Food Science and Biotechnology
Korean Society of Food Science and Technology (KOSFOST)
- Monthly
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- 1226-7708(pISSN)
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- 2092-6456(eISSN)
Domain
- Agriculture, Fishery and Food ＞ Science of Food and Crops
- Agriculture, Fishery and Food ＞ Food Science
Aim & Scope
The Food Science and Biotechnology (Food Sci. Biotechnol.; FSB) was launched in 1992 as the Food Biotechnology and changed to the present name in 1998. It is an international peer-reviewed journal published monthly by the Korean Society of Food Science and Technology (KoSFoST). The FSB journal covers; Food chemistry/food component analysis Food microbiology and biotechnology Food processing and engineering Food hygiene and toxicology Biological activity and nutrition in foods Sensory and consumer science s Consumer perception and sensory evaluation on processed foods are accepted only when they are relevant to the laboratory research work. As a general rule, manuscripts dealing with analysis and efficacy of extracts from natural resources prior to the processing or without any related food processing may not be considered within the scope of the journal. The FSB journal does not deal with only local interest and a lack of significant scientific merit. The main scope of our journal is seeking for human health and wellness through constructive works and new findings in food science and biotechnology field.
http://www.fsnb.or.kr/submission/ KSCI KCI SCOPUS SCI SCIEVolume 18 Issue 3
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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has gained widespread acceptance in sample pretreatment due to its solvent-free and easy-to-operate properties. SPME fibers are considered as a key part of SPME technique, since it primarily determines the extraction performance of the method including sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. Generally speaking, target analyte with different chemical property requires fiber coating that has the best affinity towards it. Due to the lack of varieties of commercial fibers available currently, considerable efforts have been recently made to develop tailor-made fibers to fulfill increasing demands of different analysis. This paper concisely classify some SPME fiber preparation approaches such as sol-gel technology, physical deposition, molecularly imprinted technique, and their respective application in food safety analysis.
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Since conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was identified as a principal anticancer component from ground beef in the 1980s, CLA research has discovered that CLA has a wide range of biologically beneficial effects. Clinical studies with CLA are on the rise, and it is apparent that CLA may not be as effective in humans as in rodents, in particular its anti-obesity aspect. In addition, research with regard to other conjugated fatty acids as well as CLA metabolites is still in its infancy. Investigation of bioactivities for other conjugated fatty acids and CLA metabolites may help to extend the understanding of CLA and its mechanisms of actions. This may pose an opportunity to use CLA more efficiently and expand the future use of other conjugated fatty acids as pharmacological agents to assist current treatments.
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The genus Bacillus includes a variety of diverse bacterial species, which are widespread throughout the environment due to their ubiquitous nature. A well-known member of the genus, Bacillus cereus, is a food poisoning bacterium causing both emetic and diarrhoeal disease. Other Bacillus species, particularly B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and B. thuringiensis, have also recently been recognized as causative agents of food poisoning. However, reviews and research pertaining to bacilli have focused on B. cereus. Here, we review the literature regarding the potentially toxigenic Bacillus species and the toxins produced that are associated with food poisoning.
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The antioxidative activities of the water solution of crude extract from edible mushroom enokitake Flammulina velutipes were compared with those of ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid 6-palmitate in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of cod liver oil. Oxidation of the emulsions was carried out at 40 and
$50^{\circ}C$ in the dark. The antioxidant activities were measured by in vitro assay against oxygen uptake, 2-thiobarbituric acid value, hydroperoxide formation of the oils. Also, residual docosahexaenoic acid content was measured as indices of lipid oxidation. The cod liver oil in O/W emulsions with added enokitake crude extract (ECE) was significantly more stable against lipid oxidation than the control emulsions without the extract in terms of any oxidation indices used. Moreover, ECE provided remarkable antioxidative properties to eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester in emulsion system. These observations demonstrate that F. velutipes can be used as a natural antioxidant, which effectively prevents oxidation of polyunsaturated oils in emulsion system. -
The stability of corn oil-in-water emulsions coated by milk proteins, sodium caseinate (CAS), or whey protein concentrate (WPC), was compared under the environmental stress of pH change. Emulsions were prepared at 0.1 of protein:oil because the majority of droplets were relatively small (
$d_{32}=0.34$ and$0.35\;{\mu}m$ ,$d_{43}=0.65$ and$0.37\;{\mu}m$ for CAS- and WPC-emulsions, respectively) and there was no evidence of depletion flocculation. As the pH of the emulsions was gradually dropped from 7 to 3, there was no significant difference in the electrical charges of the emulsion droplets between the 2 types of emulsions. However, laser diffraction measurements, microscopy measurements, and creaming stability test indicated that WPC-emulsions were more stable to droplet aggregation than CAS-emulsions under the same circumstance of pH change. It implies that factors other than electrostatic repulsion should contribute to the different magnitude of response to pH change. -
Synergistic interactions between xanthan (X) and carob (C) were investigated by studying the linear viscoelastic behavior of X, C, and X/C mixtures at sol and gel states. At the solution state, storage modulus (G') dominates the linear viscoelastic properties of X/C mixtures. The gelation temperature (52 to
$57^{\circ}C$ ) was weakly dependent on the xanthan fraction (${\phi}x$ ) in the mixture. The${\phi}x$ also had a strong effect on G' until${\phi}x=0.5$ . The elastic active network concentration (EANC) of X/C gels was estimated from the pseudo-equilibrium modulus. The EANC for systems with${\phi}x=0.25$ , 0.5, 0.75, and 1 at 1% total concentration was 2.3, 4.4, 4.1, and 0.32 (${\times}10^{-3}\;mol/m^3$ ), respectively. The maximum synergistic effect was observed at about${\phi}x=0.5$ . The G' at the transition state of X/C mixed gel was proportional to${\omega}^{3/2}$ at${\omega}$ >${\omega}_{tr}$ (the onset transition frequency) compared to the theoretical limit of${\omega}^{1/2}$ . -
Ku, Kang-Mo;Kim, Min-Gun;Hong, Mi-Jeong;Jeong, Yeon-Shin;Kim, Jeong-Sang;Lee, In-Jung;Shin, Dong-Hyun;Hwang, Young-Hyun;Kang, Young-Hwa 624
In order to evaluate the bioactivity of 'Agakong3', which was newly bred, quinone reductase (QR) inductive activity and antioxidant activity were both assessed. The methanol extract of 'Agakong3' showed a significantly stronger QR inductive activity than other soybeans. The methanol extract of 'Agakong3' also showed a significantly stronger cytotoxicity on hepa1c1c7 than other soybeans. 'Agakong3' exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay whereas it showed significantly weak antioxidant in the DPPH assay. In total phenol and flavonoid contents, 'Agakong3' showed the highest contents regarding phenol and flavonoid compounds. Major isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein were quantitified by high performance liquid chromatography. 'Agakong3' also showed the highest total isoflavone contents. Results of correlation analysis showed that there were high correlation coefficients between the contents of isoflavone and TEAC and the contents of isoflavone and QR inductive activity, respectively. These results suggest that 'Agakong3' will be a promising and functional food material. -
This study was performed to analyze various antioxidants, to evaluate the antioxidative activities, and to measure the protective effect for gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) to assess the functional potency of the cherry tomato. The ascorbic acid, lycopene, and
${\beta}-carotene$ were measured at$503.4{\pm}9.6$ ,$39.7{\pm}1.5$ , and$7.4{\pm}0.3$ mg/100 g d.w., and${\alpha}-$ ,${\beta}+{\gamma}-$ ,${\delta}-tocopherol$ contents were measured at$8.3{\pm}0.1$ ,$1.7{\pm}0.0$ , and$0.1{\pm}0.0$ mg/100 g d.w., respectively. Cherry tomato extract using hexane/acetone/EtOH (2:1:1, CTE) exhibited a ABTS radical scavenging activity with an$IC_{50}$ value of$48.83{\pm}0.30\;{\mu}g/mL$ . The cherry tomato protected against the inhibition of GJIC induced by$H_2O_2$ in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells, and the reduction in phosphorylated Cx43 was most clearly correlated with the concentration of CTE. These results demonstrated that the cherry tomato harbors a wealth of potent antioxidants and might be protect human body against the inhibition of the GJIC by toxic components. -
The effect of post-cut vanillin treatment at high concentrations on changes of quality and microorganism in fresh-cut apples was studied. Apples (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) were sliced, treated by dipping in different vanillin solution, 0, 40, 80, and 120 mM, packed in polyethylene bag, and then stored for up to 3 weeks at
$4^{\circ}C$ . Changes in total aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds, browning, soluble solids, and titratable acidity during storage were investigated. Growth of total aerobic bacteria throughout storage was strongly inhibited by vanillin regardless of treatment concentrations. Growth of yeast and molds was inhibited by vanillin of all concentrations until 2 weeks of storage. Levels of browning index, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were not significant difference among the treatment conditions until 2 weeks of storage. However, when stored for 3 weeks, browning index increased more at 80 or 120 mM vanillin, while soluble solids and titratable acidity more be decreased by 120 mM vanillin as compared with other treatment conditions. These results show that the usage of vanillin in processing of fresh-cut apples had a limitation for maintaining quality. -
A one-step simultaneous immunchromatographic (OS-ICG) assay using colloidal gold-monoclonal antibody (gold-MAb) conjugates was developed for the rapid multianalysis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed samples. Visual detection limits for AFB1 and OTA were 0.5 and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively, and the results were obtained within 15 min. Matrix interference from the feed extracts was efficiently reduced by appropriate dilution with buffer. Cut-off values of the OS-ICG assay for the feed spiked with AFB1/OTA mixtures (5/5, 10/10, 25/25, 50/55, 100/100
${\mu}g/kg$ ) were 10 and 50${\mu}g/kg$ for AFB1 and OTA. The comparative analyses of 65 feed samples by OS-ICG, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed good agreement. In this study, we confirmed that simultaneous analysis based on immunoassay is possible and it can be used as an on-site multianalysis of AFB1 and OTA in feed, food, and agricultural products. -
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of high-carbohydrate (HC) or high-fat (HF) diet with hydroxycitric acid (HCA)-containing Garcinia cambogia in rats. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups and raised with experimental diets containing different HCA levels (0, 1.6, and 3.2%) and calorie sources (carbohydrate, fat) for 8 weeks. Energy intake was significantly reduced in rats fed a HC diet with HCA compared to the HC diet without HCA. Body weight gain was significantly reduced in HCA groups. In the diet groups, plasma total lipid and triglyceride (TG) levels of the HCA groups were significantly lower than those of the group without HCA. There were no significant differences in energy intake and plasma lipid profile in HF groups. These results suggest that HC diet with HCA was more effective in the reduction of energy intake, body weight gain, and plasma lipid contents than those of HF diet with HCA.
