Globally, urbanization is constantly happening and increasing very rapidly. And in high-density cities, the importance of public space is gradually increasing. Globally, urbanization is constantly happening and is increasing very rapidly. And in high-density cities, the importance of public space is gradually increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the trends of related studies through the analysis of previous studies on public space design. To this end, in this study, previous studies were derived and analyzed by dividing each paper by research topic, research objective, research method, and research subject. The results of this study are as follows; First, it can be seen that research topics on public space design are diversifying. In particular, research reflecting technological advances is increasing. Second, the purpose of research on public space design is to reinforce practical utilization and to accommodate the social change by considering the physical or technical weak. Third, the research method for public space design needs to focus on the user and establish an objective standard. Fourth, research on public space design in the future should expand the diversity of subject. A public space plan is needed that takes into account the vulnerable class arising from the process of social change.

This study developed and analyzed the biophilic color palette of Impressionist 'Monet' based on the biophilia effect of landscape paintings from the perspective of biophilic design pursued by Neuroarchitectural Science, which has a high healing effect in an interior with natural scenery. This is to plan and implement the architectural environment reflecting the biophilia design. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a color palette for biophilia design by extracting and analyzing the color code information of the 'Monet' landscape painting. In order to develop a biophilic color palette for biophilia design, this study used the color extraction process proposed by Choi(2021). The results of this study are as follows; As a result of excluding overlapping colors from a total of 500 colors obtained by extracting 5 main colors for 100 Monet landscape images, each with a color picker, a total of 366 colors were composed as a palette. The GY series was the most frequent with 115 times and 31.42%. R80B was extracted the most with a frequency of 25 and 6.83%. The average blackness was analyzed as 30.20. The average Chromaticness was analyzed to be 27.66. When considering the color scheme of a nature-friendly architectural space, beyond the previous limit that designers intuitively select colors, it is of great significance that it is possible to choose a color within the biophilic color palette derived by extracting the colors directly visible from the natural landscape image through a process for color extraction and plan a space.

A space composed of member or facilities lawful under the Evacuation & Fire Prevention Regulations, is established under the premise in which the safety performance has been secured from fire or disaster within the scope of legislation. However, the evaluation standard of general safety performance is insufficient, so it would be necessary to review if the fire safety performance has been fully secured in the space composed of member or facilities suitable for the standard. This study evaluated the general fire safety performance according to the area and installed position of smoke ventilator, height of ceiling, and performance of interior finishing material, targeting the office space required for the smoke exhaust system, through the Evacuation safety verification method from room of Japan. Based on the results of evaluation, it would be needed to establish more realistic architectural design measures for safe evacuation by partially modifying and complementing the current regulations related to the area and installation of smoke ventilator.

Since the 1990s, several studios have been built in Korea, in which high-quality contents have been produced. As the film industry expanded, the demand for base facilities increased. Therefore, I investigated the film production facilities in Korea and identified the current status. Through a case study, I categorized them into small, medium, and large according to the size of the main studio. There are two large studios in Korea. A mega studio should have a huge main studio. In addition, it has to fulfill various purposes such as a special filming space, post-production space, and accommodation for related workers. Therefore, the space composition of film facilities must be changed. I selected eight mega studios and analyzed the cases based on the layout, bird's eye view, and floor plan. I classified the studio facilities into five categories that were defined according to the connection between the main studio and the other facilities. I classified the mega studios into the following types according to the location and purpose of construction: 1) standalone type, 2) semi connected type, and 3) connected type. In particular, I determined the characteristics of a mega studio in Korea through Studio Cube. Studio Cube is a connected type mega studio that is suitable for a small site area and a site close to the city. I intend to provide the basic data for a mega studio through this study. * I define an extra-large studio as a mega studio.

