Objective : Gagamchongmyung-tang is clinically one of the most popular prescriptions as an herbal medicine for the treatment of amnesia. In order to evaluate its neuroprotective effects on the ischemia-induced cognitive deficits caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we examined its ability to reduce impairments of learning and memory of rats in the Morris water maze. Method and Result : Focal cerebral ischemia produced a decrease in acetylcholine transmission in the hippocampus, and deficits of learning and memory in the Morris water maze task. Treatment with two types of Gagamchongmyung-tang, methanol and water extracts, produced a substantial increase in acquisition in the Morris water maze. Treatment with methanol extract of Gagamchongmyung-tang increased the performance of the retention test in the Morris water maze. Consistent with behavioral data, immunohistochemical data showed that treatment with methanol extract, but not water extract, of Gagamchongmyung-tang significantly recovered reduction of AchE and ChAT reactivity in the hippocampal CAl area. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that methanol extract of Gagamchongmyung-tang has protective effects against ischemia-induced learning and memory impairments, and provided evidence of methanol extract of Gagamchongmyung-tang as a putative treatment for amnesia, vascular dementia, and longer memory.

Objective : Halitosis, or bad breath, is a common concern for many people. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics of halitosis patients and correlation with their various associated elements. Methods: We surveyed 169 halitosis patients by reviewing questionnaires from the Halitosis Clinic in the Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University from January 2004 to March 2006. The questionnaires contained various items including sex, age, history of smoking and alcohol intake, duration of symptoms in a week, time and condition of severe halitosis, suggestive origin of halitosis, taste abnormality, oral hygiene, self-assessed halitosis severity, dry mouth, postnasal drip, tonsillolith, globus pharyngeus, reflux sensation, too much gas and Winkel tongue coating index. Volatile sulfur compounds were measured with a $Halimeter^{\circledR}$. Results : The halitosis patients actively carried out management methods such as non-smoking, moderation in drink, teeth brushing and tongue scraping in order to decrease their oral malodor. Tongue coating significantly affected the $Halimeter^{\circledR}$ reading score, and tongue coating and dry mouth significantly affected self-assessed halitosis severity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that tongue coating and dry mouth should be treated to improve satisfaction in halitosis patients.

Uterine myoma is a benign tumor of smooth muscle in the uterine wall. Recently, in Oriental medicine, concerns about uterine myoma patients have increased. We analyzed the medical records for 944 patients, including 257 uterine myoma patients, who visited Dongeui University Oriental Medical Center from May 2001 to June 2006. We investigated the DSOM (Diagnosis System of Oriental Medicine) symptom scores which effect uterine myoma patients using stepwise logistic regression model. Logistic regression analysis indicated as follows: In the control group composed of 558 outpatients, 18 items of DSOM were associated with myoma, 9 positively and 9 negatively, and the results showed that the correct rate was equal to 81.1%, sensitivity 72.8%, and specificity 84.9%. In 129 clinical trials data, 33 items of DSOM were associated with myoma, 18 positively and 15 negatively, and the results showed that the correct rate was equal to 85.8%, sensitivity 84.8%, and specificity 87.6%. In 687 outpatient and clinical trials data, 18 items of DSOM were associated with myoma, 10 positively and 8 negatively, and the results showed that the correct rate was equal to 82.8%, sensitivity 70.8%, and specificity 87.3%.