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Biotechnological phytase preparations are commercially available and are currently used in animal feeding. However, thermostability constraints, low yields, and the high cost of the enzyme have limited its use. This study represents a new perspective for the food enzyme market. The research screened thermostable yeast strains for their ability to produce phytase. The screening was carried out with a gradual increase in temperature (
$30-48^{\circ}C$ ). Sixteen strains (1 strain identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) maintained the ability to produce phytase at$48^{\circ}C$ and their phytase activity was confirmed using 2 phytase assay methodologies. The yeast strains tested in this study seem to be potential efficient producers of phytase, indicating a possible new source of thermostable phytase of commercial interest, particularly that from S. cerevisiae. -
Kinetics of Thermal Inactivation of Peroxidases and Polyphenol Oxidase in Pineapple (Ananas comosus)Lee, Ting Hun;Chua, Lee Suan;Tan, Eddie Ti Tjih;Yeong, Christina;Lim, Chew Ching;Ooi, Siew Yin;Aziz, Ramlan bin Abdul;Aziz, Azila binti;Sarmidi, Mohd Roji bin 661
The heat tolerance and the inactivation kinetics of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in pineapples (Ananas comosus) were studied in the temperature range$45-95^{\circ}C$ . The kinetic parameters, such as deactivation rate constant (k), activation energy ($E_a$ ), and decimal reduction rate (D) of the thermal inactivation process, were determined. POD in pineapples showed biphasic inactivation behavior at temperatures range$45-75^{\circ}C$ but was monophasic at$85-95^{\circ}C$ . This indicate that POD has 2 isozymes, namely heat labile and heat resistant, with$E_a$ of 68.79 and 93.23 kJ/mol, respectively. On the other hand, the heat denaturation of pineapple PPO could be described as simple monophasic first-order behavior with$E_a$ of 80.15 kJ/mol. Thus, the results of this study is useful in blanching technology where it shows a shortened time with higher temperature can be applied. The determination of the heat tolerance and inactivation POD and PPO, at different temperature range as done in the present work, was very important to improve the blanching process. This also will help to optimize the pineapple canning process which is one of the most important food industries in many tropical regions. -
Extract of water-soluble polysaccharide (CFWx), showing inhibiting activity on
${\alpha}-glucosidase$ , was prepared from the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris by hot-water extraction, and ethanol precipitation. Chemical characteristics of CFWx were as follows: carbohydrate content 30% including 16% of uronic acid; 51% protein content; monosaccharide composition, Man:Glu:Gal (30:43:27); molecular weight$3-5{\times}10^4$ . CFWx was further purified by ion-exchange, gel-permeation, and affinity chromatography and$CFWx-AH-{\alpha}$ fraction was isolated. Fundamental structure of$CFWx-AH-{\alpha}$ was deduced as${\alpha}-(1{\to}4$ )-D-glucan with${\alpha}-(1{\to}3$ )- and/or${\alpha}-(1{\to}6$ )-D-glycosidic side chains based on methylation analysis. -
Senevirathne, Mahinda;Kim, Soo-Hyun;Um, Byung-Hun;Lee, Jung-Suk;Ha, Jin-Hwan;Lee, Won-Woo;Jeon, You-Jin 672
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of enzymatic digests from citrus by-products (CBPs) prepared by high speed drying (HSD). HSD needs a short time (60 min) for drying and can be used in a commercial scale. Enzymatic digests were prepared from the CBPs using 6 enzymes such as aminoglucosidase (AMG), celluclast, pectinex, termamyl, ultraflo, and viscozyme. Antioxidant activities of AMG digest from CBPs were evaluated by different in vitro models such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, alkyl,$H_2O_2$ scavenging, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation, and comet assays, and exhibited strong activities. The antioxidant compounds were detected by an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled on-line to an 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ($ABTS^+$ ) scavenging detection system, and found that hesperidin was the key compound. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that HSD is an effective method to transform wet CBPs into dried form, and CBPs are potential source of natural antioxidant. -
Lu, Jian-Liang;Dong, Zhan-Bo;Pan, Shun-Shun;Lin, Chen;Zheng, Xin-Qiang;Devajit, Borthakur;Liang, Yue-Rong 682
