• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to infer the aspects and significance of Musa basjoo of latter part of Chosun Dynasty by analyzing the planting tendency and planting location of Musa basjoos drawn in total 77 old paintings and the characteristics of the paintings where Musa basjoos appeared, while trying to understand symbolic meanings of floral languages as well as the images and significance of Musa basjoos which appeared in the prose and poetry of Chosun Dynasty, and the results are as follows; With its floral languages of 'waiting', 'parting' and 'beauty', Musa basjoo represented the wealth and resuscitation and it aroused the elegance of hermits in its Taoistic sense. And it also represented 'the unworldliness to get out of transient human affairs' in its Buddhistic sense. Musa basjoos which appeared in 'Garden Custom Painting(庭園雅集圖)', 'Gosa Figure Painting(故事人物圖)' and 'Gyehoe Painting(契會圖)' is considered a device to increase the unworldly atmosphere of gardens and to dignify the elegant meetings of scholars, reflected by the high appearance frequencies of cranes and deer. And it seems that the meaning of Musa basjoo in certain paintings like 'Life-time Paintings(平生圖)', 'Castle City Painting(盛市圖), and 'Cultivating and Weaving Painting(耕織圖)' is an aspiration for wealth and prosperity, and the Musa basjoos planted in temples are considered to have symbolic meanings of aspiration for 'Salvation through Belief' as well as a unworldly meaning which reminds the transiency of human affairs. In addition, the expected effect of experiencing 'the sound of rain falling on the leaves of Musa basjoo' has been pursued, which can be confirmed by the fact that Firmiana simlex with wide leaves similar to Musa basjoo can be frequently spotted near the houses. Meanwhile, Musa basjoos seem to have been planted mainly in front garden or side garden around detached house and Musa basjoos inside the houses seem to have been planted mainly in right side when viewed from the entrance, in relation with the location of bedrooms where it is easier to hear the sounds from the right side of the environment. And the paintings where Musa basjoos appear with strange rocks and bizarre stones among other things have greater part of all the paintings, which is considered a kind of intentional landscaping and a product of mixed materials for elegant appreciation. And the major characters of the painting were involved in the activities of scholars such as arts, and the activities of minor characters were greatly related to their everyday lives. Musa basjoo of Chosun Dynasty in $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century was one of the symbols necessary for description of gardens. And it provided the images of rainy scenes together with scholar culture which had a meaning of self-discipline, and it is assumed that the planting of Musa basjoo with the spirit of cease lessen deavor of a new leaf pushing up the tree and the spirit of resuscitation had the same trace of wheels in the city space of our country as the decline of scholar culture of Chosun Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2011

This study has a purpose of base study for ascertaining landscape architect's role of Reung Chambong through analyzing old literature include Kyungkukdae-Jeon, Sokdae-Jeon, Daejeonhoitong, Joseonwangjo-Sillok, Eugye, Reung-Ji, Ilsung-Rok, Reung Chambong's diary. Reung Chambong was a government post in the Joseon dynasty, who managed Royal Tombs of Joseon Dynasty that has promoted as a World Heritage of UNESCO. the conclusions drawn from this study are as follows. First, Reung Chambong was comprised of two Jong 9 pum Chanmbong members. a position of Reung Chambong was a Eumjik appointed Saengwon, Jinsa, Yuhak completed Sammang. the standards of appointment is a experienced person and too young. it became means for accessing a government post because it had a symbolic representation of Royal Tombs guardian. Second, The management system of Reung Chambong was approved on the basis of ranking. however, due to geographical reasons, they had much authority and various mission than is possible. for example, construction supervisor of the Reung and Bongsim, manager of the Reungsuhogun and filling out Reungji. they performed an important role in management of Royal Tombs in the Joseon dynasty. Third, One of tasks related in landscape architecture, a Bongshim reported Sukmul(stonework), Sacho, Jungja-Gak of Reungsang to Yejo periodically. formational system and method of Bongshim are provided in the Kyungkukdae-Jeon and Sokdae-Jeon detailedly. Fourth, Tree management and construction supervisor of Reungsang, positions among tasks related in landscape architecture, required basic understanding and management ability of botany, various eye for spatial perception includes civil and architectural projects. also, as a site management of Royal Tombs in the Joseon dynasty, Reung Chambong was empowered tacit authorization and responsibility in mobility preoccupancy of vertical relationship with local officials and handling by-product of site. there is a close correspondence with landscape architect of today. A follow-up research is required to ascertain landscape architect historical values of Royal Tombs in the Joseon dynasty and Reung Chambong's role as a site management of Royal Tombs in the Joseon dynasty through historical seeking and research old literature on Reung Chambong's role related in landscape architect.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.169-199
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• 2015