파킨슨병은 진전, 경직, 운동완만을 특징으로 하는 대표적인 신경계퇴행성 질환이다. 본 증례보고에서는 치료받은 적 없는 파킨슨병 환자가 뇌교경색이 발병하여 내원한 경우였으며 침과 한약의 한의학적 치료로 유의성 있는 치료결과를 얻었기에 이에 보고하는 바이다. 치료과정 중 특히 환자의 복진상 흉협고만(胸脇苦滿)이 보이는 점과 구역감이 지속되면서 식사를 못하는 점, 우울증으로 인한 가슴 답답함이 있는 상태를 상한론(傷寒論)의 소시호탕증(小柴胡湯症)으로 판단하고 소시호탕(小柴胡湯)을 투여하면서 환자의 오심, 구토 등 소화기장애뿐 아니라 뇌교경색과 파킨슨병의 증상까지도 눈에 띄는 개선을 볼 수 있었는데 이는 항파킨슨제의 부작용으로 인한 증상뿐 아니라 파킨슨병의 증상 및 뇌교경색으로 인한 증상이 모두 호전된 것이라 생각할 수 있다. 아쉬운 점은 증례가 1 Case 뿐이므로 다른 경우와 비교할 수 없었고, 침치료에 있어서는 뚜렷한 효과를 보지 못하였으며, 또한 항파킨슨 약물을 중지하면서 소시호탕(小柴胡湯)을 사용하였기 때문에 항파킨슨 약물의 오심, 구토의 부작용을 소시호탕(小柴胡湯)을 사용하여 완화시키면서 항파킨슨 약물을 병용하였다면 좀 더 나은 치료효과를 볼 수 있지 않았을까 하는 기대감이 있으나 시행하지 못한 아쉬움이 있다. 좀 더 연구가 필요하다 하겠다.

Objectives : This study examined the neuroprotective effect of Hyulbuchookau-tang (血府逐瘀湯, HBCAT) against neural damage following global cerebral infarction. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with global cerebral infarction by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid artery with hypotension (CCAO). The rats were divided into 3 groups. We treated extract of HBCAT to one group after operation (sample group), one group wasn't induced with ischemic damage after operation (sham group), and one group was induced with ischemic damage after operation (control group) but not treated. We observed neurological scores and cresyl violet-stained hippocampus CAl area, TUNEL-positive neurons, and Bax-positive neurons in brain regions. Results : HBCAT treatment after CCAO increased pyramidal neurons in CAl hippocampus induced by CCAO. HBCAT treatment after CCAO reduced Bax-positive neurons in CAl hippocampus of brain regions induced by CCAO. HBCAT treatment after CCAO wasn't effective for HSP70-positive neurons in CAl hippocampus induced by CCAO. Conclusions : These results suggest that HBCAT has a neuroprotective effect against global cerebral ischemia.

Objectives : In the present study, the author investigated whether Naenghyo-hwan(NHH) significantly affect mucin secretion from airway epithelial cells. Methods : Confluent hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hrs and chased for 30 min in the presence of NHH to assess the effect of the agent on 3H-mucin secretion. Total elutionprofiles of control spent media and treatment sample through Sepharose CL-4B column were analysed. Effect of NHH on contractility of isolated tracheal smooth muscle was investigated. Also, effect of the agent on MUC5AC gene expression in cultured NCI-H292cells was investigated. Possible cytotoxicities of the agent were assessed by measuring both lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from HTSE cells and examining the rate of survival and proliferation of NCI-H292 cells. Results : NHH significantly increased mucin secretion from cultured HTSE cells, with significant cytotoxicity. NHH chiefly affected the 'mucin' secretion. NHH inhibited ACh-induced contraction of isolated tracheal smooth muscle. NHH disturbed both the extraction of total RNA from NCI-H292 cells and polymerase chain reaction, nonspecifically. Therefore, in this experiment, theeffect of NHH on the expression levels of MUC 5AC gene in cultured NCI-H292 cells could not be elucidated. Conclusions : The author suggests that the effect of NHH with their components should be further investigated and it is valuable to find, from oriental medical prescriptions, novel agents which might regulate mucin secretion from airway epithelial cells.

