The COVID-19 virus has undergone several mutations, and the disease has continued to affect people's daily lives since the outbreak in December 2019. Korea has been globally acknowledged as an exemplary country for its general response to pandemics, with immediate and effective quarantine conditions, such as preemptive diagnostic tests and social distancing. However, reflecting on the COVID-19 quarantine experience over the past two years, there have been problems such as unexpected outbreaks involving large number of confirmed cases. In addition to the limitations of the physical environment, vulnerabilities have arisen in the sociocultural relationships of these spaces with quarantine policies and issues. Therefore, this study aims to examine the vulnerable infectious spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic for the two-year period of the outbreak and examine the causes and countermeasures of vulnerabilities based on a sociocultural relationship review. After collecting daily data on COVID-19 infections in Seoul for two years, the number of confirmed cases according to major facilities and sociocultural issues are presented. We attempt to diagnose space vulnerabilities through sociocultural relationships. This study examines their relationship by addressing quarantine policies, behavioral and psychological problems, and social issues. Sociocultural factors are reviewed considering the government's COVID-19 quarantine policy, media information collection, and keyword analyses. Based on the analysis results, the physical characteristics of vulnerable COVID-19 spaces are closely related to the density and overlap owing to various programs and spaces in the facility. With respect to sociocultural characteristics, changes from old customs to short-term popular cultures might develop unpredictable situations, resulting in greater or fewer confirmed cases than expected. The study concludes that vulnerable COVID-19 spaces are affected by physical characteristics and sociocultural influences. Therefore, social and cultural characteristics should be considered in the event of a similar epidemic.

This study aims to investigate the perception of publicness in urban spaces from the viewpoint of small households, which are the main household type in modern society. Environmental planning factors in public spaces were identified to potentially enhance the publicness of urban spaces and ultimately improve the quality of life for people residing in urban areas. Through research, it was discovered that small households highly value publicness and acknowledge its importance in enhancing the overall quality of life. However, it also revealed that publicness was not adequately maintained in such areas. To address this issue, this study emphasized the significance of urban public spaces that are commonly utilized in everyday life to improve publicness. Several public space types that small households value were identified as being medical facilities, street spaces, transportation facilities, welfare facilities, and information and culture facilities. Environmental planning factors to enhance the publicness of individual public spaces were derived through correlation analysis of detailed publicness evaluation factors such as connectivity, accessibility, openness, convenience, amenity, placeness, sustainability, and public space types. The findings of this study are anticipated to serve as fundamental data for future strategies that reflect social structural changes and improve the publicness of urban spaces. By enhancing the publicness of urban spaces, this study expects to boost the quality of life for individuals and society overall.

This study examines laws and policies on the provision of housing for foreign workers and the status and problems of foreign workers' accommodations in Gyeonggi province to identify the fundamental reason behind recurring accidents in rural areas. The data for this study was obtained from a survey conducted by the Gyeonggi-do Foreigner Policy Division based on the MEL's data on foreign workers' accommodations compiled from September to November 2020 that was published as Residential Environment for Foreign Workers in Farming and Fishing villages: Actual Condition Survey Results and Improvement Plan. The principles for providing workers' accommodations stipulated in Korean law was compared with the criteria and requirements set forth by international organizations and other countries; Korean law seemed more focused on setting the minimum requirements for workers' accommodations. In contrast, international standards for adequate housing and workers' housing standards of other countries not only set minimum requirements, but also considered various factors that could enhance a workers' living, quality of life and quarantee equal treatment of foreign workers that included the demand for different types of housing, location, access to cultural facilities, and supplementary facilities. vironment and quality of life and guarantee equal treatment of foreign workers, including the demand for different types of housing, location, access to cultural facilities, and supplementary facilities. Upon analysis of the data on foreign workers' residential facilities in Gyeonggi Province, it was revealed that the biggest problem was where the housing facilities were located. Around 43% or 800 sites of the foreign workers' accommodations were built on farmland, which is a violation of the Farmland Act.

The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the aspects of remodeled and reconstructed apartment housing units with which users are satisfied or dissatisfied. Five apartment housing units with an area of 85 m² more or less remodeled between 2007 and 2013 in Seoul and five reconstructed apartment housing units also in Seoul with a similar size and reconstruction completion time were selected. A comparative analysis was conducted of characteristics appearing in unit household floor plans. Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) was conducted on occupants over the age of 19 who had lived in each housing unit for more than a year. The floor-plan analysis revealed that the number of bays was higher in the reconstructed apartment housing units; the remodeled apartment building having a longer vertical shape, and the reconstructed apartment building had a slightly longer horizontal shape. The area of the private space was larger for the reconstructed housing units, and the area of the public space was larger for the remodeled housing units. The POE revealed that the overall satisfaction average was higher for the reconstructed apartment housing units. As for the eight items pertaining to natural lighting, air quality in general, natural ventilation, temperature in summer, temperature in general, layout and size of personal space, interaction between family members, and overall satisfaction, satisfaction was relatively high for reconstructed apartment housing units. For the visual privacy item, the satisfaction of the remodeled apartment building was relatively high. There was a significant difference between remodeled housing units and restructured housing units, particularly in satisfaction related to natural ventilation and natural lighting. The regression analysis indicated that natural lighting had the most significant influence of any factor on overall satisfaction. These results could improve the remodeling of apartment housing in the future.

The operation program of leisure welfare facilities for the elderly is attempting to develop programs related to health maintenance and informatization education that suit the characteristics of the area where a facility and operating entity are located and that address the leisure needs of the elderly. However, the current programs being operated and developed are centered on suppliers rather than on the current status of a facility and its users. Therefore, it is necessary to review in terms of facility status and selection of users in the operation of a dementia prevention program at existing senior citizen centers planned for the 2020 Ministry of Health and Welfare project for the elderly. This study calculated the area required to operate a program concerning the scope of elderly physical activity and the size of existing facilities in senior citizen centers. The purpose is to identify the types of dementia prevention programs for the elderly and to review whether the planned program can be operated

Apartments have become the most popular form of housing in Korea and are structurally classified into flat and tower types. Previous studies have mostly focused on comparing these two types as it relates to energy and sunlight. Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively analyze the structural differences between the two types using space syntax and visibility graph analysis. The area ratio by spatial configuration and spatial configuration was identified to understand the spatial characteristics of the flat and tower type apartments. After that, Isovist, J-Graph, and visual integration of space syntax were analyzed using a Depth map. The analysis results revealed the spatial composition of the flat type was monotonous and the tower type showed various characteristics of the composition. The area ratio by spatial composition had no significant difference in other spaces, but in the living room area, the tower type had a significantly larger area than the flat type. Concerning the Isovist, it was found that the flat type area had a few visible areas, and the tower type relatively had many visually recognized areas. The J-Graph analysis revealed that the flat type had the characteristics of a simple spatial structure while the tower type had the characteristics of a complex spatial structure. Finally, the visual integration analysis results showed that the flat type had the characteristics of an open structure whereas the tower type had the characteristics of a closed structure. This study was meaningful in that it quantitatively compared and analyzed the flat and tower type apartments using space syntax and visibility graph analysis to analyze the topological importance of space and identify the differences.

In recent years, global warming has accelerated sea level rise, climate change and coastal erosion; the reality of a shortage of safe land use space is at hand. On the other hand, the demand for more active utilization of marine space has continuously been increasing due to the rising national income level and increasing industrial development pressure. To actively utilize marine space, it is necessary to consider a comprehensive utilization plan that includes the sea, under the sea, and the seabed. However, existing ocean space utilization methods are mainly focused on the coast and the sea; there is no research on three-dimensional space utilization including the subsea. Therefore, in this research, the types and design characteristics of subsea architecture space utilization cases world-wide was investigated and analyzed. As a result, it was found that the tourism type had the highest percentage of usage, and the average installed water depth was 5.1 m for the tourist type and 27.8 m for the research type. In terms of location and timing, the research type was installed mainly in the United States from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, and the tourism type was evenly distributed over the world's marine tourist destinations from 1996 to 2005. Additionally, the design characteristics of undersea architectures were mostly single-story and had a flat composition in consideration of the circulation according to the use. Space composition can be mainly divided into main space, support space, and public space; the detailed purpose may change depending on the purpose of use.

