their architecture builds and repeats the scenery and materials of the surrounding environment, transforming familiar things into new ones, creating a landscape different from the existing urban landscape. In other words, new materials and shapes that seem familiar are designed through familiar shapes and materials considering the surrounding context. There are architectural concepts such as night and day parallax concepts of their designs, visual experiences of overlapping familiar forms of gable roofs, closing and opening spaces by connecting them, and differences in space are recognized by changes in external spaces. Vitra House designed a unique type of architecture that repeatedly stacks gable volumes where mass composition embodies their own architectural space by repeating the same form, repeated space differences, space connections, and arrangement of connected spaces. As a research method, diversity, overlap and juxtaposition, uncertain space, space dynamics, and space boundaries were derived through a theoretical review of spatial characteristics appearing in Vitra House against the backdrop of Deleuze's rhizome philosophy. Through the derived elements, theories, concepts, and spatial analysis, the meaning of 'rhysomal space composition by difference and repetition, connection and arrangement' was presented and set as the framework of this analysis. This study examined and analyzed the characteristics of the architectural work of the Vitra House designed by Herzog & de Meuron by expanding the composition method of space by repetition, difference and the event by connection method.

Upon encountering the housing crisis after World War I, Many avant-garde architects focused on functional studies, typological development, and construction experiments about collective dwellings. From the ideal conception of Le Corbusier in the early 1920s to the experiences from Pessac and Frankfurt housing settlement, sachlichkeit architects took a big step forward in material dimension. Occasionally during international events like Weissenhofsiedlung and CIAM, theoretical studies and practical approach converged into housing discourse. With self-consciousness as a socio-cultural organizer in a broader sense, modern architects considered housing problems in terms of rational and scientific research to define the ideological image of modern life, and then expressed the image of New Life by means of the configurative tactile functional objects. Without any filters of critical judgment, this study aims to review the seemingly controversial process of the modern housing movement and its discourse as a whole, as it was.

The apartment complexes have become a predominant urban landscape in Seoul. We are reaching to the era of demolishing and reconstructing the first generation of the large-scale apartment complexes of the late 1980s. While memories of these old housing areas, scheduled to be demolished, have triggered strong place attachments, we are not yet resolving on what to cherish and how to conduct preservation planning for them. This paper aims to analyze physical and non-physical, intangible aspects of the apartment complexes in terms of preservation planning and to review three representative cases. The goal is to explain how preservation planning efforts are formulated and implemented, similarly and differently, with respect to build a consensus on what to preserve and how to preserve. The contribution of this paper is to draw a projection model, which can be referred to the future redevelopment projects of the large-scale apartment complexes.

The purpose of this study is to explore the diverse layout types of Wuhan's early-modern Lifen house. Despite there already being enough research respecting individual urban dwellings, the systematical and elaborate studies on this topic was minimal until the study that defined Row House as Li House emerged by Chinese researcher Sun. The definition of Li House was drawn upon and the layout types of different cities that emerged under the same generational background was comprehensively analyzed utilizing an on-the-spot investigation method around Liyuan House in Qingdao Lilong House in Shanghai and Lifen House in Wuhan. During this systematical research about Li House, the otherness of Lifen House in Wuhan was more prominent compared to other houses. By focusing on the layout types of Lifen House, there were definitely more types than in other cities; this kind of housing layout highlighted Wuhan city's regionalism.

This study aims to analyze the master plans of winning proposals from design competitions related to 3rd generation new towns, particularly three pilot districts: Gwacheon Gwacheon District, Suwon Dangsu District 2 and Ansan Singil District 2. The concept and principles of the integrated urban and architectural planning were applied for the first time to grasp the meaning and seek improvement direction for planning and design standards. Based on basic principles and directions of the design guidelines presented at the time of these competitions, how they were interpreted and what solutions were presented was analyzed; the characteristics of the three-dimensional urban space planning of each district was compared, commonalities and differences were examined, and implications were derived. To further analyze the detailed planning elements and characteristics, the planning and design criteria according to the spatial hierarchy of the integrated urban and architectural planning regarding region or city scale, district or neighborhood scale, and block, street or building scale were applied to the three pilot districts. The planning and design solutions from the plan's vision and goals to the architectural design direction were compared and analyzed. Lastly, the synthesis and significance of the analysis results, the improvement direction of the plans and design standards during the master plan competitions, and future tasks for the realization of an integrated urban and architectural planning were summarized and presented.