Objectives : To explore the type and frequency of short term reactions, de Qi associated with acupuncture treatment and to determine the incidence of adverse events following acupuncture in Korea. Subjects and methods : This study is a retrospective and cross-sectional survey of patient reports. 1095 subjects, 585 of out-patients of the Oriental Medicine of Stroke & Neurological Disorders Center, East-West NEO Medical Center of Kyunghee University and 510 of out-patients of the Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stoke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, from June through November of 2006, who had acupuncture, gave informed consent and completed one survey form. On this form, patients were asked to report short term acupuncture reactions, de Qi, patient satisfaction measurement (using VAS), and adverse events relating to acupuncture treatment. The acupuncturists of this study are Korean Medicine Doctors (KMD) who had worked as practitioners for 3-30 years or more. Results : The average age of the 1095 subjects was 58 years old. Positive short term acupuncture reactions after treatment were reported by 878 (80.2%), negative short term acupuncture reactions by 75 (6.8%) and no reactions were reported by 142 (13.0%). The most common positive short term acupuncture reactions were feeling 'relaxed', 472 (43.1%), followed by feeling 'less pain' 90 (8.2%), 'energized' 16 ( 1.5%), 'tingling' 16 (1.5%), 'heat feeling or Cold feeling' 10 (0.9%), and others 274 (25.0%), respectively. Negative short term acupuncture reactions were feeling 'pain' 37 (3.4%), tiredness 24 (2.2%), dizziness 9 (0.8%), and others 5 (0.2%), respectively. Traditionally described needling sensations of de Qi refer to a patient's response to distention, pulling, soreness, heaviness, numbness. 39.7% of subjects reported de Qi during needling, experiencing 'distention' 333 (30.4%), 'soreness' 52 (4.7%), 'pulling' 22 (2.0%), 'heaviness' 18 (1.6%), and 'numbness' 10 (0.9%) respectively. Positive short term acupuncture reactions and de Qi rate were the highest in the less than 40 years group (83/96 86.5%, 50/96 52.1%). No acupuncture reactions were highly seen in the over 70 years old group (31/187, 16.6%). Patient satisfaction level using VAS was a comparatively high $72.9{\pm}19.9$. Adverse events were only bleeding in 92 (8.4%) of the total subjects. High sensitive acupoints were 95 points as GV26 (54 times), LI4 (54 times), ST36 (53 times), GB20 (37 times), HT8(34 times), LV3 (29 times), SI3 (29 times), and LI11 (27 times) in order. Main impressions were stroke patients 430 (16.9%), headache 185 (16.9%), hypertension 97 (8.9%), and dizziness 85 (7.8%). Conclusions : Although 8 different Korean Medicine Doctors participated in this research, we obtained similar results from each. There were no significantly different results between the two hospitals. Short term acupuncture reactions and de Qi were most related to age. Except for bleeding there were no adverse events relating to acupuncture treatment in this study. We consider acupuncture treatment as very safe depending on practitioners. Positive short term acupuncture reactions after treatment were 12 times higher than negative short term acupuncture reactions. Subjects were comparatively satisfied with acupuncture treatment.

Objectives : Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Nevertheless, there are many unknown mechanisms of autonomic functioning in FD patients. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between FD and biosignals from heart rate variability (HRV) and Yangdorak diagnosis. Methods : 32 patients (22 female, 10 male; mean age 40) and 32 healthy volunteers (21 female, 11 malemean; age 38) participated in this study. First gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale (GSRS) was assessed by questionnaires in both groups to evaluate the types of gastrointestinal symptoms. Second, HRV and Yangdorak diagnosis were measured in both groups. Results : 1. The FD group in this study mainly had the complaint of 'bloating' symptoms. 2. There was statistically no significant difference between Yangdorak (total average and 24 acupoints) and HRV values except logarithmic low-frequency band (lnLF) and total power (TP) in frequency domain. 3. There was statistically no significant relationship between HRV and Yangdorak in either group. However, most Yangdorak values were positively related with some HRV values (low-frequency, low-frequency/high-frequency ratio and high-frequency, etc) in the control group. Conclusions : FD patients had relatively lesser sympathetic domain than healthy subjects, indicated by decreased lnLF and TP. Particularly, there were positive relationships and significant differences between Yangdorak and HRV in young healthy subjects. This suggests that biosignals from HRV may be a useful method that can differentiate FD from healthy state in those of young age.

Objective : To research Trends of studies about anti-inflammation and pain relief, obesity, and safety of herbal acupuncture therapy by analyzing domestic theses, published since 2001, about herbal acupuncture therapy. Methods : Domestic theses, published since 2001, mentioning anti-inflammation or pain relief, obesity, or safety of herbal acupuncture therapy were reviewed and analyzed. These theses were then classified by university, year, and subject. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. Among published theses related to anti-inflammation effects of herbal-acupuncture, studies about arthritis comprised the most part, 52. In theses relating to causes of arthritis, 16 were about adjuvant, which was the most, followed by Type II collagen, LPS and carrageenan. Blood test, reactions of inflammation and revelation of cytokine and immune cellswere methods for evaluating anti-inflammation effect. The tendency of experimental methods was to focus on molecular biologic method. 2. In theses related to pain relief, many clinical attempts with herbal injection were carried out, and Carthami Flos and Scolopendrawere used most. Observing reduction of pain inducing factor and checking behavioral change were methods for evaluating pain relief. 3. In theses related to obesity, research focused on effects in association with spots on the body suitable for acupuncture. There were also attempts comparing effectiveness between single injections and complex injections. Astraball Radix, Angelica Gigantis Radix, Coicis Semen and Taeumjowetang were used. Evaluation of anti-obesity effects were by weight loss, food efficiency, blood lipid profile and evaluation of liver function. 4. In theses related to safety of herbal-acupuncture, Herba Chelidonii Chaenonelis Fructus, Clematis Florida Thunb, Corydalidis Tuber, Paeoniae Radix, and Carthami Flos which marked 2 theses each were most studied. Methods of evaluating safety were mostly by observing liver and kidney functions based on blood test, and by applying herbal injections to clinical treatment. Conclusion : Herbal acupuncture is being used in various ways associating with its anti-inflammation, pain relief and anti-obesity effect. Studies on efficacy and mechanism of herbal acupuncture are being conducted even at the molecular biology level.

Objectives : Uterine myoma is the most common pelvic benign tumor and may cause abnormal menstrual pattern. The growth of uterine myoma depends on hormones. The 7-zone-diagnostic system (CP-6000A) is a measuring system using skin resistance variability (SRV). The machine shows organic energy and was reported by the gynecologic department to detect functional abnormality of hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovarian axis (H-P-O). Our study was to investigate the SRV of women with uterine myoma by the 7-zone diagnostic system. Methods: Two groups were selected from those who took the CP-6000A test in the College of Korean Medicine Hospital of Sangji University from March 2003 to September 2006. They were divided into normal control (n=40) and uterine myoma groups (n=40). Electrodermal activity of the two groups was compared. Results : The mean value of electrodermal activity of the uterine myoma group was lower than that of thenormal group in all areas on first and second measurement. Especially, the mean value of the patient group was significantly lower than that of the normal group and fell below normal range in the 1, 2, and 3 areas on first and second measurement. Conclusions : The results suggest that women with uterine myoma may have organic energy deficiency and functional abnormality of the H-P-O axis. Further studies to determine the feasibility of this 7 -zone diagnostic system as a reliable diagnostic tool are needed.

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of Kuwonsimsin-hwan (KSS) was tested in methotrexate (MTX)-induced immunosuppressed SD rats. Methods : Methotrexate was fed to white rats once a day for 4 days. After the immune responses of the rats deteriorated, dried extracts of Kuwonsimsin-hwan mixed in water was fed to the rats once a day for 14 days. We then measured the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the percentage of B-cells, T-cells, CD3+CD4+T-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells and IL-2 productivity sampled from spleen and peripheral region. Results : (1) The number of lymphocytes and the percentage of T-cells and CD3+CD4+ T-cellsin peripheral blood increased significantly in the KSS group as compared with the control group. (2) The percentage of B-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells, and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood were not different statistically. (3) The percentage of T-cells in spleen and IL-2 productivity of spleen cells increased significantly in the KSS group as compared with the control group. (4) The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cells in spleen increased in KSS the group as compared with the control group but without statistical significance. (5) The percentage of B-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells, and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in spleen were not different statistically. Conclusion : It is concluded that Kuwonsimsin-hwan has immunostimulating effect on MTX-induced immunosuppressed SD rats.

Objective : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on the Alzheimer's disease model induced by amyloid ${\beta}$ protein (${\beta}A$). Method : We measured the effects of the GYZB hot water extract on expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 mRNA and production of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the BV2 microglial cell line treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effects of the GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior, (2) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$, (3) glucose in serum, (4) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in mice induced with Alzheimer's diseased by ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : The GYZB hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA and significantly suppressed the production of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder showed a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency and distance movement-through latency. The GYZB ultra-fine powder significantly suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, and the GYZB hot water extract significantly suppressed the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the infarction area of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. Conclusions : These results suggest that GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of GYZB for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

Objective : The Angelica gigas Nakai ethanol extract (AGE) was investigated to compare nitric oxide (NO) production and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity from RAW 264.7 cells, since NO and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ $(NF-{\kappa}B)$ have been shown to be factors implicated in inflammatory disease. Method : AGE was prepared by extracting medicinal herb with 70% (v/v) ethanol solution. We investigated production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by ARE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We also investigated inhibition of LPS-induced activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ on western blot. Result : LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells increased NO production and iNOS expression. Upon treatment with AGE, nitrite production was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the untreated control. AGE inhibited this LPS-induced iNOS mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner. AGE markedly inhibited the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with AGE blocked inhibitory $factor-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation. Conclusion :This study shows that AGE seems to attenuate inflammation through inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression by blockade of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Daegeum-eumja, Igwi-tang, and Sihosogan-san on gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol, indomethacin, and burn-stress in mice. Methods : Experimental mice were divided into six groups. The normal group (NOR) did not receive any treatment to elicit gastropathy. In the control group (GE), gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the misoprostol group (MS), misoprostol was administered after gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the Daegeum-eumja group (DG), Daegeum-eumja was administered after gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the Igwi-tang group (IW), Igwi-tang was administered after gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the Sihosogan-san group (SH), Sihosogan-san was administered after gastropathy waselicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. The effects on gastric mucosal lesions were evaluated by the morphological change of gastric mucosa, the anti-oxidant effect, HSP 70, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, $I{\kappa}B$, COX-1, PNA, BrdU, and iNOS. Results : Hemorrhage erosion, HSP70, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ in the DG, IW and SH groups decreased more than that of the control. The $I{\kappa}B$, COX-1, PNA, BrdU, and iNOS in the DG, IW, and SH groups increased more than that of the control. DG showed the most effect against gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol; IW against gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin; and SH against gastric mucosal lesions induced by burn-stress. Conclusions: Daegeum-eumja, Igwi-tang, and Sihosogan-san extracts have excellent effects on gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol, indomethacin, and burn-stress, respectively.

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitive effect of a combined-herb prescription of Dansam-san (DSS) on formation of foam cells and cytokine. Methods : Experimental formation of foam cells was induced on macrophage RAW 264.7 with ox-LDL. The effect of DSS extract was observed by measuring the changes of CD36, $PPAR-{\Gamma}$, MMP-9, iNOS expression and changes of formation level of foam cells after treating experimentally induced foam cells with DSS extract. Then the antioxidative effect of DSS extract was compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Result and Conclusions : Results obtained are as follows: 1. DSS extract showed significant antioxidative effect at 8 mg/ml or more. 2. DSS extract inhibited the formation of foam cells. 3. DSS extract inhibited the creation and revelation of conversion-related material about foam cells. 4. DSS extract prohibited the increase of smooth muscle of vessels.

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate acute toxicity of orally-treated Sagunja-tang(Sijunzi-tang) in ICR mice. Methods : In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of water-extracted Sagunja-tang(Sijunzi-tang). Twenty-five mice completed 14 days of oral Sagunja-tang(Sijunzi-tang) at respective doses of 0 (control group), 2560, 3200, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg. Results : We observed survival rates, clinical signs of male ICR mice with acute toxicity, change of body weight and autopsy. Conclusions : Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in anytreated groups (2560, 3200, 4000 and 5000mg/kg). LD50 of Sagunja-tang(Sijunzi-tang) was over 5000 mg/kg and it is very safe for ICR mice.