In this study, the satisfaction and needs of child-rearing households concerning parenting-friendly housing environments in Japan and Korea were compared and analyzed. Utilizing quota sampling, an online panel survey was conducted on child-rearing households in Seoul and Tokyo in December 2020 to compare the characteristics of Korean and Japanese urban dwellers, respectively. The results indicated a difference in satisfaction for individual housing units while demands for design elements related to health and safety were common in both Korea and Japan. The need for exterior spaces where children could safely engage in outdoor activities within housing complexes was high in both countries. Regarding the location environment, the demand for an educational environment was high in Korea, whereas the demand for proximity to commercial facilities was high in Japan. Therefore, the diverse preferences of the two nations regarding individual housing units, exterior spaces, and the location environment must be considered when planning and constructing housing complexes.

The world is facing climate change due to numerous human activities and industrialization, which greatly damages the ecosystem, food security, water supply, and health systems. To this end, the '2050 Carbon Neutral Scenario' was established for each industry, transportation, and building sector, and performance improvement of existing buildings(a.k.a. Green Remodeling) is suggested as an essential energy efficiency improvement strategy to reduce energy demand and greenhouse gas. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport has been conducting a "Private Interest Support Project" to support private finance loans for high initial performance improvement construction costs, including installation of high-efficiency cooling and heating systems, from 2013 to the present. Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively evaluate the economic feasibility of each type of private building that has completed green remodeling, it is necessary to recognize the economic problems and profitability of private buildings. As a result of analyzing the cost benefits of green remodeling by building type, the B/C ratio was estimated for single-family housings (1.162), multi-family housings (0.384), and non-residential buildings (0.7) respectively. As an implication, it is necessary to gradually make green remodeling mandatory for aging buildings in the private sector according to the current situation, such as gradually realizing mandatory in the public. The change in policies can increase accessibility to the private sector and reduce the financial burden by easing the complex procedures and loan interest burdens that are currently raised as the main problems by builders or private companies.

With the outbreak of COVID-19, various facilities have attempted to prevent infectious diseases through software methods. In particular, educational facilities have coped with infectious diseases by controlling the number of students attending school, having non-face-to-face classes, installing partitions, and preventing unspecified people from using spaces. This response has had limitations in that when another infectious disease later occurs, there is no choice but to respond only in the same way again. In addition, the pre-planning stage becomes essential, and as the Education Facility Act is revised, the design technique of infection prevention should be applied first. Therefore, this study designed a space plan from an architectural perspective to implement a future curriculum based on the Green Smart School project and prevent infectious diseases in high schools where space changes are essential due to the high school credit system. Furthermore, detailed design guidelines were prepared so that they could be applied in the pre-planning research stage.

Wooden architecture should be repaired when their durability deteriorates due to the effects of temperature and humidity. In the repair of wooden buildings, temporary construction are installed to protect members. In this process, the physical environment changes and may affect the microclimate of the site. However, related academic research is insignificant. This study is to investigate the climate and moisture content change patterns according to the changes in the physical environment of the site. Myeongjaegotaek is currently a suitable target for achieving the purpose of the study as a temporary construction is installed as a repair work. Therefore, the measurement data before and after the installation of the temporary construction were compared and analyzed through the microclimate measurement equipment. As a result, the inside relative humidity increased due to changes in the physical environment, such as the installation of temporary construction. This was also shown in the correlation analysis by location. The moisture content of wood was found to be as high as 20% or more when the average relative humidity inside the temporary construction was over 80%. Environments with high wood moisture content can have a negative impact on durability. As a result of correlation analysis, relative humidity showed a strong relationship with temperature and wind. Therefore, it was important to plan for natural and artificial air flow during the time when the temperature rises when the relative humidity inside the temporary construction is high. As such, this study confirmed that the method of analyzing the actual microclimate data was appropriate for deriving empirical results. In addition, it was found that monitoring using scientific techniques is advantageous for accumulating meaningful data on wooden architecture cultural assets.

In this study, the space planning elements were derived through the main contents of each key element of the Green Smart Future School. In addition, through the analysis of high school planning cases that required reconstruction, we looked at how the space planning elements required by the project are presented, and what are lacking or what needs to be considered in the architectural plan. The space planning elements of 10 items were analyzed based on planning cases and future planning directions were presented. Future school architecture as an educational facility requires a more in-depth understanding of changes in the digital-based learning environment, beyond simply planning and providing the required physical space. In addition, it should be recognized that it is the time when the areas of planning, such as planning of external spaces, linking indoor and outdoor spaces, and symbiosis with the local community, are expanding and becoming more concrete.

Natural and social disasters cause the displacement of people, often into temporary relief residences in the form of tents. The conditions of emergency relief tents become exponentially inconvenient dependent upon the length of stay before the availability of interim housing. In Korea, prefabricated temporary housing exists in a standardized form of interim housing, but the interim housing-related guidebooks, which are published by the Korean government, significantly lack a supply framework. On the other hand, the international aid agency published housing guidebooks dealing with the detailed phases of its supply system, allow them to efficiently distribute interim housing to victims. Therefore, to establish a framework for the interim housing supply, this study proposes a methodology for a supply framework. A literature review was conducted to produce a scenario for the interim housing supply alongside a comparison between domestic and international guidebooks. Based on the supply scenario, this study explored the important considerations that overseas guidebooks demonstrate unlike the domestic ones that do not cover these aspects and applied domestic circumstances to the supply framework. This study concludes by stating the methodology's key considerations for the supply framework.

This study is based on the results of a public survey regarding the perception of Hanok over the last 10 years. Hanok is a preservation subject and unique Korean housing style that has been established as a form of residence today due to the efforts of the government and local governments. Trends involving public perception and the demand characteristics of Hanok over the last 10 years were examined. The purpose is to provide basic data for preparing Hanok policies by grasping the characteristics, satisfaction, and requirements of Hanok. Specifically, the Hanok Perception Survey examined the perception, image, demand, cost, location, transportation, space composition, and scale of Hanok. As a result of this study, it was revealed that over the last 10 years, Hanok was recognized as a psychological object of tradition and antiquity. The intention to live in a Hanok is directly connected to the pros and cons of a Hanok that over time reflect the tendency to value external factors as being nature-friendly. Regarding the location and space of a Hanok, a living environment and space composition capable of modern living are required.

This study aimed to investigate related projects and safe housing cases and derive implications for the crime safety of Unmarried Single Women households. Analysis of the data collected revealed that the crime prevention building criteria and the Seoul single-person household support system had the highest application rates in public spaces, with 53.8% and 41.2%, respectively. However, the study also confirmed that residents of women's safe housing required architectural improvements for semi-private space (65.0%), rather than public space (35.0%). Furthermore, the study found that crime anxiety was particularly high in areas where territorial boundaries were unclear, such as semi-private and semi-public spaces. The limitations of the project that supports an unspecified number of people may contribute to this phenomenon. In addition, the study infers that it is necessary to implement crime prevention building criteria or introduce separate architectural elements related to crime prevention.

The purpose of this study is to propose a small-size unit plan that reflects the needs of residents and reflects modular characteristics. The target site of this study was set as Gwangyang Giga Town, which was built and used for POSCO employees and constructed by the modular construction method. Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) was conducted for residents through an online survey. Through this, the needs of residents were analyzed and reflected in the modular unit plan. The spatial scope of this study was limited to units among modular architectures. As such, the satisfaction of residents of the Gwangyang Giga Town dormitory built with a modular construction method was overall very high. However, significant improvements could be made regarding the length of the room, the adjustment of the entrance area, and the expansion of the storage space. Through this survey and a satisfaction survey, dividing a unit into a studio type and a one-bedroom type was proposed.

The appearance and placeness recognition changes of the Goransa Buddhist Monastery in historic literature from Joseon to post-liberation eras via the Japanese colonial period were diversified as they related to the political and social characteristics of the time. This research revealed that the overlapping, multi-layered attributes recognized the integrated value as heritage places involving buildings, people, and events as it relates to residence, rebuilding, and visiting the Goransa Buddhist Temple surroundings over time. The creation of the Gamgoru Pavilion symbolized Confucianism as a means of realizing righteousness at the Monastery from the 16th to 18th centuries during the Joseon era; it led to a new place from the descriptions of various literary works, which were different from previous historic records. Later, the Japanese in colonial Korea manipulated and promoted the Goransa Buddhist Monastery as an explicit place to prove the good, neighborly relationship between ancient Japan and Baekje Dynasties. A large-scale renovation of the ruined Buddhist temple was then carried out. After Korean liberation from Japanese colonialism, various assertions and rebuttals about the temple's foundation or historic documents were raised based on a lack of evidence. These aspects contributed to an extent in creating miscellaneous narratives of the Monastery Goransa and induced public interest. In conclusion, the current Goransa Buddhist Temple became a reconstructed cultural product and a heritage place by superimposing interpretations and intentions according to the times under the great symbolism of historic sites during the Baekje Kingdom.

From the perspective of a lighting user, changes in illuminance can be recognized and visual fatigue increases as the range of change increases while visual satisfaction decreases. In this study, when the indoor illuminance level was controlled with four set illuminance levels of 300lx, 400lx, 500lx, and 700lx, the visual comfort of lighting users was analyzed as it relates to the measured illuminance value, illuminance preference, eye fatigue, and sensibility based on the brightness questionnaire. Visual sensitivity was derived from the change in the perceived brightness response of a lighting user according to the change in illuminance. As a result of the visual comfort analysis, the illuminance preference desired by occupants differed according to the set illuminance. The lower the setting illuminance, the clearer the tendency to prefer bright illuminance. There was a difference in the degree of eye fatigue affected by various factors. In the case of perceived brightness, it was investigated that as the set illuminance was higher, the perceived brightness at the same overall illuminance was relatively dark. In the case of the set illuminance 700lx, it was found that the illuminance was intuitively perceived as bright. As a result of the occupant's sensitivity analysis according to the change in illuminance, it revealed an illuminance change of 74.9lx (300lx), illuminance change of 63lx (400lx), illuminance change of 111.7lx (500lx), and illuminance change of 51.2lx (700lx). In this case, it was found that the lighting user could visually perceive the change in brightness for the first time. As a result of deriving visual sensitivity through regression analysis, it revealed that the higher the setting illuminance, the lower the visual sensitivity.

The purpose of this study is to propose design conditions for small residential buildings to satisfy the building energy efficiency rating of 1++, which is the standard for Zero Energy Building Certification. Unlike non-residential buildings, residential buildings have a high standard of primary energy requirements required by grade, making it difficult to satisfy passive elements without additional energy production. The concept of average U-value by floor area was applied to the conditions of the comprehensive cladding thermal performance of non-residential buildings when it was first announced. The regions were divided into three categories: Central 1 (Chuncheon), Central 2 (Seoul), and Southern (Busan). The results of each region revealed that it was difficult to obtain a target grade of 1++ if only passive and active elements were strengthened and applied without energy production in all three regions. Accordingly, an additional analysis was conducted when solar panels, which are renewable energy, were applied based on a small four-story residential model. If solar panels were installed as much as 82.5Wh/m²a, it was possible to obtain target grades in all three regions. In addition, when a solar panel was installed as much as 55Wh/m²a, it was possible to obtain a target grade if the average U-value by floor area was less than 0.5W/m²K in Seoul, 0.4W/m²K in Chuncheon, and 0.92W/m²K in Busan.

The world has been suffering from natural disasters such as floods, heat waves, droughts, and air pollution due to rapid industrialization. In response to these problems, in 2015 the 21st General Assembly of the Parties (COP21, Paris) set plans and goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. With the expansion of regulations on greenhouse gas emissions, Korea established a national greenhouse gas reduction target of 37% of the emission expectation estimated by the 2017 Business As Manual (BAU) by 2030. In particular, the efforts were focused on reducing the energy demand by establishing higher goals to promote green buildings in the building sector. However, participation in the private sector has been low in the interest support program, which is one of the key support programs of the Green Remodeling project because of its complicated application procedures, standards, and the burden of the loan principal repayment period for construction costs. This study aims to identify the problems in the operation of the GR program and suggest policy support alternatives to promote this project for private buildings. The results of this study will contribute to the GR project by suggesting system improvement standards and by analyzing its impact on the market.

