• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.349-368
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• 2001

We have brought up several distinct types of English clausal constructions, and have been lead to the descriptive generalization in (14),repeated here as (33): (33) Reduced clauses cannot occur in non-complement positions. The generalization in (33) refers to two theory-internal notions, reduced clauses and non-complement positions. Both notions are concerned with the composition of syntactic structures to be defined by X-bar theory. Without these theoretical notions, it would be difficult to describe in a general form the fact that certain types of complement clauses-namely, null-that clauses, if-clauses, Acc-ing gerund, ECM complement clauses, and Raising complement clauses-cannot occur in particular syntactic positions. Instead, one would have to describe this fact for each clause type, in such a way that null-that clauses cannot occur in such and such positions, and if-clauses cannot occur in such and such positions, and Acc-ing gerund cannot occur in such and such positions, and so on, although the positions in which they cannot occur are totally the same. Given the terminology of X-bar theory, however, it has turned out that these types of complement clauses are all reduced clauses, and the positions where they cannot occur are all non-complement positions. Then, the generalization has obtained that reduced clauses cannot occur in non-complement positions. It is a theoretical issue, and differs depending upon theories, how to explain why such a descriptive generalization holds at all. Hopefully, the demonstration here provides a piece of evidence showing that a theory or a particular theoretical nation plays an important role in the description of linguistic facts. Moreover, I have made a crucial prediction on the basis of the well-accepted theoretical assumption the ECM complement clauses and Raising complement clauses are reduced clauses; namely, the prediction that these types of clauses cannot occur in non-complement position. The prediction based upon the theoretical assumption is actually borne out, as illustrated earlier. The illustration of the prediction, I hope, shows that a theory or a particular theoretical assumption, coupled with another theoretical assumption, allows us to make some interesting predictions. Predictions serve to widen a range of linguistic facts to be described. A theory plays a crucial part in finding out interesting facts as well as in describing them in some general forms. Finally, let me state a few words as to the recent generative theory in connection with linguistic description. The recent generative theory is getting more and more abstract. I think it is moving toward a good direction as cognitive science. It will contribute, among others, to the inquiry into what is knowledge that is very specific to language faculty, and into how it interacts with other cognitive faculties. However, I am suspicious about how much the abstract generative theory will contribute to the description of linguistic facts in a particular language. While generative theory is claimed to aim both for descriptive adequacy and for explanatory adequacy, the recent generative theory is likely to put much more weight on explanatory adequacy. In my view, a less abstract theory is enough, or even more useful, for the purpose of linguistic description. Of course, how abstract theory one should adopt as a framework differs depending upon what aspect of language one attempts to describe. What I would like to emphasize here is that linguistic theory does not conflicts with linguistic description, and a linguistic theory with an appropriate degree of abstractness serves as a tool for finding out new interesting facts, as well as for describing them in some general, elegant forms.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.270-296
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• 2011