Objectives : Combined treatment (CT) of oriental herbal medicine and prescribed drugs is now being increasingly used among cancer patients around the world. However, in Korea, clinical information on the frequency, efficacy and safety of CT among cancer patients has not yet been thoroughly reported. This study aimed to identify the status and adverse effects of CT for the management of cancer patients. Methods : A questionnaire and medical record survey by oriental medical doctors or physicians were performed at two oriental medical hospitals and one general hospital. Of the initial 400 in-patients, 368 participated in this survey, representing a response rate of 92.0%. Results : Among cancer patients in oriental medical hospitals, the proportion of CT was 45.9%. In contrast, the proportion of CT in the general hospital was only 0.6%. The proportion of CT among breast cancer patients (20) and gastric cancer patients (35) were 85.0% and 51.4%, respectively. The proportion of CT among cancer patients was high in younger, female or married patients groups. 10 respondents (11.1%) among 90 cancer patients experienced several adverse effects including nausea, fatigue, etc. Conclusions : This study suggests that many more patients in oriental medical hospitals than general hospitals use combined treatment of oriental herbal medicine and prescribed drugs for management of cancer. Therefore, medical professionals should provide comprehensive and up-to-date clinical information about potential benefits and risks of CT to cancer patients in Korea.

Objective : Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. With an aging populace, AD is a looming problem in public health service. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by specific neuronal degeneration in certain areas of the brain. Mutations and abnormal expression of several genes are associated with ${\beta}-amyloid$ deposits and Alzheimer's disease; among them APP, PS1, and PS2, SOD, free radical, ROS. Methods:We studied herbal medicines that have a relationship to brain degeneration. From pre-modern times, although a variety of oriental prescriptions of Aster tataricus have been traditionally utilized for the treatment of AD, their pharmacological effects and action mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Result : Based on morphological observations by phase-contrast microscope, TUNEL assay and MTT in the culture media, $H_20_2-induced$ cell death was significantly inhibited by Aticus. We examined by ROS formation, catalase activity and GSH activity. We studied the protective effect and inhibitory effects of neurotoxicity in $H_20_2-induced$ PC-12 cells by Aticus. Findings from our experiments show that Aticus inhibits apoptosis, which has neurotoxicities and cell damage in PC-12 cells. In addition, treatment with Aticus ($>25{\mu}g/ml$ for 6hrs) partially prevented $H_20_2-induced$ cytotoxicity in PC-12 cells, and induced a protective effect. Conclusion : As the result of this study, in the Aticus group, the apoptosis in the nervous system was inhibited, protected against the degeneration of PC-12 cells by $H_20_2$. Taken together, Aticus exhibited inhibition of $H_20_2-induced$ apoptotic cell death. Aticus was found to induce protective effect on GSH and catalase in PC-12 cells. Based on these findings, Aticus may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Jiyu-tang on gastric and ileac mucosal ulcer induced by indomethacin in mouse. Methods : The normal group was that no inflammation elicited mouse. Control group is that water administered mouse after gastro-inflammation elicitation. Sample group is that Jiyu-tang administered mouse after gastro-inflammation elicitation. Results : In the common morphology and histochemical change, control group were observed various injury by hemorrhagic erosion, while sample group was noticeably decreased than control group. In the immunohistochemical change, the distributions of COX-1 treated with Jiyu-tang noticeably increased than control group(p<0.05). The distributions of COX-2, MAC 387 and HSP-70, PCNA and TUNEL treated with Jiyu-tang noticeably decreased than control group(p<0.05). Conclusions : According to the above results, it is supposed that Jiyu-tang is applicable to gastric and ileac mucosal ulcer.

Objectives : This study investigated stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions in two groups divided by age according to the weakness of shingi (shenqi): younger (40 to 63 years) and older (= 64 years). Methods : 165 male patients with acute stroke within 14 days onset were included, who were admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center from October 2005 to May 2007. Stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions in two age groups were examined. Results : Mean ages were $53.01{\pm}6.16$ and $70.95{\pm}6.37$ years for the younger 77 patients and older 88 subjects, respectively. There were no significant differences in stroke type, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions. Current smoking was more frequent in the younger age group (P= 0.005). Conclusion : Age does not seem to influence stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke risk factors (except current smoking), stroke complications or Sasang constitutions.