The purpose of this study is to develop reinforcement learning-based spatial layout simulators. A spatial layout simulator means placing the unit spaces that make up the entire architectural space in the appropriate location and in the appropriate neighborhood relationship when given. In this study, we conducted 1) architectural design process analysis 2) simulator development 3) validation of simulator. As a result of architectural design process analysis, it was confirmed that the layout of the architectural interior space is essential. Simulator development includes 1) establishment of reinforcement learning environment 2) implementation of agent 3) implementation of reward system. To validate the simulator, three planar types were presented; a reward scheme was devised to guide each type; and the simulation was conducted according to the reward scheme. The simulation resulted in the desired planar type being produced by controlling the reward scheme (without having to learn the knowledge and experience of human architects). This confirms the availability of reinforcement learning-based spatial layout simulators.

The purpose of this study is to propose the place-based profiling that allows practitioners diagnose vulnerable spaces on CPTED project to prevent intrusion crime. In order to propose the checklist based on the place-based profiling, expert interviews and hands-on surveys are conducted. Then, based on the result of the interviews and surveys, the priorities of the place-based profile are derived through AHP-MC analysis. Based on the analysis, both on-site diagnostics and statistical analyses are conducted to determine whether the criteria explains the environment in which intrusive crime occurred. Also it could indicate a significant amount of correlation between the place-based profiling results and the extent of the crime. Finally, various and granular diagnostic cards that could account for around 80% of the physical environment affecting intrusive crime on the target are comprehensively proposed by combining factors.

Recently, through Living Lab operated by residents, there has been an active movement to solve and improve problems in urban regeneration areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop an "Alley Recorder Training Course" program for the operation of resident-participated Living Lab and analyze the educational growth process of participants. To this end, the "Alley Recorder Training Course" was developed, a systematic program for the operation of resident-participating Living Lab, conducted a four-month one-to-three-step program for residents, and examined the effect on residents who completed the Alley Recorder Training Course. The results of the study are as follows. First, the alley recorder training process increased the sense of community among residents. Second, the alley recorder training process had a positive impact on the change in residents' perception of village changes. Third, the Alley Recorder Training Course strengthened the ability of residents to make substantial changes in the village by participating in the recording living wrap. This study is significant in that it developed an educational program that allows residents to participate in initiative and verified its effectiveness.

Global cities are confronting challenges to seek usable sites, particularly public domains including brownfield and underused infrastructures to provide open space, inexpensive housing and other infill developments. Railroad yard is a large-scale urban planning infrastructural complex containing series of railroad tracks and supporting operational facilities which offers vast amount of open space to be built at multi-level. This study examines a unique railroad site of Shinjung Railroad Yard that has integrated an artificial ground to provide public housing. Nevertheless, currently the multi-level development is confronted with noise vibration problem, community severance design issue and discriminative perspectives toward to social housing. Relevant international precedents of multi-level and multi-use developments among railroad yard are analyzed regarding environmental, physical and social implications to derive implications for enhancing the Shinjung Railroad Yard. The result demonstrates the necessity to strengthen regional and communal connectivity through creating various public spaces on the artificial ground level, attract alternative public programs in proper locations, and develop the adjacent unexploited sites. The resolutions of the housing development integrated to an underused urban infrastructure in the case of Shinjung Railroad site further contributes to provide preliminary design instructions and implementational considerations in terms of future multi-level and mix-used infill developments among obsolete, underused urban planning facilities.

Recent sustainable urban regeneration encouraging place-making, shifts it paradigm towards recapturing existing valuable resources by applying low budget and technologies to invigorate the local community and encourage social participation. Space up-cycling has emerged as one of these intervention tactics that extends the connotation of recycling and redesigning old materials to prolong its advantages in terms of placed-based. Up-cycled spaces are based on low-budget strategies that preserve the site context with further multi-functional planning and programming for the local citizen. In this context, this study was conducted to understand the spatial characteristics and usage patterns of the Donuimun Museum Village, which was reborn by preserving and utilizing its form through space up-cycling strategy, recognizing the authentic sociocultural and historical value. A survey was conducted in order to examine current status of use, participation in experience programs, recognition of history, and satisfaction with the creation plan. Some major findings include, (1) the development and tourism content for visitors were used frequently by family oriented visitors, (2) the up-cycled Donuimun Museum Village was particularly revisited by community and citizen networking and (3) the up-cycled programs utilizing historical and cultural resources needed some structural recombination and stronger connection, especially for the first-time visitors. The Donuimun Museum possesses self-sustaining and reproduction ability among active visitors who continuously produce and accumulate further cultural resources. In addition, it is a significant space up-cycling case in terms of acknowledging the reinforcement of urban regeneration identity through preserving sociocultural and historical resources that allows positive behavioral patterns and communal connections.