The named source kept in all place names alludes to the close relationship between place name and its place while it also becomes a fundamental condition for geographical research on place names. Meanwhile, the named source may be recognized differently according to who the social subjects producing and changing place names Life. Place names represent and constitute the identity and the ideology of the diverse social subjects. This aspect is related to cultural politics concerned with conflicts and contestation among different social subjects over the meaning of place names. Particularly, the Gongju-Mok Jingwan Area in the Korean peninsula has long history and geopolitical location as a borderland and a buffer zone. As a result, it has provided many conditions for cultural diversity and power relations, both of which have caused social subjects to contest their social power across space and time, and has led to produce the several types in the changes of place names. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the types according to the named source, especially that of the forepart of place names morpheme, and those cultural-political meanings. These place names are classified into three large groups, such as the physical place names, the social place names, and the economic place names. These types of place names have represented the place identity and the ideology of diverse social subjects, and also accompanied the changes by power relations between themselves.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.62
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• pp.95-118
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variables which had effects on the organizational communication satisfaction(OCS) based on the relationship between organizational members' personality types and conflict resolution styles. A questionnaire survey including social style profile and OCS scale was carried out with the various organizational members. The results showed that there were significant differences on the ways to resolve the conflicts according to personality types. The members who tended to assert their opinions with confidence had a high level of OCS. The results of path analysis on the variables influencing the OCS revealed that among the conflict resolution styles, the problem solving style and compromise style were associated with the OCS-social relationship. In contrast, the blaming style and imposing style were related with the degree of OCS-task. The members' individualistic variables such as organizational status and sex were important factors in explaining the differences of conflict resolution styles and the OCS. In conclusion, this study showed that the matching of conflict resolution styles with the members' task characteristics is a crucial factor in the production of effective organizational outcomes. The limitations of this study were reported along with the suggestions for the future studies.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.441-449
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of cognitive conflict by learner personality and the method of presenting anomalous data to induce cognitive conflict. The participants of this study were 461 high school students. To arose cognitive conflict, an actual demonstration was done for half of the participants and a logical article for the rest. MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) was used to find the learner personality types, and CCLT (Cognitive Conflict Level Test) was used to measure the degree of cognitive conflict aroused when anomalous data was confronted. The results of this study indicated that learner personality types influence the degree of cognitive conflict. First, participants were divided into two personality types via preferences on each of the four preference indices; extraversion (E) or introversion (I), sensing (S) or intuition (N), thinking (T) or feeling (F), judgment (J) or perception (P). The cognitive conflict scores of the thinking types were significantly higher than those of the feeling types. Participants were also divided four personality types according to personality functional types: ST, SF, NT and NF. SF type showed a significantly lower cognitive conflict score than any of the other types. According to the type of learner personality, cognitive conflict was influenced differently by the method of presenting anomalous data. For example, the judgment types had a higher cognitive conflict score by logical argument, and the perception types showed a higher score by demonstration. In conclusion, learner cognitive conflicts were influenced by personality types and the methods of presenting anomalous data.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 2024

Companion animals are increasingly being recognized as members of society in outdoor public spaces. However, the presence of dogs in cities has become a subject of conflict between pet owners and non-pet owners, causing problems in terms of hygiene and noise. This study was conducted to analyze public complaint data using the keywords 'dog,' 'pet,' and 'puppy' through text mining techniques to identify the causes of conflicts in outdoor public spaces related to dogs and to identify key issues. The main findings of the study are as follows. First, the majority of dog-related complaints were related to the use of outdoor public spaces. Second, different types of outdoor public spaces have different spatial issues. Third, there were a total of four topics of dog-related complaints: 'Requesting a dog playground', 'Raising safety issues related to animals', 'Using facilities other than dog-only areas', and 'Requesting increased park management and enforcement related to pet tickets'. This study analyzed the perceptions of citizens surrounding pets at a time when the creation and use of public spaces related to pets are expanding. In particular, it is significant in that it applied a new method of collecting public opinions by adopting complaint data that clearly presents problems and requests.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.199-215
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• 2002

The socio-economic and environmental systems of world are in turmoil. International conflicts are placed in their geographical context through the integration of maps. Changes in the world political map have often been the outcome of wars and conflicts associated with major geopolitical transitions. We identify five basic types--proto-nationalism, unification nationalism, separation nationalism, liberation nationalism and renewal nationalism. Political leaders in a wide range of contexts have been able to appeal to the nationalist doctrine to justify their actions. In recent years indigenous peoples have found a new voice in their struggle for survival. Although colonial empire's ending followed long and bloody struggles in some places. We really cannot understand the modem world as a whole if we do not understand the dynamic of that part of it which has endured and struggled against colonialism. The patterns of the international conflicting area are divided internal conflict type, mixed conflict type, international conflict type. The formation factors of the international conflicting area are divided ethnic group, religion, colonialism, resource, territory. There has recently been a resurgence of Islam's importance in world affairs. The oil crises of the 1970s gave new international leverage to several Muslim states.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.484-496
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing conflict transition through the conflict transition process experienced by college graduates with early careers. The participants of this study were in-depth interviews with a total of 8 young people aged 25-34 who graduated from college and found their common subjects in all cases. As a result, the topics such as 'lack of recognition and compensation', 'unfairness of supervisor', 'characteristics of job (interdependence, autonomy)' were derived. 'Lack of recognition and compensation' brought about a sense of skepticism about the idea that even though they worked hard, they could not be recognized. And it caused a conflict transition. When the participants felt the 'unfairness of the supervisor', the task conflicts were further amplified and it transfer to relationship conflict. Among the characteristics of 'job characteristics', when highly interdependent occupations were carried out, conflict transition was shown and conflict levels were high. On the other hand, the work environment with job autonomy showed job satisfaction and did not show conflict transition. This study has an academic significance in that it revealed the types of conflicts and conflict transfer factors experienced in early career status of college graduates. In addition, this research have the practical implications to improves the participants' understanding of the conflict transfer through actual scene in the workplace.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2020

