• MALSORI
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• no.4
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• pp.20-30
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• 1982

The aim of this paper is to analyse difficulties of the pronunciation in swedish vowels encountered by Koreans learners and to seek solutions in order to correct the possible errors. In the course of the analysis the swedish and Korean vowels in question are compared with the purpose of describing differences aha similarities between these two systems. This contrastive description is largely based on the students' articulatory speech level ana the writer's auditory , judgement . The following points are discussed : 1 ) Vowel length as a distinctive feature in Swedish compared with that of Korean. 2) A special attention is paid on the Swedish vowel [w:] that is characterized by its peculiar type of lip rounding. 3) The six pairs of Swedish vowels that are phonologically contrastive but difficult for Koreans to distinguish one from the other: [y:] ~ [w:], [i:] ~ [y:], [e:] ~ [${\phi}$:], [w;] ~ [u:] [w:] ~ [$\theta$], [$\theta$] ~ [u] 4) The r-colored vowel in the case of the postvocalic /r/ that is very common in American English is not allowed in English sound sequences. The r-colored vowel in the American English pattern has to be broken up and replaced hi-segmental vowel-consonant sequences . Korean accustomed to the American pronunciation are warned in this respect. For a more distinct articulation of the postvocalic /r/ trill [r] is preferred to fricative [z]. 5) The front vowels [e, $\varepsilon, {\;}{\phi}$) become opener variants (${\ae}, {\;}:{\ae}$] before / r / or supradentals. The results of the analysis show that difficulties of the pronunciation of the target language (Swedish) are mostly due to the interference from the Learner's source language (Korean). However, the Learner sometimes tends to get interference also from the other foreign language with which he or she is already familiar when he or she finds in that language more similarity to the target language than in his or her own mother tongue. Hence this foreign language (American English) in this case functions as a second language for Koreans in Learning Swedish.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.455-464
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• 2009

Based on the observation that Korean speakers of English have difficulties in producing English fricatives, a perception experiment was designed to investigate whether Korean speakers also have difficulties perceiving English labial consonants including fricatives. Forty Korean college students were asked to perform a multiple-choice identification test. The consonant perception test consisted of nonce words which contained English labial consonants [p, b, f, v] in 4 different prosodic locations: initial onset position, intervocalic position before stress, intervocalic position after stress, and final coda position. The general perception pattern was that the mean accuracy rates were higher in strong position like CV and VCVV than in weak position like VC and VVCV. The difficulties in perceiving the English targets resulted mainly from bidirectional manner confusion between stop and fricative across all prosodic locations. The other types of misidentification were due to place confusion as well as voicing confusion. Place confusion was generated mostly by the target [f] in all prosodic position due to acoustic properties. Voicing confusion was heavily influenced by prosodic position. The misperception of the participants was accounted for by phonetic properties and/or the participants' native language properties.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.139-145
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• 2015

The present study investigates the effects of syllable structure and prosodic prominence on the patterns of tonal alignment and scaling of the phrase-initial rise in Seoul Korean. Two syllable structures (Onset (/#CVC.../ as in minsa) vs. No-onset (/#VC.../ as in insa)) and two prominence conditions (Focus vs. Neutral) were considered. Results showed that the alignment of the L and the H tones in the phrase-initial rise was affected by syllable structure but not by prominence. The time of L was before the vowel onset of the first syllable in the Onset condition (i.e., within the onset consonant) and it was after the vowel onset in the No-onset condition. The difference was attributable to the fact that the initial L was anchored at a fixed distance from the phrase boundary, which was about 30ms after the onset of the syllable in both cases. The time of H was also consistently observed about 20ms after the second vowel onset (i.e., /a/ in minsa/insa). Moreover, the rise time (the duration from the L to the H tones) was longer as the local syllable duration became longer due to different syllable structure and prominence conditions. Taken together, the results provide a support for the segmental anchoring hypothesis, which claims that both the beginning and the end of F0 movement are consistently aligned with segmental 'anchor' points with relatively high stability (Ladd et al., 1999). Results also showed that the scaling of the early rise was slightly influenced by syllable structure but not by prominence. The differences between the results of the current study and a previous study (Cho, 2011) are further discussed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of phonation types ([+/- aspirated], [+/- fortis]) on aerodynamic measures with Korean bilabial stops. Sixty-three healthy young adults (30 males, 33 females) participated to evaluate the VOEF (Voicing Efficiency) tasks with bilabial stop consonants /$p^h$/, /p/, /p'/ using Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) Model 6600 (Kay PENTAX Corp, Lincoln Park, NJ). All VOEF measures were significantly influenced by phonation types except RANP(pitch range)(p <.01). For sound pressure, maximum SPL, mean SPL, and Mean SPL during Voicing have been shown to be significantly greatest in fortis stop /p'/ than aspirated /$p^h$/ and lenis stop /p/ (p<.001). On the other hand, mean pitch after lenis stop was significantly lower than after aspirated and fortis stops (p<.001). Peak expiratory airflow, Target airflow, and FVC (Expiratory volume) were significantly lowest in fortis stop /p'/ which might be associated with higher aerodynamic resistance while peak air pressure and mean peak air pressure during closure were significantly lower in lenis stop /p/. Additionally, AEFF (Aerodynamic efficiency) was significantly higher in fortis stop /p'/ than lenis stop /p/ as well as aspirated stop /$p^h$/ (p<.001). Thus, sound pressure, airflow parameters, and aerodynamic resistance made crucial roles in distinguishing fortis /p'/ from lenis stop /p/ and aspirated. Additionally, pitch and subglottal air pressure parameters were important aerodynamic characteristics in distinguishing lenis /p/ from fortis /p'/ and aspirated /$p^h$/. Therefore, accurate aspirated /p/ stop consonant should be elicited when collecting the airflow, intraoral pressure related data with patients with voice disorders in order to enhance the reliability and relevance or validity of aerodynamic measures using PAS.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.946-950
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• 2010

Many sentiment categorization systems based on machine learning methods use morphological analyzers in order to extract linguistic features from sentences. However, the morphological analyzers do not generally perform well in a customer review domain because online customer reviews include many spacing errors and spelling errors. These low performances of the underlying systems lead to performance decreases of the sentiment categorization systems. To resolve this problem, we propose a feature extraction method based on simple longest matching of Eojeol (a Korean spacing unit) and phoneme patterns. The two kinds of patterns are automatically constructed from a large amount of POS (part-of-speech) tagged corpus. Eojeol patterns consist of Eojeols including content words such as nouns and verbs. Phoneme patterns consist of leading consonant and vowel pairs of predicate words such as verbs and adjectives because spelling errors seldom occur in leading consonants and vowels. To evaluate the proposed method, we implemented a sentiment categorization system using a SVM (Support Vector Machine) as a machine learner. In the experiment with Korean customer reviews, the sentiment categorization system using the proposed method outperformed that using a morphological analyzer as a feature extractor.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.5-13
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• 1992

Taking devantage of the property that Korean digit is a mono-syllable word, we proposed a spoken Korean-digit recognition scheme using the multi-layer perceptron. The spoken Korean-digit is divided into three segments (initial sound, medial vowel, and final consonant) based on the voice starting / ending points and a peak point in the middle of vowel sound. The feature vectors such as cepstrum, reflection coefficients, ${\Delta}$cepstrum and ${\Delta}$energy are extracted from each segment. It has been shown that cepstrum, as an input vector to the neural network, gives higher recognition rate than reflection coefficients. Regression coefficients of cepstrum did not affect as much as we expected on the recognition rate. That is because, it is believed, we extracted features from the selected stationary segments of the input speech signal. With 150 ceptral coefficients obtained from each spoken digit, we achieved correct recognition rate of 97.8%.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Voice onset time (VOT) is defined as the time interval from the oral release of a stop consonant to the onset of glottal pulsing in the following vowel. VOT is a temporal characteristic of stop consonants that reflects the complex timing of glottal articulation relative to supraglottal articulation. There have been many reports on efforts to clarify the acoustical and physiological properties that differentiate the three types of Korean stops, including acoustic, fiberscopic, aerodynamic and electromyographic studies. In the acoustic and fiberscopic studies for stop consonants, the voice onset time and glottal width during the production of stops has been known as the longest and largest in the heavily aspirated type followed by the slightly aspirated type and unaspirated types. The thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles were physiologically inter-correlated for differentiating these types of stops. However, a review of the English literature shows that the fine movement of the mucosal edges of the vocal folds during the production of stops has not been well documented. In recent. years, a new method for high-speed recording of laryngeal dynamics by use of a digital recording system allows us to observe with fine time resolution. The movements of the vocal fold edges were documented during the period of stop production using a fiberscopic system of high speed digital images. By observing the glottal width and the visual vibratory movements of the vocal folds before voice onset, the heavily aspirated stop was characterized as being more prominent and dynamic than the slightly aspirated and unaspirated stops.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2003

In this paper, we realized a system that converts the character images of the printed Korean alphabet (Hangul) to the editable text documents by using the black and white CCD camera, We were able to abstract the contours information of the character which is based on the structural character by using the boundary tracing technique that is strong to the noise on the character recognition. By using the contours information, we recognized the horizontal vowels and vertical vowels of the character image and classify the character into the six patterns. After that, the character is divided to the unit of the consonant and vowel. The vowels are recognized by using the maximum length projection. The separated consonants are recognized by comparing the inputted pattern with the standard pattern that has the phase information of the boundary line change. We realized a system that the recognized characters are inputted to the word editor with the editable KS Hangul completion type code.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose a technique for processing of speech recognition in korean words. Speech recognition is a technology that converts acoustic signals from sensors such as microphones into words or sentences. Most foreign languages have less difficulty in speech recognition. On the other hand, korean consists of vowels and bottom consonants, so it is inappropriate to use the letters obtained from the voice synthesis system. That improving the conventional structure speech recognition can the correct words recognition. In order to solve this problem, a new algorithm was added to the existing speech recognition structure to increase the speech recognition rate. Perform the preprocessing process of the word and then token the results. After combining the result processed in the Levenshtein distance algorithm and the hashing algorithm, the normalized words is output through the consonant comparison algorithm. The final result word is compared with the standardized table and output if it exists, registered in the table dose not exists. The experimental environment was developed by using a smartphone application. The proposed structure shows that the recognition rate is improved by 2% in standard language and 7% in dialect.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.97-112
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• 2024

This study investigated how syllable-level variables such as syllable frequency, syllable (i.e. vowel) type, presence of final consonants (i.e. batchim) and syllable position influence naming of both words and pseudo-words. The results of the linear mixed-effects model analysis showed that, for words, naming time decreased as the frequency of the first syllable increased, and when the first syllable had a final consonant. Additionally, words were named more accurately when they had vertical vowels compared to horizontal vowels. For pseudo-words, naming time decreased and accuracy rate increased as the frequency of the first or the second syllable increased. Furthermore, pseudo-words were named more accurately when they had vertical vowels compared to horizontal vowels. These results suggest that while the frequency of the second syllable had differential effects between words and pseudo-words, the frequency of the first syllable and the syllable type had consistent effects for both words and pseudo-words. The implications of this study were discussed concerning visual word recognition processing.