This study compares static vs. dynamic solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of a glazing system with an external blind. For many architectural design processes, static SHGC has been still widely used. The authors aim to investigate stochastic characteristics of SHGC due to slat angles and environmental conditions (direct and diffuse solar radiation, outdoor and indoor air temperature, wind velocity, etc.). For this purpose, "pyWinCalc", developed by US LBNL was employed to simulate the dynamic thermal behavior of the system. The Sobol sampling was conducted for uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of the SHGC. It was found that the variations in SHGC depending on the slat angles as well as environmental conditions are significant. The quantified stochastic characteristics of SHGC are expected to provide a rational guideline for assessing the thermal performance and optimal control of dynamic shading devices.

Due to the rapid increase in Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste, C&D waste management (WM) management is an important challenge, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is being actively used as a smart WM strategy. Demolition waste (DW) predictive models were developed and tested by applying artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) based on a dataset consisting of categorical input variables in this study. For this, DW predictive models with optimal performance were derived through hyper-parameter tuning of ANN and SVM algorithms. As a result of this study, the predictive performance of the ANN and SVM models showed mean absolute error (MAE) 71.730 and 79.437, root mean square error (RMSE) 119.414 and 104.979, coefficient of determination (R squared) 0.891 and 0.859 mean square error (MSE) 11020.556 and 14259.820 respectively. Therefore, the ANN model was confirmed to be a better model for predicting the DW than the SVM model in this study. At this time, the mean of the observed values is 987.181 kg·m^-2 , and the mean of the predictive values of the ANN and SVM models are 986.180 kg·m^-2 and 991.050 kg·m^-2 , respectively.

The data that fully reflects the dynamics of a building can only be collected after the building is completed. Therefore, the data for training machine learning models are not sufficient at the operation stage of buildings. In addition, the dynamics of buildings and energy systems frequently change due to age deterioration, commissioning, component replacement, and retrofitting. Thus, the retraining of deep learning models to reflect the changed system dynamics is required. Therefore, the performance benchmark of deep learning architecture should be designed in consideration of these specificities of the building-energy field. This study benchmarks the time-series forecasting performance of three deep learning architectures: the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and long short-term memory (LSTM), which are widely used architectures, and the transformer, which is relatively recently developed but has high potential. For reproducible benchmarks, a publicly accessible data generator and the open-source Python library DeepTimeSeries was developed. The performance dependence according to the training dataset size was evaluated by changing the training dataset size from 0.3 to 0.9 years. Forecasting targets were the zone air temperatures and thermal loads. Among the three architectures, the transformer had the best performance. In particular, when the training dataset size was small, the transformer exhibited better performance than other architectures in forecasting peaks and dips. Other architectures displayed unstable performance when the training dataset size was small. The results suggest that the transformer has a high potential for time series forecasting in the field of building energy, where the amount of data is limited in most cases.

Many studies have been conducted to accurately diagnose the thermal performance of building opaque exterior walls. Thermal resistance(R-value) is a representative indicator of the thermal performance of opaque exterior walls. Methods of calculating thermal performance are mainly ISO 6946 and ISO 9869-1. Thermal resistances calculated using the two methodologies sometimes show differences. To reduce this difference, many studies are being conducted to perform in-situ measurements more accurately. ISO 9869-1 measures use a heat flowmeter sensor and a temperature sensor. In particular, it is recommended that the heat flowmeter sensor be attached to a surface on a stable temperature environment side. so, that the heat flowmeter sensor is attached to an internal surface that would not be affected by snow, rain, or solar radiation. However, it has been reported that a large deviation from the theoretical value when using the internal surface heat flow in an outside insulated wall. In this study, an internal surface heat flowmeter sensor is attached, and an external surface heat flowmeter sensor is also attached. And the purpose is to compare and analyze the thermal resistance calculated using the two heat flows. As a result, if the internal and external temperature difference is sufficiently large, using external surface heat flow would be closer to the theoretical value in the outdoor insulated wall. However, as the internal and external temperature difference becomes smaller, the accuracy decreases slightly even when using the outdoor surface heat flow.

Information on clothing insulation (CLO) worn by individual occupants is essential for comfort-based control in buildings. It is necessary to develop a method for estimating each occupant's real-time actual clothing information in situations with multiple occupants. This study aims to suggest a novel approach to estimate the CLO of multiple occupants in real-time and confirm its practical application with the help of a performance evaluation in a test-bed. A process that combined the person detection model and the CLO estimation model was proposed. Experiments to estimate CLO worn by multiple persons in a test-bed were conducted to train the model and evaluate its performance at each stage of the process. As a result, each model of the process demonstrated an average person detection accuracy of 95% and a CLO estimation accuracy of 91% for six different clothing combinations. Consequently, these experimental findings confirmed the feasibility of estimating a person's clothing insulation in an indoor environment where multiple people exist.

Ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) have been widely used in various earthquake engineering studies such as probabilistic seismic hazard analyses, scenario-based earthquake hazard map, ground motion, and uniform hazard response spectrum. This equation contains parameters of seismic source path, and site effects. However, previous studies only developed GMPEs without considering site effects. The purpose of this study is to develop a GMPE model considering site effects. Site condition was classified with Vs30 data for seismic stations, where Vs30 was the average shear wave velocity over a depth of 30 m from the ground surface. This study validated the proposed GMPE model using event residuals between calculated and recorded ground motion recording data for Korean earthquakes.

This study proposes simulated road scattering dust that factor particle distribution and air-dried density of actual road scattering dust sampled from roads in the Seoul Metropolitan City. The simulated road scattering dust was combined in weight ratios of 22% ISO standard sand, 40% blow sand, and 38% arizona dust. The particle distribution and air-dried density of actual road scattering dust was closely similar to those of the sampled ones. The permeable coefficient and porosity of concrete permeable blocks after covering with the simulated road scattering dust were 0.5 mm/s and 15.2%, which was 18% and 8% lower than those of the concrete permeable blocks before covering. These trends were similar to those obtained from the concrete permeable blocks covered with the dust specified in the Seoul Metropolitan City. The permeable coefficient of concrete permeable blocks covered by dust specified in the Seoul Metropolitan City was 0.31 mm/s, which was 38% lower than that of the blocks covered with the simulated road scattering dust. Consequently, the simulated road scattering dust can be used to reasonably investigate properties relevant to the permeability coefficient of concrete permeable block because it reflects particle distribution of actual road scattering dust.

Gelatin is a protein-derived material that is a biological medium and a binder that can exhibit mechanical performance. In previous studies, a new concept of Living Building Material (LBM) was suggested using gelatin as a medium for cyanobacteria, but research on the mechanical performance of LBM according to the gelatin mix proposition was insufficient. In this study, the effect of mix proposition on the mechanical performance of a sand-gelatin solution composite was investigated. As a result, the mechanical performance of it was expressed as the gelatin crosslink formed between sand particles. The flexural or compressive strength ratio of the sand-gelatin composite was higher than that of the cement mortar since the bond strength of the gelatin solution to the mineral substrate exceeded that of the cement paste. The concentration of the gelatin solution had a greater effect on the compressive strength than the solution or sand ratio; in the case of a 20% gelatin solution, the average compressive strength at 28 days of curing was expressed to be up to 7.59MPa. On the contrary, the properties of the fresh-state composite were majorly affected by the gelatin or sand ratio while the flow and setting time tended to increase as the ratio increased.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the competency level of elementary and intermediate construction managers to derive insufficient capabilities at present, and to suggest ways to improve capabilities based on this. The conclusions drawn through this study are as follows. 1) CM/Eng. Individual competencies of beginner and intermediate construction managers belonging to the company lack the competency level of 'planning power' and 'creativity', and job competency is relatively insufficient in the process management area, construction cost management area, and environment and civil service management area. 2) Currently, the education and training of domestic construction managers is in place to improve individual capabilities and job competency, but it is found that the actual education contents required for elementary and intermediate construction managers surveyed in this study are not properly organized. 3) It was found that the improvement of the domestic construction technology manpower education system requires "expansion of educational programs to strengthen actual competency," "diversification and subdivision of educational content of each educational institution," and "strengthening timeliness of educational content according to changes and technology development." 4) Unlike Korea, technology manpower education and training in advanced countries is composed of various practical contents, public and private institutions are working together to strengthen technology manpower capabilities, and private institutions are participating to form an education program to separately strengthen technology manpower.

This study analyzed the utilization status of domestic technical manpower supply and maintenance-related systems of CM companies and identified the problems and improvements of each system. Based on this, the purpose was to propose policies and institutional improvement measures to stabilize the supply and demand of construction technology personnel in the future. As a result of the study, it is necessary to introduce a professional counselor system in the current construction employment portal system. The national employment support system needs to come up with a plan to expand related services to incumbent workers. The youth tomorrow fill deduction system needs to expand the scope of support and pay incentives to companies. In the career management system, it is necessary to manage both quantitative and qualitative methods. The education system for construction engineers needs to organize the composition of the curriculum in an open manner.