During the past decades, Korea has promoted apartments as the most efficient means for housing provision. Complying to the national economy of the past, early apartments were built with load-bearing wall structures with minimal floor heights and systems. As those apartments began to deteriorate, we have been witnessing numerous renewal projects where the aged apartments are fully demolished. Recently, with the rising awareness on the importance of a sustainable built environment, apartment remodeling is being attempted as the alternative renewal method for the aged apartments. However, the aforementioned physical conditions force remodeled apartments as being "inferior in terms of in-door air quality." In this regard, this study 1) proposes alternative remodeling designs that provide enhanced natural ventilation and 2) objectively examine their natural ventilation performances, compared to the current remodeling designs. This study should contribute towards the promotion of apartment remodeling, and ultimately, a more sustainable built environment.

In June 2014, "ACT ON VALUE ENHANCEMENT OF HANOK AND OTHER ARCHITECTURAL ASSETS" was enacted to conserve and spread architectural assets from a broad perspective. The term 'Hanok Architectural Style' has been newly introduced in the law for the purpose of broadly supporting Hanok. However, policy performance related with "Hanok Architectural Style" was remarkably low. The main reason for the sluggish performance is that the standards and scope of the "Hanok Architectural Style" are unclear. 'Hanok Architecture Style' defines the concept from a broad perspective in the four criteria of 'form, structure, technology and materials'. This originated from the legal purpose of embracing various hanoks and reflecting locality. However, for the proper policy operation, it is required to present an architectural image with minimum standards. Therefore, this study aims to embody the concept and category of the 'Hanok Architecture Style' by analyzing the types of cases. Cases were collected by conducting an online survey on architectural practice workers, and the types were classified through SOM cluster analysis. As a result of the study, six types of Hanok architecture were found. Type 1 - Hanok with pillars, beams, and a Korean roof frame on a wooden structure, but a part of the outer wall is improved, Type 2 - Hanok with modern or vertical architecture, Type 3 - Building with some Hanok elements applied, Type 4- Hanok taking the shape and structure of Hanok, Type 5 - Hanok, which takes the form of a hanok but has a concrete structure, Type 6 - A modern reinterpretation of traditional architecture were classified as above. These types show a wide range in terms of traditional fidelity, and show detailed differences in the degree of identification of traditional elements within each type. Using the research results, the boundary of the Hanok architectural style was identified and the architectural type was suggested, thereby providing a basis for establishing policy standards in the country or region.

As Korea and China rapidly enter the super-aged societies, their demand for nursing homes will also increase sharply. The residential cultures of the two countries have distinctive characteristics, which will certainly affect the planning and use of nursing homes. Accordingly, through the comparison of the characteristics of residential spaces in Korea and China, this paper aims to obtain differences in spatial planning for nursing homes. In the residential space in Korea, public spaces such as living rooms and dining rooms are placed at the center, while private spaces are decentralized. These characteristics illustrate differences from China in the layout of the residential spaces. As a result of comparing the characteristics of private spaces and public spaces in nursing homes in both countries using the space syntax, it is analyzed that nursing homes in Korea place more importance on privacy than those in China. When compared to private spaces in Chinese nursing homes, it is determined that private spaces in Korean nursing homes display relatively more independence. Also, in Korean nursing homes, public spaces are more accessible than private spaces, and it is easier to secure privacy in private spaces than in Chinese nursing homes. However, in China, private spaces have higher accessibility than that of public spaces, with more difficulty in securing privacy.

The purpose of this study is to suggest a direction of spatial planning for urban waterfront, which is changing from run-down industrial areas to a city center of life, by examining characteristics of waterfront from cultural and environmental point of views and analyzing the necessity of physical changes for characteristics of the two aspects. As a result of the study, land use about introduction of complex urban functions considering regional characteristics, three-dimensional space configuration considering connectivities with waterfronts, a common space that is a community space for revitalization of regional cultural industries and a destination of temporary visitors in one, formation of city identity through recycling of industrial heritage, a cultural hub that is formed through integration of common spaces, public culture programs that are connected to surrounding areas and secondary programs that support public culture programs and also generate profits were derived in the cultural aspects. Water-friendly spaces and sustainable pollution restoration of soil for safe public spaces on the waterfront, technical and spatial networks for establishing a sustainable living system and a collective spaces for its operation, road systems and waterway accessibilities characterized by inclusive accessibility through planning of various methods were derived in the environmental aspects.

This study targets the area around Cheoldanggan Square in Yongdusaji, the historical center of Cheongju. After creating a Noli map that extends the concept of publicity of the external space to the interior space of the store, the effect that the expansion of the public domain can have on the spatial structure and characteristic expression of the region is examined. The results of the study are as follows. 1) First, the public space represented by the streets and plazas was harmonized with a group of low-rise buildings, showing the possibility of reversal based on 'figure and ground' theory 2) Second, the expansion of the public domain to the store space showed an open tendency such as a void in the space of 2 or 3 floors, the opening of the upper floors of halls and stairs, and the restoration of the existing courtyard that had disappeared. 3) Third, buildings that showed an open tendency through horizontal and functional expansion of the public domain were interconnected through vertical and visual expansion of alleyways and slit spaces, resulting in more emphasis on the unique landscape characteristics of the region formed by low and dense buildings.