Simultaneous Heating and Cooling systems are advantageous when heating and cooling loads occur simultaneously in a building; the usage of auxiliary heat sources is inevitable because the occurrence of the loads may vary. Since the auxiliary heat source has a lower COP than the simultaneous heating and cooling systems, more energy is required when removing the same amount of load. To reduce energy, the usage of simultaneous heating and cooling systems and auxiliary heat sources must be increased and decreased, respectively. In this study, a process that can determine the heating set temperature in real-time was proposed to increase the usage of simultaneous heating and cooling systems for buildings where the cooling load exceeds the heating load. This process determines the temperature for the next point using the heating temperature of the previous point and the energy inside the tank. These results confirmed that energy can be reduced while maintaining a more pleasant temperature.

In the process of embedding a steel column in an excavated hole during the top-down construction, it often occurs that the geometric center of the encased column and the center of the steel core is misaligned. In the case of an asymmetric composite section where the steel is not in the center, the compression-bending strength is different due to the effect of eccentricity, but there is not much data that engineers can refer to. Based on the design formulae for symmetric composite sections provided in the current KSSC Composite Structural Manual, in order to reflect the effect of asymmetric sections, this paper proposes to add points approximating the P-M interaction diagram and provides formulae for the axial forces and moments of each point. For verification, the error rate was reviewed for 200 cases of sections that depend on the amount of steel, column size, material strength, and eccentricity. As a result of examining the error, it was found that the unconservative error decreased as the eccentricity increased. This tendency can also be confirmed in the P-M interaction curve according to the eccentricity of the example cross section.

Several important options for modeling damaged post-tensioned reinforced concrete (RC) beams and reproducing a concrete's behavior via ABAQUS software was presented in this study. The first thing considered was a material model suitable for concrete, including compressive and tensile behavior, stress-strain relationship, and concrete damaged plasticity (CDP). The CDP model required concrete tensile cracking and compressive crushing damage parameters and additional variables such as dilation angle (ψ), plastic potential eccentricity (ϵ), the ratio of the bi-axial compressive strength to uni-axial compressive strength (f_b0/f_c0), the ratio of the second stress invariant on the tensile meridian to that on the compressive meridian (K), and viscosity parameter (µ). The second item was geometry related to concrete, reinforcements, and post-tensioning system while the third item involved the algorithms for model change and restart to apply the post-tensioning steel rod. The validity of the applied model was confirmed through the experimental results of the post-tensioned RC beams under a three-point bending moment.

In this study, the genetic algorithm-based optimal seismic retrofit method using buckling restrained braces (BRBs) for existing steel frames was presented to simultaneously minimize the two conflicting objective functions of initial retrofit cost and lifecycle cost. Method 1 provided the BRB placements and sizes and was applied to a nine-story steel frame; the effectiveness of the retrofit schemes obtained was then investigated. Although it is important to ensure the vertical continuity of BRBs for preventing soft and weak stories, little research has been reported on the optimal seismic retrofit method to suggest the installation placements and sizes of BRBs. Therefore, an additional optimal seismic retrofit method was proposed to enforce the vertical continuity of BRBs. The results indicated that the proposed methods were more effective than the conventional retrofit method, and in some retrofit schemes, the vertical continuity condition incorporated into Method 2 presented greater initial retrofit costs than those of Method 1 to yield similar lifecycle costs.

This study aims to evaluate the deformation and damage of cement composites using a dynamic discoloration sensor that changes color when mechanical and physical stresses are applied. The sensor operates without power and can monitor the status of a structure in real-time, reducing the need for various factors required for a structural health assessment. The experimental results showed that the sensor changes color in response to the deformation of the specimen and can monitor the crack propagation in real-time. The sensor also recognizes the color change in the freeze-thaw environment. However, to improve the accuracy of monitoring, it is necessary to improve the reliability of the model and the experimental environment based on data collected under various conditions, such as the attachment location and surface of the sensor.