Changes in lipophillic pigments concentration and its relation to color of fresh green tea liquor during heat treatment were studied. The results showed liquor greenness decreased markedly with extension of incubation time at$55^{\circ}C$ , while the brightness and yellowness changed a little. Significant increase in 'a' and 'b' values of tea liquor was observed at$95^{\circ}C$ . Color change of liquor at$55^{\circ}C$ was accompanied by a decrease in the level of chlorophylls, lutein and neoxanthin, and an increase in the pheophytins and${\beta}-carotene$ levels. However, all pigments except${\beta}-carotene$ decreased with time extension at$95^{\circ}C$ . Significant correlation was found between pigments and color difference index. The browning of fresh green tea liquor was attributed to vicissitudes of lipophillic pigments during heat treatment, especially to the change of chlorophylls/pheophytins ratio. Result also showed addition of$Zn^{2+}$ at 1.6${\mu}mol/L$ could partially alleviate the decrease in greenness during heat treatment. -
Germination is well-known to enhance the digestibility, functionality, and palatability of plant seeds. To examine the functionality of germinated-safflower seed (GSS), proliferative and differentiative effects of GSS extract on the mouse calvarial bone cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolinbromide (MTT) assay and alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively. Water extract of GSS increased dose-dependently proliferative and differentiative effects on calvarial bone cell, and its effects were stronger than those of ungerminated-safflower seeds (UGSS) extract. One major component was isolated from GSS extract by a series of purification procedure of solvent fractionation, Diaion HP-20, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Its chemical structure was identified as trachelogenin (TC) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectral analysis. Trachelogenin showed significant proliferative (125.7%) and differentiative (132.1%) effects on calvarial bone cells at
$10^{-8}M$ , and its effects were significantly higher than those of$17{\beta}-estradiol\;(E_2)$ . TC was found to be a major active compound responsible for high proliferative and differentative effects of the water extract of GSS. Therefore, these results suggest that TC in GSS may be useful as potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of bone loss. -
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for the detection of 4 events of genetically modified (GM) soybean. The event-specific primers were designed from 4 events of GM soybean (RRS, A2704-12, DP356043-5, and MON89788). The lectin was used as an endogenous reference gene of soybean in the PCR detection. The primer pair YjLec-4-F/R producing 100 bp amplicon was used to amplify the lectin gene and no amplified product was observed in any of the 9 different plants used as templates. This multiplex PCR method allowed for the detection of event-specific targets in a genomic DNA mixture of up to 1% GM soybean mixture containing RRS, A2704-12, DP356043-5, and MON89788. In this study, 20 soybean products obtained from commercial food markets were analyzed by the multiplex PCR. As a result, 6 samples contained RRS. These results indicate that this multiplex PCR method could be a useful tool for monitoring GM soybean.
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In this study, the volatile compounds in 9 commercial fermented soybean pastes were extracted and analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. A total of 63 volatile components, including 21 esters, 7 alcohols, 7 acids, 8 pyrazines, 5 volatile phenols, 3 ketones, 6 aldehydes, and 6 miscellaneous compounds, were identified. Esters, acids, and pyrazines were the largest groups among the quantified volatiles. About 50% of the total quantified volatile material was contributed by 5 compounds in 9 soybean paste samples; ethyl hexadecanoate, acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2/3-methyl butanoic acid, and tetramethyl-pyrazine. Three samples (CJW, SIN, and HAE) made by Aspergillus oryzae inoculation showed similar volatile patterns as shown in principal component analyses to GC-MS data sets, which showed higher levels in ethyl esters and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Traditional fermented soybean pastes showed overall higher levels in pyrazines and acids contents.
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Lysozyme was treated with digestive enzymes and the production of interleukin 8 (IL-8) was measured in Caco-2 cell with the peptides from lysozyme upon stimulating with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to investigate the overall anti-inflammatory activity of lysozyme when it is in digestive tracts. Lysozyme reduced IL-8 production, and the peptides from pepsin hydrolysis of lysozyme had the similar effect. The products of trypsin digestion of lysozyme had no effect on the reduction of IL-8 production while those of pepsin-trypsin hydrolysis did. The effectiveness of lowering IL-8 production was not different by time of the peptide addition. When Caco-2 cells were pre-incubated with peptides for 24 hr, the reduction effects were observed from the peptides from pepsin hydrolysis, indicating that some of the peptides are still remaining in the cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that the IL-8 reduction effect of lysozyme against LPS still remained even after the pepsin and trypsin hydrolysis.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) on the blood glucose and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups fed control, sea tangle powder (15%, w/w), or sea tangle water extract (4%, w/w) diet. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed each of the experimental diet for 13 weeks. Serum insulin was increased by dietary supplementation of sea tangle in diabetic rats. Dietary sea tangle reduced blood glucose level of diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats fed control diet. Dietary sea tangle also reduced the serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglyceride in the diabetic rats. While hepatic lipids were reduced, fecal excretion of lipids was increased by supplementation with dietary sea tangle in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that dietary sea tangle decreased blood glucose and improved lipid metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats and this effect might be exerted by increases in serum insulin and fecal excretion of lipids.
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Thermal degradation characteristics of sucrose was investigated. A 20% sucrose solution was heated to temperatures of
$110-150^{\circ}C$ for 1-5 hr. Chromaticity, pH, organic acids, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), free sugars, electron donating ability (EDA), and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) of the heated sucrose solutions were evaluated. With increasing temperatures and times, the L-, a-, and b-values decreased; however, total color difference (${\Delta}E_{ab}$ ) increased. The pH and sucrose contents decreased, and fructose and glucose contents increased with increasing heating temperature and time. Organic acids, such as formic acid, lactic acid, and levulinic acid, and HMF contents increased with increasing heating temperatures and times. EDA (%) and the AEAC of the heated sucrose solutions increased with increasing heating temperature and time. The heated sucrose solution was more effective than unheated sucrose solution, having higher EDA (90 fold), and AEAC (13 fold). -
Han, Fu-Liang;Jiang, Shou-Mei;He, Jian-Jun;Pan, Qiu-Hong;Duan, Chang-Qing;Zhang, Ming-Xia 724
Anthocyanins are considered one of the main color determinants in aged red wine. The anthocyanins in aged red wine made from 'Cabernet Gernischet' (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grape were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography- electronic spray ionization- mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) and their color presented in aqueous solution were evaluated using partial least square regression (PLS). The results showed that there were 37 anthocyanins identified in this wine, including 22 pyranoanthocyanins. The analysis of PLS indicated that different anthocyanins showed distinct color values: malvidin 3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside-4-vinylguaiacol (Mv3-acet-glu-vg) presented the highest color values, while malvidin 3-O-glucoside (Mv3-glu) showed least. Among the free non-acylated anthocyanins, peonidin 3-O-oglucoside (Pn3-glu) showed the highest color values; the coumarylated anthocyanins presented higher color values than their corresponding acetylated anthocyanins and parent anthocyanins; pyranoanthocyanins presented also higher color values than their original anthocyanins; the color of anthocyanins depended on their structure. This work will be helpful to reveal evolution in aged red wine. -
Martinez-Avila, Guillermo Cristian Guadalupe;Wicker, Louise;Aguilar, Cristobal Noe;Rodriguez-Herrera, Raul;Contreras-Esquivel, Juan Carlos 732
An acidic polygalacturonase (PG) from Aspergillus kawachii was produced by solid state fermentation employing a polyurethane foam support. The conditions used for the production of acidic PG were particle size of support (0.6 or 500$mm^3$ ) and fermentation time. From the factors studied, the particle size had important influence on enzyme production. The best conditions for acidic PG production were$0.6\;mm^3$ particle size, 18 hr at$30^{\circ}C$ and initial pH of 5.0. In addition, pectin was extracted from citrus pomaces (grapefruit, lime, and tangerine) by acidic PG at$50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr with citric acid solution. Infrared spectroscopy showed that lime pomace had more high-methoxylated (65%) endogenous pectin than was obtained than from grapefruit or tangerine pomaces. The enzymatically extracted pectin yield in dry basis (d.b.) for grapefruit and lime pectins were 6.95 and 4.25%, respectively. The citric acid solution alone also contributed to pectin extraction from citrus pomaces (7-9%, d.b.). Limited pectin extraction by acidic PG from tangerine pomace was most likely due to the presence of low-methoxylated endogenous pectin. The enzymatic method for pectin extraction using acidic PG from A. kawachii is a promising technique for releasing highly polymerized pectic substances from high-methoxylated lime or grapefruit pomaces. -
Hamden, Khaled;Carreau, Serge;Jamoussi, Kamel;Ayadi, Fatma;Garmazi, Fadhel;Elfeki, Abdelfattah 739
This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic action of administration of Nigella sativa (NS) and Peganum harmala (PH) oils in diabetes and hepatic toxicity. Results show that treatment of diabetic rats with NS oil or PH oil ameliorate hyperglycaemia induced stress oxidative and hepatic dysfunction in diabetic rats. Administration of NS or PH oil to diabetic rats caused an anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities by the decrease in plasmatic glucose level and increase in hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and glycogen contents compared to untreated diabetic rats. Besides, NS and PH oils protect the hepatic function observed by decrease of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCh), and increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) levels in serum and hepatic tissues. Moreover, a diminution in the bilirubin, transaminase glutanic pyruvic (TGP), and transaminase pyruvic oxaloacetic (TPO) contents in serum and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels (TBARs) in hepatic tissues are also detected. -
Sensory quality variations of jajang sauce were monitored by the
$\bar{X}-chart$ and capability analysis based on specifications of each sensory attributes. For sensory quality control (QC) of the sauce which has a strong sweetness and sourness, the ratio of sourness/sweetness was examined as a necessary QC factor to maintain the balance of sweetness and sourness. For the sensory QC factors, all the sensory data were divided into individual sensory score of reference which was a pack of sauce manufactured a week ago. The ratio form of sensory data was useful for decreasing individual variations and for increasing normality of data measured by category scale. The overall proportion of out-spec products under normal manufacturing conditions was obtained by capability analysis of sensory data with normal distribution. Out-spec samples were monitored by the$\bar{X}-chart$ of each sensory attributes. -
The polysaccharide (BB-pol) extracted from Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 showed growth inhibitory effects on several colon cancer cell lines such as HT-29 and HCT-116. To increase the yield of polysaccharide, B. bifidum BGN4 was cultured in various culture media with different compositions. When B. bifidum BGN4 was cultured in modified MRS broth containing phytic acid, the cells showed increased branch formation and enlarged morphology. The content of total carbohydrate and the ability of adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells were also increased by phytic acid. The polysaccharide obtained from the cells grown in the presence of phytic acid inhibited the proliferation of cancer cell lines such as HT-29 and MCF-7 cells but not normal colon cell line, FHC. Taken together, Bifidobacterium grown in the presence of phytic acid may confer enhanced beneficial function for the host.
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The growth-inhibiting activities of persimmon roots-derived materials against intestinal bacteria were evaluated and compared with that of 1,4-naphthoquinone as a positive control. The active constituent isolated from persimmon roots was characterized as 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone using various spectroscopic analyses. Treatment with 1,4-naphthoquinone at a dose of 1.0 mg/disc strongly inhibited the growth of 6 intestinal bacteria. Furthermore, when the structure-activity relationships of 1,4-naphthoquinone's derivatives were evaluated, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone were found to strongly inhibit the growth of Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli without adversely affecting the growth of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Additionally, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone strongly inhibited the growth of C. difficile and C. perfringens, but did not inhibit the growth of E. coli. Taken together, these results indicate that persimmon roots-derived materials and some of 1,4-naphthoquinone's derivatives could be useful preventive agents against diseases caused by harmful intestinal bacteria.
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The effects of probiotic bacteria on the functional properties of squid by-products were investigated during fermentation. Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Pediococcus acidilactici were used to ferment the squid by-products for 96 hr at
$37^{\circ}C$ . The numbers of all probiotics increased to$10^7-10^8$ CFU/g after 96 hr fermentation. No substantial pH changes were observed. L. rhamnosus and P. acidilactici showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis$factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$ ) secreted from B cells increased after adding the extracts of probiotic-fermented squid by-products. The human NK cells were grown well in the B cell-growing broth cultured with the extracts of squid by-products fermented by L. rhamnosus and P. acidilactici. Trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine (DMA) contents were significantly decreased after probiotic-fermentation. Therefore, L. rhamnosus GG and P. acidilactici can be used for the fermentation of squid by-products and their use would provide benefits in functional food products. -
Cho, Jeong-Yong;Ryu, Hyun-Jung;Ji, Soo-Hyun;Moon, Jae-Hak;Jung, Kyung-Hee;Park, Keun-Hyung 766
Hot water extracts of Camellia japonica flower buds were found to have the higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than the other solvent extracts. Five phenolic compounds were isolated and purified from the ethyl acetate soluble-neutral fraction of hot water extracts by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and octadecyl silane-high performance liquid chromatography using the guided assay of DPPH radical scavenging. Based on mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance, the isolated compounds were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), vanillin (2), dehydroxysynapyl alcohol (3), 7S,7'S,8R,8'R-icariol$A_2$ (4), and (-)-epicatechin (5). Four compounds (1-4) except for 5 were newly identified in this plant. Their DPPH radical scavenging activities as 50% scavenging concentration decreased in order to 5$(20\;{\mu}M) > {\alpha}-tocopherol$ $(29\;{\mu}M) > 4$ $(67\;{\mu}M) > 3$ $(72\;{\mu}M) > 1=2$ ($ > 250\;{\mu}M$ ). These results indicate that the antioxidant effect of the hot water extract of C. japonica flower buds may partially due to 5 isolated phenolic compounds. -
Antimicrobial activity of garlic (pH 6.0) heated at
$120^{\circ}C$ reached its maximum at 45 min of heating and maintained the level for the rest of heating time (300 min) when tested against Candida utilis ATCC42416. The principal antimicrobial compound was allyl alcohol (AA), a highly volatile compound without sulfur in its molecule. The concentration of AA in heated garlic gradually increased to over 2,000 ppm for the first 90 min and stayed at the level without appreciable changes in spite of further heating. Other antimicrobial compounds secondary to AA were lowly volatile sulfur compounds including diallyl polysulfides (diallyl trisulfide, diallyl tetrasulfide, and diallyl pentasulfide) and heterocyclic sulfur compounds (4-methyl-1,2,3-trithiolane, 5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrathiane, and 6-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentathiepane). When the pH of the garlic extract was lowered before heating, considerably more secondary antimicrobial sulfur compounds were formed and the antimicrobial activity was stronger than the pH unadjusted garlic. Lowly volatile sulfur compounds contributed a significant part of antimicrobial activity of heated garlic only during the early period (45-120 min) of heating regardless of pH treatment. -
Kang, Hye-Jeong;Jeong, Chang-Ku;Jang, Myoung-Uoon;Choi, Seung-Ho;Kim, Min-Hong;Ahn, Jun-Bae;Lee, Sang-Hwa;Jo, Sook-Ja;Kim, Tae-Jip 776
A putative cyclomaltodextrinase (BHCD) gene was found from the genome of Bacillus halodurans C-125, which encodes 578 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 67,279 Da. It shares 42-59% of amino acid sequence identity with common cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase)-family enzymes. The corresponding gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the dimeric enzyme with C-terminal 6-histidines was successfully overproduced and purified from recombinant Escherichia coli. BHCD showed the highest activity against${\beta}-CD$ at pH 7.0 and$50^{\circ}C$ . Due to its versatile hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities, BHCD has been confirmed as a member of CDases. However, BHCD can be distinguished from other typical CDases on the basis of its novel multisubstrate specificity. While typical CDases have over 10 times higher activity on${\beta}-CD$ than starch or pullulan, the CD-hydrolyzing activity of BHCD is only 2.3 times higher than pullulan. In particular, it showed significantly higher activity ratio of maltotriose to acarbose than other common CDase-family enzymes. -
Yang, Yoo-Soo;Shin, Jae-Il;Shin, Jae-Yoon;Oh, Jung-Mi;Lee, Sang-Ho;Yang, Joo-Sung;Kweon, Dae-Hyuk 782
In prion disease, spongiform neurodegeneration is preceded by earlier synaptic dysfunction. There is evidence that soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) complex formation is reduced in scrapie-infected in vivo models, which might explain this synaptic dysfunction because SNARE complex plays a crucial role in neuroexocytosis. In the present study, however, it is shown that prion protein (PrP) does not interfere with SNARE complex formation of 3 SNARE proteins: syntaxin 1a, SNAP-25, and synaptobrevin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant complex formation, SNAREdriven membrane fusion, and neuroexocytosis of PC12 cells were not altered by PrP. Thus, PrP does not alter synaptic function by directly interfering with SNARE complex formation. -
Gamma
$({\gamma})-irradiation$ can be used to control pathogens such as Vibrio vulnificus in seafood. The effects of irradiation on microbial cell populations (%) have been studied in order to develop detection methods for irradiated foods. The method used in this study was ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using V. vulnificus specific primer, EMA, and$SYBR^{(R)}$ Green to discriminate between${\gamma}-irradiated$ and non-irradiated cells. Confocal microscope examination showed that${\gamma}-irradiation$ damaged portions of the cell membrane, allowing EMA to penetrate cells of irradidated V. vulnificus.${\gamma}-Irradiation$ at 1.08 KGy resulted in log reduction ($-1.15{\pm}0.13$ log reduction) in genomic targets derived from EMA real-time PCR. The combination cold/heat shock resulted in the highest ($-1.74{\pm}0.1$ log reduction) discrimination of dead irradiated V. vulnificus by EMA real-time PCR. -
Lee, Jin-Hwan;Baek, In-Youl;Kang, Nam-Suk;Jung, Chan-Sik;Lee, Myoung-Hee;Park, Keum-Yong;Ha, Tae-Joung 793
The objectives of this present study were to compare the contents and determine optimum extraction conditions for the rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid (CA) from leaves of Korean Perilla frutescens varieties. RA and CA from leaves of cv. Bora, a breeding line of P. frutescens were isolated and elucidated using various spectroscopic data. On the basis of 2 phenolic acids, optimum extraction conditions were obtained by employing 50% EtOH for 60 min at$25^{\circ}C$ . We reported for the first time on the contents of RA and CA from leaves of 32 Korean varieties. Among them, leaves of P. frutescens Brit. var. acuta Kudo I exhibited the highest RA content ($8.53{\pm}0.57$ mg/g) and CA content ($2.33{\pm}0.11$ mg/g) showed the highest in the P. frutescens Brit. var. viridis Makino. Interestingly, average RA content ($2.66{\pm}0.17$ mg/g) showed a markedly higher than that of CA ($1.98{\pm}0.16$ mg/g) in Korean varieties. These results suggest that concentrations of the RA and CA in P. frutescens leaves could be a key factor in the selection process of a high quality species. -
The effect of germination on hydration and germination properties, and on the changes of fatty acids and amino acids profiles of a brown rice 'Keunnun' (KN) with a large embryo was compared to 'Ilpumbyeo' (IP) with a normal embryo. A rapid germination up to 24 hr was observed in both brown rice cultivars, afterward decreased with germination time. At 60 hr, the KN (
$86.0{\pm}4.24%$ ) showed slightly lower germination capability than the IP ($97.0{\pm}1.41%$ ). Lower water uptake during germination was also found in the KN ($1.22{\pm}0.02\;g$ ) compared to the IP ($1.59{\pm}0.05\;g$ ). Major fatty acids were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid accounting for more than 95% of total fatty acids. The most abundant amino acid in both types was oleic acid, which was decreased during germination, whereas palmitic and linoleic acids were increased. Eight amino acids were detected, and a remarkable increase in${\gamma}-amino$ butyric acid (GABA) during germination was observed. The KN was characterized with higher tasty amino acids of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine. -
Solid fats were esterified with solid phase of rice bran oil (S-RBO), palm stearin (PS), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at 2 substrate mole ratios (S-RBO:PS:CLA of 1:1:2 and 1:3:4). The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and CLA in 36 hr products. The solid fat content (SFC) of the 1:1:2 product was 12.8% while the SFC of 1:3:4 product was 45.1% at
$20^{\circ}C$ . The SFCs after$20^{\circ}C$ reduced when the reaction time increased from 1 to 36 hr, suggesting that the change of triacylglycerol species was augmented by extending reaction time. -
Kang, Ming-Jung;Lee, Soo-Kyung;Song, Ji-Hyun;Kim, Mi-Eun;Kim, Myo-Jeong;Jang, Joung-Soon;Lee, Jai-Hyun;Kim, Jung-In 808
The${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory and antioxidant effects of water chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerov.) were assessed to explore its possible use as an anti-diabetic agent. Methanol extracts of the fruit shell and meat of water chestnut were assayed for inhibitory activity against yeast${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Effect of fruit shell extract on postprandial glucose response was assessed. Compared with fruit meat, shell extract showed stronger inhibition against${\alpha}-glucosidase$ with an$IC_{50}$ of 273${\mu}g/mL$ . Oral administration of fruit shell extract (500 mg/kg) significantly lowered the postprandial area under the glucose response curve to starch (1 g/kg) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (p<0.01). Compared with fruit meat, shell extract showed stronger scavenging activity against DPPH, with an$IC_{50}$ of 27.1${\mu}g/mL$ . The results indicate that the fruit shell of water chestnut was effective in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and exerted an antioxidant effect. Therefore, water chestnut may be useful in treating diabetes. -
The effect of 4 seaweed extracts (Desmarestia viridis, Dictyopteris divaricata, Scytosiphon lomentaria, and Ishige okamurae) on pro-inflammatory mediators as well as nuclear factor
$(NF)-{\kappa}B$ in the stimulated Raw 264.7 cells was investigated. They reduced iNOS and interlukin$(IL)-1{\beta}$ expressions at transcription level. Of those, 3 extracts (D. divaricata, I. okamurae, and S. lomentaria) inhibited the COX-2 expression at translation level.$I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation was inhibited by D. divaricata and S. lomentaria extracts. Therefore, we concluded that the extracts from D. divaricata and S. lomentaria could inhibit the activation of murine macrophage through the blocking of$NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. -
Total phenol, total flavonoid, reducing powder, electron donating activity, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of olive leaf extracts were investigated. The contents of total phenol and flavonoid were 257.48 and 92.33 mg in 100 g of olive leaf extract, respectively. The reducing power of the olive leaf extract increased with concentration increasing. Electron donating activity was high in 100
${\mu}g/mL$ treated olive leaf extract as 95.20%. The ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity of the olive leaf extract was 68.93 mg/g olive leaf extract. The olive leaf extracts showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All of the cancer cell lines including MKN45, HCT116, NCI-H460, and MCF7 have 70-81% as effective growth inhibition.