Building remodeling is widely applied to many buildings because it has the advantage of not only constructing a pleasant and sustainable living environment but also reusing resources. Remodeling for apartment buildings, which are on residential use, is also carried out worldwide, including Korea. The Korean government launched a remodeling research group to develop remodeling technology, such as 'remodeling area planning optimization tool' and 'remodeling prototypes by floor plan type' required for remodeling design. However, it has not been verified to what extent the developed technologies are actually effective. This study aims to verify the 2 technologies developed for remodeling design through expert design experiments. The design experiments were conducted with professional architects, being verified in terms of floor plan efficiency, load-bearing wall removal amount, and floor plan satisfaction. The results of the study are as follows. (1) In terms of floor planning efficiency, it was found to have a quantitative time difference in designing with the time reduction of 24% depending on the technology. (2) It was verified that the ratio of demolition of load-bearing walls decreased by 6.44% for experts who applied the remodeling prototype. (3) Satisfaction level with the floor plan was relatively high for experts who applied the remodeling prototype on designing.

Many cities around the world are adopting smart city as a new urban model. In this context, smart city indexes are becoming more important for assessing and evaluating smart cities. A number of smart city indexes were developed in Korea in the past few years, by different entities for different purposes and with no relation to each other. From a user's perspective, this led to difficulty in understanding smart city indexes and also reduced the usefulness and effectiveness of various indexes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the smart city indexes currently being developed in Korea, and present a comprehensive framework that can integrate and link these smart city indexes. First, we define 'result-centric' and 'process-centric' evaluation structures for smart city indexes based on literature research. Second, the features and structures of smart city indexes under development were analyzed to develop a comprehensive framework for all smart city indexes, with focus on the indexes from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Third, the concept of smart city index framework is presented, in which various smart city indexes can be organized and utilized. This framework is expected to provide better understanding of different smart city indexes in Korea, and enable better usage and communication among different users of these indexes to address various economic, environmental, social, and other urban issues.

This study seeks to overcome COVID-19 and re-examine the balcony as a new, differentiated residential space that requires change in the coming post-corona era. In this study, theoretical considerations on the concept and definition of the balcony and the original purpose and function are reviewed. This study compares and analyzes standards and cases for open balconies that can function as private outdoor spaces in Korea and major foreign countries. The key results of this study are as follows. First, while in Korea, the system is operated to install an open balcony as one of the specialized measures in terms of urban landscape, overseas, the system is designed to perform the original function of the balcony, such as a comfortable living environment and space for evacuation that it is operating. Second, while in Korea, the scale of installation of balconies is limited through regulations that exclude the inclusion of floor area, in overseas countries, specific standards for the shape of open balconies, such as the protruding width and length, are prepared. As a follow-up to this study, institutional research should be conducted to specify the standard for the shape and size of external balconies, and safety and performance standards.

In Korea, real estate prices have risen to their highest level in the past five years. Income levels are not supported, apartment consumers tend to rush to buy apartments through excessive loans. It is necessary to find factors that affect apartment prices for reasonable purchases by consumers. However, previous studies have limited interest in some variable effects or limited analysis of specific regions. In this paper, we investigated all the apartments in legal district(dong), Daegu Metropolitan City. and we tried to find factors that affect the Posted price and actual transaction price of apartments through multiple regression analysis. As a result, we found six factors that affect apartment prices. Specifically, physical factors such as the dedicated area, elapsed years, and the number of highest floors could be found. In addition, the number of private academies, the number of households, and the park area were derived. it was different from the expectation that apartment prices would decrease as the park area per person increased.

The purpose of this study is to analyze requests for Advice of relevant officials on public building regulations and procedures under "the Act on the Promotion of Building Service Industry" to examine key features and perceptions, and to present measures to improve the system for public building creation. According to the analysis of the advisory request, the percentage of requests for advice by public institutions and the contents of questions are different, there are many requests for simple interpretation of laws, and some limitations such as lack of understanding and consensus can be identified. Based on the analysis of these consultation requests, Setting the scope of building planning, improvement of expert referral criteria, reset role and function of project plans, and alternative methods of public building review and actualization of the deliberation institution were proposed. As an institutional improvement plan to link the "Special Act on Public Building" proposed in the National Assembly, the methodology diversification and support system were proposed to distinguish the concept of public architecture from broad meaning and consultation. However, in order to make this more effective, the consensus of relevant practitioners on the public value of public building must be established, and the spread of regional centers to support public building and the re-establishment of the role of national centers must be done at the same time. In addition, in order for the "Special Act on Public Building" to work effectively, studies for social consensus along with continuous public building education will have to be conducted in the future.

To revitalize the declining downtown, it is necessary to improve the settlement conditions and increase the settlement population. Consequently, this paper proposed a plan for urban regeneration to convert the vacancy of the city office into urban housing and analyzed the solution for securing the legal parking space for the conversion. For the analysis, seven plan prototypes were set up by classifying all offices in the old downtown of Daegu by the number of floors, slenderness ratio, core type, and typical floor area. Based on this, if the entire office vacancy is converted into urban housing, it is required an additional 15-30% of parking, and if it is impossible to expand additional parking within the site, parking space should be secured by utilizing existing urban assets such as underground urban parks and public parking lots. Meanwhile, if an office vacancy is converted into a complex facility that combines residential, neighborhood facilities, office(SOHO), and community facilities, legal parking is satisfied with existing parking space without further expansion. To this end, the parking expansion plan required for the converted housing is necessary for sustainable urban regeneration by facilitating the universal applicability of the office-to-residential conversion and increasing the urban housing rate.

Due to rapid changes in the technology and global business markets and environments, work organizations must deal with uncertainty, and seek out more creative and innovative solutions to be competitive. Workplace needs to support knowledge workers to communicate more efficiently and effectively in order to increase collaboration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of office configuration to support formal and informal communication, in terms of openness and visual access, using visual integration and connectivity. For this study, comparative cases were collected based on time periods. One group ranges from 2016 to 2020 (12 cases), and the other is from 2006 to 2010 (6 cases). Spatial relation between each functional area were examined. Visual integration and mean depth were conducted using the depthMapX program, Visibility Graph Analysis including connectivity in each functional area within offices, and Visual Isovist in entry and community spaces. The results showed apparent changes in office configurations: older offices have more open spaces in individual workstation areas, which are commonly found in open plan offices. The newer office cases have more community areas, which are more frequently nodes and located within the main functional areas of whole office spaces. In the newer office cases, which are concerned with communication and collaboration, community spaces are more connected with other office areas, and less openness in private individual workstations is commonly found.

Along with the government's BIM activation policy, the demand for BIM education is increasing. Due to COVID-19, the BIM education environment is also rapidly changing to a non-face-to-face method based on digital technology. This study presented a BIM learning objective classification scheme based on Bloom's digital taxonomy. Using this classification scheme, content analysis was performed on the learning modules of four BIM subjects. Content analysis included learning objectives and content, activity tools, lecture time, and amount of lecture notes. To analyze learning objectives, online recorded contents, lecture notes, lesson plans, and course plans provided through LMS were referred to. In addition, the results of the lecture evaluation and content satisfaction survey of learners in each subject were analyzed. By synthesizing the learning goal analysis and learner satisfaction analysis results of BIM subjects, constructive implications for distance education and BIM education were presented.

Korean residential bathrooms were established as windowless indoor rooms, wet-spaces, and Western-style integrated types throughout 1910s to 1970s. There have been changes in additional composition and improvements in facilities and materials, but the basic compositions has been maintained for a long time. In order to understand such Korean residential bathrooms, a specific research on the settlement process up to the 1970s is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand Korean residential bathrooms by analyzing the process of changes from Japanese colonial era which was the beginning of the change, to the 1970s when the basic composition was established. The periods are divided into Japanese colonial era(1910-45), the Housing-mix era after liberation(1945-70), and the Apartment settlement era(1970s). The housing plan drawings from each period were collected to analyze the changes. Due to the influence of Japan, toilets were included in the main building and were separated according to the purpose. And after liberation, separation was simplified and the space became wet-space by showing Korean's traditional habits. And, with the development of apartments and technical support, a basic bathroom composition that combines Korean-style wet-spaces and Western-style integrated-room types has been established.

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the use of the name of the traditional wall construction member, and then to examine the meaning of the name of the traditional wall construction member through comparison with the actual case. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, Chinese characters for each member are as follows: Mullion(Junggit) is most often used as "中衿(木)" in the literature, with examples such as "中衿(木)", "中棨" and "中其叱". Batten(Gasisae/Sac) is identified as "棘塞", "架上木", "加時槊", "加時槊", and "槊(木)" and uses "槊(木)" the most. Oe was first used as "柧木" and later as "椳(木)" in the 18th century. The Jambs used Chinese characters such as "壁縇", "壁楦" and "壁楥". Second, the main components of the wall analyzed through the usage are the Earth-mullion, Junggit, Gasisae(Sac), and Oe. Existing Earth-mullion has been recognized as the same members as the Jambs. However, the literature shows that the wall and the member specifications are separate, and that they are similar in size to the Junggit. Through literature use analysis such as 『Uigwe for Construction the Tomb of Crown Princess Hye(顯隆園園所都監儀軌)』(1816) and 『Uigwe for Construction the Tomb of King Tungjo(正祖健陵山陵都監儀軌)』(1821), it was confirmed that the width of the member was thinner than 105mm. Third, we considered the meaning of the name of the components of the wall through actual examples. Earth-mullion differs from Jamb depending on the composition of the wall. Both Jamb and Earth-mullion are vertical members between the lines exposed to the outside. However, unlike lintels with similar specifications of lnbang and members, Earth-mullion is a lintel exposed to the outside while acting as Junggit, so it consists of a thinner width than Lintel in buildings. A Gasisae(Sac) is defined as a component that is installed perpendicular to Junggit if Junggit is present, or that is installed regardless of direction if Junggit is not present, and that is Oeyeokkgi with Oe. Oe is a part that is installed horizontally and vertically to fill the background on which the earth wall is applied.

This study aims to diagnose actual conditions of house repair support projects in Urban Regeneration New Deal and to present policy implications including improvement measures. For this, the study focused on house repair support projects implemented in Urban Regeneration New Deal Area of Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, analyzing housing repair support criteria, implementation systems, and budget execution types, and assessing whether the results of house support projects were equivalent to the government-set purpose. As a result, the current status of housing maintenance and management was insufficient due to high proportion of old houses and old ages of owners. In addition, house repair support projects did not contribute sufficiently to urban landscape because they focused more on building performance of old houses.

This study explores the effect of urban design education applying virtual reality technology on students' learning motivation. The empirical study was conducted on 28 students majoring in urban design at a university. The first experimental group of 14 students was taught with a virtual reality application, and the second comparison group of 14 students was taught with a classic education method with drawing and modeling. The results are summarized as follows. First, there was a significant difference in students' learning motivation between the two groups. Based on the ARCS model, the experimental group showed higher scores in all items including the total score compared to the comparison group, and in particular, the attention and satisfaction factors showed statistically significant differences between the two groups. The students in the experimental group felt great interest in the application of virtual reality in the design processes and were satisfied with sharing on-time opinions with team members. Second, the two groups of students showed differences in what they considered important factors in the district unit plan. The students in the control group chose open space, building facade, and color as crucial factors, but the students in the experimental group prioritized open space along with three-dimensional aspects such road width and building height. Based on these findings, this study suggests that the application of virtual reality in urban design education can be an alternative method in promoting students' learning motivation.

Double-skin facade (DSF) systems offer various opportunities for ventilation and heating. This study developed a multi-story, passive DSF system for an office building with single-sided ventilation to exploit passive ventialtion and heating in winter. The key design strategies used for the passive DSF include comparmentalization of cavities, increased cavity height for the greater preheating effect, while offering individual control for each room. EnergyPlus was used for building energy simulation coupled with the airflow-network model. Our results showed that the increased cavity heights led to the greater airflow and pre-heating effect. The test models helped mitigate the extreme indoor environment in winter, and the consequent indoor air temperature depended on the dynamics between the ventilation and the preheating effect.

In Korea, it is common to determine the capacity of individual gas-fired boilers based on the floor area or unit heating load of residential buildings. With this approach, the current tendency of heating load reduction can not be taken into account when sizing the individual gas-fired boilers for low-energy apartment buildings. Most of the low-energy apartment buildings might be equipped with over-sized boilers, which would cause the boiler to operate with low efficiency particularly under part load conditions. As the over-sized boilers can deteriorate the energy saving performance of low-energy apartment buildings, this study was conducted to suggest the necessity of adjusting the output range of individual gas-fired boilers. For this purpose, heating and domestic hot water load of apartment buildings were analyzed considering the historical change of energy saving design standards. The analyzed loads were compared with the output range of household gas-fired boilers currently available on the market. The results showed that the heating output of the boilers is over-sized, even though the heating load has been reduced by 53%. It was found that the part-load output of boilers was significantly higher than the heating load, which would lead to the reduced efficiency during the part load conditions. It was also found that the individual room control can increase the difference between the boiler part-load output and heating load. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the output range of boilers by lowering the part-load output and to increase the turn-down ratio of boilers in order to improve the energy efficiency of low-energy apartment buildings.

It has been widely acknowledged that rational decision making at architectural design stage is important for energy efficient building design. In other words, the relationship between building energy use and design variables must be carefully analyzed. For this purpose, the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) can be a useful tool because GSA quantifies the unit change of a model's output against the unit change of the individual model input for the entire input space. With the use of GSA, the influence of each design variable can be quantified in terms of sensitivity index. However, such sensitivity index can be dependent on crude assumptions for building usage scenarios, e.g. occupant density, equipment density, infiltration rate, etc. In general, these parameters are set as deterministic values based on simulationist's subjective judgment, and it can be inferred that this subjective assmptions could cause uncertainty in sensitivity analysis. With this in mind, the authors propose a sensitivity analysis process for building energy design variables considering the uncertainty of building use scenarios. For this purpose, Sobol sensitivity analysis was performed on five design variables (wall U-value, fenestration SHGC, lighting power density, window U-value, window-wall ratio) according to assumptions of five building usage scenarios (occupant density, equipment density, infiltration rate, cooling and heating set-point temperatures). As a result, it is found that uncertainty in the sensitivity of design variables is significant and the sensitivity ranking of the design variables can vary. This indicates that in order to reach rational decision making, careful attention must be paid to selection of uncertain building usage scenarios, and stochastic sensitivity analysis must be employed.

Building wind refers to strong winds or circulating airflows formed around buildings by arrangement and shape of buildings. Building winds occur around most buildings, especially high-rise buildings. Today, risk of building winds is increasing due to high-rise and high-density cities. When designing a high-rise building, it is necessary to evaluate influence of building wind by building and take measures to reduce building wind. However, in Korea, social awareness of building wind is lacking, and there are insufficient measures for wind environment evaluation criteria and building wind environmental impact assessment. Therefore, in this study, wind speed and direction of target area were evaluated through field surveys of building winds observed in pedestrian walkways near high-rise buildings.

The present study proposed a hybrid damping system that can minimize structural damage caused by an earthquake. In hybrid damping system, a rotational friction damping device and a steel hysteresis damping device are connected in parallel. The rotational friction damping device with high stiffness operates at low displacement; and then, it behaves in a composite movement at high displacement to dissipate the energy generated by an earthquake. To propose the hysteresis characteristic and numerical analysis model of the composite damping device, a total of 15 specimens were prepared and were made to undergo cyclic loading according to the damping device test methods of KDS 41 17 00 and MOE 2019. From the results of the experiment, the maximum and minimum loads at the origin, as well as in each direction, and the hysteresis curve area were determined to be within the maximum ±6% of the average value, satisfying the suitability criteria of Korea damping devices. The four numerical analysis models, which were proposed for the vibration suppression and seismic reinforcement effect evaluation, adequately simulated the experimental results; however, the tri-linear model exhibited a tendency to underestimate the energy absorption capacity at 60mm the experimental displacement.

In this paper, filed measurement and structural analysis were performed syntagmatically to figure out structural characteristics of traditional timber structure. Load cell was installed between column and foundation stone to measure column axial force, and ambient vibration test was performed to measure natural vibration frequency and mode shape. The results of these two field measurements were compared and verified by the 3-dimensional structural analysis results. From the axial force measurement and structural analysis, the roof load was estimated 4.763kN/m², and this figure belongs to the general range of the traditional timber building. The roof loading pattern of 32 regions was applied to the analysis model, it showed 98.36% accuracy for the measured column axial forces. From the comparison between ambient vibration measurement and eigenvalue analysis, the relative rotational stiffness of the main structural members were evaluated to be 10~20%. It turned out that the stiffness of walls should be considered in analyzing the traditional timber structure.

In this study, a methodology is developed to evaluate vulnerability (mean damage probability) curves of debris-flow for low/mid-rise buildings based on the fragility (exceedance damage probability) curves and mean damage ratio (MDR). In order to evaluate fragility curves, First Order Second Moment (FOSM) method is applied in this study. In the FOSM method, the maximum horizontal displacement of the building caused by the static and dynamic loadings of debris-flow is estimated as the effect of the external force, and the median/log-standard deviation values of spectral displacement of earthquake fragility of buildings developed by National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) are used as the resistance statistics. MDR of the building subjected to the load of debris-flow is established based on literatures of the post investigations of debris-flow and landslide disasters, and is applied to convert the fragility curve to vunerability curve. 32 different types of vulnerability curves for buildings are databased as the variables of log-normal cumulative distribution function (CDF) after calibration and correction with the available post-disaster data sets. The vulnerability curves developed in this study may be used for risk and loss assessment of buildings subjected to debris-flow hazards. The developed methodology can be also applied if information of the fragility is available and the vulnerability has to be estimated from the fragility.

This study proposes a seismic retrofitting method using a concrete-filled steel tube frame (CSTF) system, a novel technique to improve the limitations of existing seismic strengthening methods. The CSTF method makes the most of the advantages of both concrete and steel pipes, thereby significantly improving constructability and increasing integration between the existing structure and the reinfoR/Cement joints. This method falls into the category of typical seismic retrofitting methods that focus on increasing strength, in which the required amount of seismic reinfoR/Cement can be easily estimated. Therefore, the method provides an easy solution to improving the strength of existing reinforcrd concrete (R/C) structures with non-seismic details that are prone to shear failure. In this study, a full-size two-story frames modeled from existing R/C structures with non-seismic details was subjected to pseudo-dynamic testing. As a result, the effect of the CSTF system, when applied to existing R/C structures, was examined and verified, especially as to its seismic retrofitting performance, i.e., restoring force characteristics, stiffness reinforcement, and seismic response control. The results showed that the RC frame with no retrofitting measures applied underwent shear failure at a seismic intensity of 200 cm/s², the threshold applied in seismic design in Korea. In contrast, in the frame retrofitted with the CSTF system, only minor earthquake damage was observed, and even when the maximum seismic intensity (300 cm/s²) that may occur in Korean was applied, small-scale damage was observed. These results confirmed the validity of the seismic retrofitting method based on the CSFT system developed in the present study.

Although U-shaped composite beams have been widely used in the field due to the optimized sectional configuration and excellent constructability, no analysis model dedicated to U-shaped composite beams is available in design codes and guidelines. In the present study, based on failure mechanisms of U-shaped composite beams, a simplified plastic hinge model is proposed and its moment-rotation relationship is defined including strength-degradation for performance-based design. Various flexural failure modes including the concrete crushing, bar fracture, steel fracture, and steel buckling were considered for various types of U-shaped composite beams (conventional U-shaped steel, welded U-shaped steel, and bolt-connected U-shaped steel sections). For verification, the proposed plastic hinge model was compared with existing test results, and the comparison showed that the predictions by the proposed model matched well with the test results, including deformation-capacity. A parametric study was also performed, and the parametric study results can give an insight to the design of U-shaped composite beams.

The purpose of this study is to find out the factors related to the recent roof collapse accidents of cultural heritage. The specimens were made in half shape of the roof and observed variation of load, temperature and humidity through real-time monitoring. After construction of the specimens, each of two specimens were dismantled at the time of 1, 2, and 4 months later to obtain the moisture content of soil and rafters. During the four months, the weight of the specimens decreased by 5.2%. Over time, the water content of the soil components tended to decrease, but the moisture content of rafters did not decrease. The moisture content according to the location of the rafters has a low moisture content from eaves to the beams, and has a high moisture content from the beams to the top. In the beam, the highest moisture content appears due to the construction of Dangolmak.

Both Korea and China have designated BIM application compulsory targets to revitalize BIM in the construction industry and established a BIM revitalization promotion plan. In order to obtain the expected effect of using BIM, it is necessary not only to purchase tools for BIM use and to prepare related systems and organizations, but also to identify and reflect user requirements through periodic performance evaluation from the user's point of view. Therefore, this study examines the strategies established for BIM activation in Korea and China, evaluates each country's BIM utilization performance, checks the investment direction for each country's BIM activation, and derives key improvement factors and improvement plans. The importance and performance of the expected effects of BIM are measured on a 7-point scale for construction industry practitioners in Korea and China who have experience in using BIM. We verify whether there is a significant difference in the importance and performance using t-test and derive priority improvement priorities for each country using IPA. According to the results of the analysis, in Korea, the effects of high importance were also high in performance. This is judged to be the result of relatively long-term investment based on a specific implementation plan for revitalizing BIM. On the other hand, unlike Korea, China does not show a specific trend, and 'Maintain relations with the client' has the highest performance in both the design and construction stages. It is judged that China is greatly influenced by external factors in the use of BIM. Through this, it is meaningful not only to identify improvement plans for each country, but also to suggest the necessity of establishing a specific implementation plan while presenting the characteristics of BIM utilization by adoption time.

In the rapidly changing social environment due to the recent development of technology, the importance of all working environments related to the improvement of workers' quality of life is increasing due to changes in industrial structure and employment conditions. In particular, employment instability is rapidly increasing due to the long-term economic recession and restructuring, the demographic structure is rapidly changing due to aging population and falling fertility rates, and the gender gap between workers is narrowing as women's social advancement has recently expanded. As the paradigm of the job market changes, friction between labor and management is increasing every year, and a social atmosphere has been created that securing a work-life balance due to the improvement of the working environment is linked to corporate productivity and industrial competitiveness. Workers in the construction industry have been working in poorer working conditions than other industries since the past. In particular, it may be even worse for female construction engineers who have entered the construction industry where a male-oriented culture is established and are working. Therefore, this study analyzes the employment and working conditions of female construction engineers with relatively poor working environments, identifies gender discrimination that may occur in the male-oriented construction industry, and derives problems that are currently occurring for female construction engineers. In addition, it is intended to provide basic data for preparing specific policies in the future by grasping the requirements for improving the employment and working conditions of current female construction engineers.