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have been combined with products from other industries to provide new functionality, as recently shown in the cases of Internet of Things (IoT). Modularity assumes a crucial role in such technological convergence, and has impacts on the relationship between organizations as well as competition within an industry. Interface standards, which ensure the connectivity between modules, serve as a critical factor in the process by which modularity affects organization systems and industry structure. To understand the aforementioned phenomenon, we studied modularity and interface standards with a focus on the interaction between technology and organization systems and subsequent changes in industrial dynamics. This paper examines previous literature on modularity and interface standards in the aspects of product architecture, organization systems, and institutional factors. With this analytical framework, we conducted a comparative analysis of electronic and automotive industries to derive implications for standardization policy. This research has shown the significance of external open interface standards in shaping an industrial landscape where a variety of module producers horizontally compete. It also advises that policymakers take into account product characteristics, engagement of leading firms in an industry, and institutional factors such as WTO law in the design of standardization policy.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.576-606
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• 2017

It is more salient in the high-tech industry to cooperate even among competitors in order to promptly respond to the changes in product architecture. In this sense, 'co-opetition,' which is the combination word between 'cooperation' and 'competition,' is the new business term in the strategic management and represents the two concepts "simultaneously co-exist." From this view, this study set up the research purposes as follows: 1) investigating the corporate managerial and technological behavioral characteristics in the co-opetition of the global display industry. 2) verifying the emerging factors during the co-opetition behavior hereafter. 3) suggesting the strategic direction focusing on the co-opetition behavioral characteristics. To this end, this study used co-word network analysis to understand the structure in context level of the co-opetition. In order to understand topics on each network, we clustered the keywords by community detection algorithm based on modularity and labeled the cluster name. The results show that there were increasing patterns of competition rather than cooperation. Especially, the litigations for mutual control against Korean firms much more severely occurred and increased as time passed by. Investigating these network structure in technological evolution perspective, there were already active cooperation and competition among firms in the early 2000s surrounding the issues of OLED-related technology developments. From the middle of the 2000s, firm behaviors have focused on the acceleration of the existing technologies and the development of futuristic display. In other words, there has been competition to take leadership of the innovation in the level of final products such as the TV and smartphone by applying the display panel products. This study will provide not only better understanding on the context of the display industry, but also the analytical framework for the direction of the predictable innovation through analyzing the managerial and technological factors. Also, the methods can support CTOs and practitioners in the technology planning who should consider those factors in the process of decision making related to the strategic technology management and product development.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.405-410
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• 2017

High energetic materials (HEMs) have been used in fuels, civil engineering and architecture as well as military purposes such as explosives and propellants. The essential process for the development of new energetic compounds is to accurately calculate its detonation performances. The most typical equation for calculating the explosive performance is the Kamlet-Jacobs (K-J) equation. In the K-J equation, the parameter such as the number of moles of gaseous products at the explosion, the average molar mass of gas products, and the explosion heat greatly affect the explosion performance. These depend on the product composition for the detonation reaction. In this study, detonation products of 65 high energetic molecules (HEMs) were calculated from the various rules such as Kamlet-Jacobs, Kistiakowsky-Wilson, modified Kistiakowsky-Wilson, Springall-Roberts rules to calculate more accurate detonation velocity (Dv). In addition, they were applied to five kinds of detonation velocity equations proposed by K-J, Rothstein, Xiong, Stine and Keshavarz. The mean absolute error and root mean square error of HEMs were obtained from experimental and calculated velocity value for each method. The K-J and Xiong equation that is slightly complex showed a lower mean absolute error than the simple Rothstein and Keshavarz equation. When the mod-KW rule was applied to the Xiong equation, the detonation velocities were the most accurate. This study compared the various method of calculating the detonation velocity of HEMs to obtain accurate HEMs performance.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.364-371
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• 2015

For the cost down of polymer concrete, It is very important to reduce the use amount of polymer binder, which occupies most of the production cost of polymer concrete. Fly ash and atomizing reduction steel slag are spherical materials obtained from industrial by-products. Spherical atomizing reduction steel slag was manufactured using steel slag from reduction process of ladle furnace by atomizing technology. To investigate the physical properties of polymer concrete, polymer concrete specimens were prepared with the various proportions of polymer binder and replacement ratios of atomizing steel slag. Results showed that compressive and flexural strengths of the specimens were remarkably increased with the addition amount of polymer binder and the replacement ratios of atomizing steel slag. In the hot water resistance test, compressive strength, flexural strength, bulk density and average pore diameter decreased but total pore volume and pore diameter increased. We found that polymer concrete developed in this study reduced the amount of polymer binder by 18.2% compared to the conventional product because of the remarkable improvement of workability of polymer concrete using spherical fly ash and atomizing reduction steel slag instead of calcium carbonate (filler) and river sand (fine aggregate).