Recently, implementation of telemedicine in Korea has been conducted as one of pilot projects with public health doctors. To manage and expand telemedicine services sustainably, it is necessary to understand the positions of various stakeholders. The purpose of this study is to observe and describe major phenomena around stakeholders related to telemedicine to capture major issues following the implementation of telemedicine. This study interviewed 24 research participants, including public health doctors who participated in the pilot project for telemedicine services. As a result of analyzing the interview manuscript using the grounded theory method, totally 68 concepts were derived at the coding stage, and 19 sub-categories, 11 categories, were proposed through the categorization process. In addition, through the elicitation concepts and categories of this study, conflicts among stakeholders were explained, conceptual models that presented the process of resolving conflicts, and five types of stakeholders were proposed. This study has theoretical and practical implications in that it captures and describes important issues from stakeholders in telemedicine services. The results of this study are expected to give some hints for problem solving to all of the stakeholders who wish to successfully build telemedicine services.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2020

Public conflict in domestic project has been increased and it results in direct and indirect damages. In order to reduce the loss, there have been diverse researches on the public conflict. However, most of researches tend to mainly focus on characteristics of the conflict. Considering the conflict occurred in SOC project, a research of conflict with project characteristics is necessary. In response to consider the relationships between characteristics of project and conflict, this paper aims to present the relative importance of the relationships. We conducted literature reviews and interviews with experts to select main characteristics of projects and public conflicts. Based on the selected four main characteristics each, we analyzed the relationships between them using Fuzzy AHP. The results show that SOC construction project type among project characteristics exerts the most important effect on overall public conflict. Especially conflict factors and conflict phases among public characteristics are critically influenced by project types. The findings provide a foundation for a conflict management reflecting varying public conflicts due to project characteristics.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1995.02a
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• pp.3-32
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• 1995

The Highway Capacity Manual specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of delay per vehicle. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for ass~ssing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections based on the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans. Conflict opportunity models were developed for those crossing, diverging, and stopping maneuvers which are associated with left-turn and rear-end accidents. Safety¬based level-of-service criteria were then developed based on the distribution of conflict opportunities computed from the developed models. A case study evaluation of the level of service analysis methodology revealed that the developed safety-based criteria were not as sensitive to changes in prevailing traffic, roadway, and signal timing conditions as the traditional delay-based measure. However, the methodology did permit a quantitative assessment of the trade-off between delay reduction and safety improvement. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of a wide variety of prevailing conditions such as traffic composition, intersection geometry, traffic volumes, and signal timing (1). At the present time, however, performance is only measured in terms of delay per vehicle. This is a parameter which is widely accepted as a meaningful and useful indicator of the efficiency with which an intersection is serving traffic needs. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for assessing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. For example, it is well¬known that the change from permissive to protected left-turn phasing can reduce left-turn accident frequency. However, the HCM only permits a quantitative assessment of the impact of this alternative phasing arrangement on vehicle delay. It is left to the engineer or planner to subjectively judge the level of safety benefits, and to evaluate the trade-off between the efficiency and safety consequences of the alternative phasing plans. Numerous examples of other geometric design and signal timing improvements could also be given. At present, the principal methods available to the practitioner for evaluating the relative safety at signalized intersections are: a) the application of engineering judgement, b) accident analyses, and c) traffic conflicts analysis. Reliance on engineering judgement has obvious limitations, especially when placed in the context of the elaborate HCM procedures for calculating delay. Accident analyses generally require some type of before-after comparison, either for the case study intersection or for a large set of similar intersections. In e.ither situation, there are problems associated with compensating for regression-to-the-mean phenomena (2), as well as obtaining an adequate sample size. Research has also pointed to potential bias caused by the way in which exposure to accidents is measured (3, 4). Because of the problems associated with traditional accident analyses, some have promoted the use of tqe traffic conflicts technique (5). However, this procedure also has shortcomings in that it.requires extensive field data collection and trained observers to identify the different types of conflicts occurring in the field. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections that would be compatible and consistent with that presently found in the HCM for evaluating efficiency-based level of service as measured by delay per vehicle (6). The intent was not to develop a new set of accident prediction models, but to design a methodology to quantitatively predict the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans.