• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.504-512
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• 1994

Background: It is well known that severe hypoxemia is often associated with liver cirrhosis without preexisting cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Pulmonary vascular impairments, more specifically, intrapulmonary shunting have been considered as a major mechanism. Intrapulmonary shunting arises from pulmonary vascular dilatation at the precapillary level or direct arteriovenous communication and has relationship with the characteristic skin findings of spider angioma. However, these results are mainly from Western countries where alcoholic and primary biliary cirrhosis are dominant cuases of cirrhosis. It is uncertain that the same is true in viral hepatitiss associated liver cirrhosis, which is dominant causes of liver cirrhosis in Korea. We investigated the incidences of hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in Korean cirrhotic patients dominantly composed of postnecrotic cirrhosis and the significance of intrapulmonary shunting as the suggested mechanism of hypoxemia, Method: We performed the arterial blood gas analysis separately both at the supine and errect position in 48 stable cirrhotic patients without the evidences of severe complications such as ascites, variceal bleeding, and hepatic coma. According to the results of arterial blood gas analysis, all patients were divided into hypoxemic and normoxemic group. In each group, pulmonary function test and Tc-99m-MAA whole body scan were performed. The shunting fraction was calculated based on the fact that the sum of cerebral and bilateral renal blood flow is 32% of the systemic blood flow. Results: The hypoxemia of $PaO_2$ less than 80 mmHg was observed in 9 patients(18.8%) and Orthodeoxia more than 10 mmHg was observed in 8 patients(16.7%). But there was no patient with significant hypoxemia of $PaO_2$ less than 60 mmHg. $PaO_2$ was significantly decreased in the patients with spider angioma than the pathients without spider angioma and showed no correlation with the serologic type and severities of liver function test findings. Any parameters of pulmonary function test did not demonstrate the difference between normoxemic and hypoxemic group. But hypoxemic group showed significantly increased shunt fraction of $11.4{\pm}4.1%$ than normoxemic group of $4.1{\pm}2.0%$ (p<0.05). Conclusions: Hypoxemia is not infrequently observed complication in liver cirrhosis and intrapulmonary shunting is suggested to p1ay a major ro1e in the development of hypxemia. But there was no great likelihood of clinically significant hypoxemia in our domestic cirrhotic patients predominantly composed of postnecrotic type.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.15-26
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to attempt to interpret golf courses as event-generating spaces with consideration given to the time factor. Through a golf game, a variety of events such as the tee shot, second shot, putt, and hole out are generated. These events have been connected to a series of events after hole out such as birdie, par, bogey and so on. The series of events do not always occur in the same way. They reveal unexpected changes over time. These unexpected changes cause changes in the spatial characteristics and offer unforgettable memories for golfers. Gilles Deleuze mentioned the spatial characteristics as striated space and smooth space. Striated space can be defined as sedentary space. It is distant vision-optical space that has dimensional, metric and centered characteristics, whereas smooth space is defined as nomadic, close vision-haptic space that has directional and acentered characteristics. This study focused on the analysis of spatial characteristics according to striated space and smooth space. Golf courses generally show the characteristics of striated space before beginning the game. As soon as the game begins, however, the golf courses are converted into an event-generating space. The characteristics of striated space are transformed into smooth space, a nomadic space that amplifies the dynamic, changeable, de-scaled and non-metric system. Through the whole game, this transformation is dramatically repeated. On the other hand, the golfer, the subject of the game, senses the phenomenological experience in the process of orientation, center, definition, and domestication.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.191-219
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• 2020

This paper aims to identify the key features of the novel writing of Korean American immigrants and their meaning as one aspect of movement and contact occuring in the early modern period. The late return of the novels written by Nakcheong THUN in the 1930s is significant in that it restored ideas on the diversity of early modern mobility and confronted the history and culture of immigrants who were excluded from records and memories. Not only are these novels a product of the phenomenon of immigration, but they have also created a crack in the dichotomous perceptions of domination and subordination, center and periphery by envisioning it as a space that creates new history, culture, institutions and values. These novels treat the free love of intellectual, emotional, and ethical figures as a central event, demystifying Western free love, and at the same time, a society divided by various identities including class, race, and gender. The novels by Nakchung THUN visualize the active exchange between the immigrant and the indigenous community through the character of Jack, and imagines the heterotopia as a place where not for the immigrants' utopia, but for everyone's coexists. These novels have declared a kind of memory war on the subordinate and marginalized contact zones. The contact zones of the immigration area had been a place for experiencing extreme conflicts and discords, and at the same time, it has served as a place where various groups and communities are connected. The contact zones were common areas of solidarity and creation before being subject to division and occupation. The contact zones are far from the border or borderlands, so it is not a fixed and immutable deadlock. As a world free from central domination the contact zones have been a space that preoccupied history and culture through various encounters, and have been a community.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.63-69
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• 2009

The decentralized and open characteristic of the internet, along with the mobility and portability of mobile communication, and the interactivity of the internet and mobile communications all have been grafted to enable the creation of wireless internet in our lives, bringing about a lot of change. However, existing system management software solutions show limitations in time and space, as well as problems such as uncertain error messages, and also difficulty providing swift assistance or real time emergency support. Therefore, a wireless remote control system has been designed and implemented in this thesis, which is capable of managing and monitoring remote systems using mobile communication devices (Mobile Phone, PDA, Smart Phone, Webpad) for realtime control. The implemented real time wireless remote control system provides remote server management functions, error or event message functions, log record functions, authentication function via mobile devices and system performance evaluation function classified by client transaction.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.29-49
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• 2009

This study not only suggests a methodology of science planning different from technology planning, but also applies the methodology to the case of astronomy and space science project. Throughout the analysis on this practice, we have provided logical tools for science project planning, and have identified a decision making process in science which has been regarded to be in a 'black box'. Therefore, this science planning technique can contribute to a more rationalized allocation of scientific resource at a project level as well as at a national level. In particular, catch-up countries in a transition to post catch-up stage such as Korea can establish a more efficient national R&D system by application of science planning concept to an emerging technology area.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.583-596
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• 2016

Since the 1970s, advanced industrial economies have been suffering from rapid de-industrialization. While the impacts were more serious in the areas specialized in heavy industries, these old industrial areas are struggling with problems of high unemployment, environmental contamination and destruction of urban landscape. To tackle such problems and rebuild urban economies, some authors, such as Richard Florida and Charles Lanrdry, have suggested a new economy centered on "creativity." Adopting this suggestion, many countries have been attempting to create creative cities. Authors of this paper individually conducted a case study research on a few selected cities of England, France, Australia, Japan and Korea. This paper synthesizes the results of such research to compare and analyse the processes and mechanisms contributed to developing the creative cities in each country and draw theoretical and policy implications from the individual research.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.909-920
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• 2008