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.73-89
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• 2004

Since people have come to access more and more information about products with the proliferation of the Internet, more and more customer-to-customer e-marketplaces are being introduced with rapidly increasing transaction volumes. As the role of customer-to-customer electronic commerce has become increasingly regarded as vital to the economy, much research has delved into developing intelligent agent systems to efficiently support customer-to-customer electronic commerce. Most of this research, however, has focused only on supporting simple negotiation for the price of common goods along the time span. To expand the negotiation object to the differentiated goods, the customer must be allowed to negotiate over multi-at-tributes of the product besides the price, including the attributes related to the transaction activity itself, such as delivery time and payment method. To satisfy this requirement, we propose an agent marketplace for differentiated goods where the agent of a customer can negotiate not only the price but also the various attributes of the product and the transaction in order to achieve a better utility level for both buyer and seller. The formal protocol and the architecture issues to support the proposed e-marketplace and agents are also addressed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.77-85
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• 2010

As various convergency products have been actively developed, the study on user interface has been conducted a lot, and for more specific direction, users' experience-oriented user interface from user-oriented studies is recently developed. Such a tendency aiming to focus on product development to express users' emotion, the next step in the user-oriented development had difficulties in an objective approach, so the data based on previous users' experiences were presented as the basic data to establish user interface design process with grounds and design direction, and therefore it is available to show more specific and objective grounds. From this perspective, such psychological variables showing users' experiences like age and job are studied through surveys of users at the development of products, and products according to the variables are released. On the other hand, the products considering psychological difference distinguishing users' experiences as the cultural cap are not progressed yet. Despite the understanding of cultural difference, its decisive grounds are hard to distinguish like age, and job. Therefore, the cognitive concept about how to design menu information structure according to accident types that can be considered regarding user interface design among theoretical backgrounds about cultural difference. As the category according to the range of things among accident types, it is divided into analytical type and relational type to conduct a test on similarity and relations about the representative digital TV's menu information of the convergency product. As the result, analytical type and relational type showed difference and this study aims to use menu information concept considering this difference as explanatory variables of the users' experience-oriented development.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.663-671
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• 2023

This research experimentally evaluated the recyclability of four varieties of lignocellulosic fly ash(FA), a by-product from three power plants employing lignocellulosic biomass(Bio-SRF, wood pellets) as a fuel source. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on FA, encompassing both physical parameters (particle shape, size distribution, fineness, and density) and chemical properties(chemical composition and heavy metal content). Mortar test specimens, with FA mixing ratios ranging from 5 to 20%, were produced in compliance with KS L 5405 standards, and their flow and compressive strength were subsequently measured. The test results indicated that the four types of FA exhibited particle sizes approximately between 20~30㎛, densities around 2.3~2.5g/cm³, and a fineness range of 2,600~4,900cm²/g. The FA comprised approximately 50~90% of components such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and CaO, displaying characteristics akin to type-II and type-III FA of KS L 5405 standards, albeit with differences in chlorine and SiO₂ content. From the mortar tests, it was observed that the compressive strength of the mortar ranged between 34~47MPa when the pellet combustion FA was mixed in proportions of 5~20%. FA, produced exclusively from the combustion of 100% lignocellulosic fuel, is assessed to possess high recyclability potential as a substitute for conventional admixtures.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

Because of the cognitive overload which is caused by the complicated information structure, Digital Convergence product interferes with the effective retrieval of the information from the menu. Two methods have been used to alleviate that cognitive overload by making an effective menu structure; physical menu structure method which is related with the width and depth of the menu, semantic menu structure method which is related with the menu title. In this research, we tried to demonstrate the effectiveness of the menu structure designing method by suggesting a new semantic methodology which uses the Fixation and Fixation duration which are accompanied by the visual search. Because the Fixation is automatically processed by the human cognitive model, we could easily recognize whether the information structure is correspond to the cognitive model or not. From this fact we established the hypothesis that the number of cognitively well established menu structures are fewer than that of the wrongly designed menu structures in terms of the Fixation number and Duration. To verify this hypothesis, we compared the Fixation number and Duration of the modified menu structures with those of the original menu structures by using the Eye-Tracking experiment. As a result, we could find the significant decrease of the Fixation number and Duration after modification. Therefore we could recognize that the modified menu structure was more effective than the original menu structure. In sum, the newly suggested menu structure designing methodology which uses the Fixation and Fixation Duration accompanied by the visual search was proved to be a very effective method.