기술이 급속도로 발전하고 과거 자연 독점을 이루고 있던 많은 서비스 산업의 규제가 완화되면서 경쟁이 더욱 치열해지고 있다 기존 기업들은 신규 시장 진입 기업들을 방해하기 위하여 진입장벽을 높이기도 하고 기존의 인프라를 이용하여 더욱 뛰어난 기술력을 선보이기 위하여 노력한다 하지만 대부분의 서비스 기업들의 경우 이동통신 산업처럼 새로운 서비스가 시장에 진입하게 되면 많은 사람들의 관심이 늘어나고 이로 인해 기존 서비스가 시장에서 퇴출되는 둥의 어려움도 가지고 있다. 또한 독과점 형태를 이루고 있던 기업들은 시장 진입 기업에 대해 방심하고 있다. 갑작스러운 경쟁 체제에 미숙한 대응 방안으로 인하여 더욱 어려움을 겪기도 한다 반면에, 소비자의 경우 신규 서비스 초반 많은 관심을 가지고 이용 서비스를 신규 서비스로 옮기기도 하지만 서비스 품절, 이용용이성, 유용성에 의하여 지속적으로 이용하기도 하고 다시 기존 서비스를 이용하기도 한다. 따라서 경쟁 체제에서의 시장 환경에서 고객 만족도를 높여 결과적으로 고객 충성도를 높이는 전략은 기존 기업뿐만 아니라, 신규 진출 기업에게도 매우 중요한 과제가 되고 있다. 최근 유료방송시장의 기술이 발전하고 IPTV라는 새로운 서비스가 출시됨에 따라 기존의 Cable TV 는 시장 점유율이 잠식당하고 있다 IPTV 의 유료방송 시장으로의 진출로 인해 Cable TV 의 많은 가입자들이 IPTV 로 이용서비스를 옮기는 것을 방지하기 위하여 고객 만족을 높여 결과적으로 고객 의 충성도를 높여 기존 고객의 이탈을 방지하기 위한 전략이 필요하다. 유료방송서비스 외에도 많은 서비스 산업 내에서 경쟁이 치열해지면서 기존 기업들이 고객의 이 탈을 방지하기 위하여 고객 만족도를 높이는 방안에 대한 연구가 필요하다 본 연구에서는 유료방송 시장을 분석하여 서비스 산업에서 고객만족을 높이기 위한 방안에 대하여 연구해보고자 한다. 기존 연구의 서비스 품절, 이용용이성, 유용성에 대한 연구를 기초로 하여 고객 성향, 신규 서비스의 효용성이라는 변수를 추가하여 분석한 결과 고객 성향 및 신규 서비스의 효용성이라는 변수도 역시 고객 만족도와 고객 충성도에 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.52
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• pp.90-110
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• 2010

This study problematizes the youth‘s politico-cultural process of identification as becoming in the context of candle demonstration in Seoul, 2008. We examine their ethical subjectivity, communicative subjectivity and political subjectivity based on our analysis of depth interviews of teenage activists in the candle demonstrations. It is suggested that instead of naming the teens as the historical consequence of so-called 386 generation, or social product in the neo-liberal economic and educational conditions, we need to understand the complexities and dynamics of the youth’s practice of identity politics: subjective pain and anxiety in daily life, creation and sharing of pleasure and fun of peer group comunication are mixed into the pursuit of justice in their social activation of generation/gender politics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.628-643
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• 2014

The idea to conduct this study stemmed from the following question: What is the appropriate interpretation of the recent change in the user behavior of radio listeners? For some terrestrial radio programs, traditional listeners who mainly listen to them real-time through terrestrial radio broadcasting has been outnumbered by those who access them on smartphones and other mobile devices in a nonlinear way outside the pre-scheduled time slots of the programs. In the research, how terrestrial radio listeners use the new service called podcasting to access and consume audio content were examined by using Q methodology. As a result, three different types of user behavior and perception were modeled. This shows a prominent change in radio content use, which is moving away from the conventional user behavior pattern of radio content, one of the key media for mass communication in the 20th century. Such a development opens up new opportunities to create the same or even a greater user base compared to the existing one for terrestrial radio programs with the users' newly gained mobile access and to replace current radio content by using podcasting as a new service.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

There is few cultural tourism festival study which investigated snow related sculptures satisfaction from festival visitors and residents. The purposes of this study were to investigate the satisfaction of snow related sculptures based on festival visitors' and residents' evaluation and give directions for festival planners The important results of this study are as following: First, visitors from out of Taebak city satisfied with National Snow Sculpture Contest, International Snow Sculpture Exhibition, and Mysterious International Snow Culture Exhibition. They did not satisfied with Making Snowmen for Genius, Our Family Snow Sculptures, and Winter Riding Experiences. Secondly, residents satisfied with International Snow Sculpture Exhibition, Mysterious International Culture Snow Exhibition, and National Snow Sculpture Contest. Their satisfaction was low about Our Families' Snow Sculptures, and Winter Riding Experiences. Thirdly, introducing experience-oriented programs and facilities are recommended to festival planners for better festival than this year.