This study aimed to confirm the possibility of developing objective indexes for setting priorities and goals for the investment of government funds in infrastructure by examining citizens' demands for quality of life improvements. This study proposed a model that evaluates infrastructure service as a reflection of citizens' demands. The evaluation items of this model consisted of usability, accessibility, and recovery speed that citizens in the fields of transportation, water, energy, telecom, waste&environment, and living can experience. And the evaluation scale consisted of the likert 5-point scale for usability, and the average duration required for accessibility and recovery speed. Based on previous studies related to quality of life assessment, operating cases involving infrastructure assessment systems in advanced countries, and goals and guidelines for improving each sector of infrastructure that the government and public institutions have established. In order to verify the necessity of the proposed model, the infrastructure service was surveyed for 1,250 Seoul citizens. As a result, we confirmed that there are regional differences in demand and priority. It is expected to serve as the basis for establishing infrastructure policies to improve the people's living quality by continuously monitoring the demands of citizens through the development of the infrastructure service index.

With the worldwide increase in the elderly population, interest in the quality of life of the elderly has sparked many studies on age-friendly cities, but most of them have focused on improving the physical environment promoting the social participation of the elderly in existing urban settings. The purpose of this research is to understand how the specifically planned community facilities and physical environment are being used and how they influence the formation of community in new towns in terms of aging in place to suggest a direction for revitalizing the communities of the elderly. This research identified characteristics of the newly formed senior community in the City of Sejong through a qualitative study including interviews with users of two distinct elderly community facilities, the "Senior Culture Center" and "Senior Club," focusing on two planned neighborhoods. The usage patterns and characteristics of the elderly community facilities under study are summarized as follows. First, there is a lack of diversity in community facilities for the elderly and a shortage of critical facilities, such as community restaurants and public spa. Second, there is stratification of the elderly among specific facility users. Third, indifference toward the various lifestyles of elderly people creates a blind spot for the elderly's use of community facilities. Fourth, the mobility problems of the elderly, such as difficulties with pedestrian environments and public transportation, influence their use of community facilities. Based on the findings, this research suggested three ways to revitalize the elderly community. First, relocating and redistributing programs of senior clubs is recommended to avoid redundancy and inefficient sharing of the facilities in the community. Second, it is necessary to resolve the stratification of the elderly by expanding exchange opportunities through physical and psychological linkages between the "Senior Culture Center" and "Senior Club." Finally, creating links with various public facilities, such as medical, religious, and school facilities, will enable elderly people in blind spots to use community facilities easily.

The purpose of this study is to identify interrelationship between advanced technology and Urban activity in order to understand the importance of considering the context of public space and urban activities during the implementation of advanced technologies. This study analyzes advanced technology based on globally recognized oversea and local company case, and then direct relationship between urban activity and advanced technology is determined. Based on the analyzation, top six advanced technologies were Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Internet of Things, Autonomous Vehicle, Extended Reality and 5G. And urban activities interlinked with identified advanced technologies were Maintenance, Transaction, Place Information, Mobility, Event and Interaction. Hence, correlation between advanced technology and urban activity proves the multi-relationship between urban activities, public space and technologies which is in turn the evolution theory of the city. Finally, this paper shows the importance of considering urban activities when implementing advanced technology into the public space to eliminate unwanted situation primitively.

The purpose of this study was to develop the evaluation system for the universal design space environment using weighted values as universal design principles for everyone. The basic principles for the universal design was drawn to equity, clarity, safety, convenience, and placement through focused group interview and arrangement of key words of precedent scholars' theories and the enacted ordinances. Then, a one-sample t-test was conducted for the various user and experts in the relevant fields to verify the suitability of the basic principles and components used as evaluation indicators. An analysis result of the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) to experts, The basic principle is that equity and safety are important, and the evaluation indicators is shown as accessibility, safe, low physical effort, intuitive cognition, simplicity, crime prevention, continuity of space, compatibility of function, and exchange and participation. Based on the above results, it suggests the need to rethink the meaning of universal design in urban architectural spaces. In order to create and spread a space where all citizens can live safely and conveniently, it presents the need for awareness education for experts as well as the participation of various users in implementing universal design policies.

The value and meaning of the recording of buildings are already being discussed. However, there is a lack of research on the meaning and specific progress of the recording projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to organize the process and methodology of recording the physical characteristics of buildings in redevelopment areas. The cases of recording selected in this study derived three value factors: history, architecture and social aspects. First, the historical value of the buildings subject to survey was derived through a preliminary survey. Second, the technical features of modern buildings were derived through actual measurements. Third, the social value that the surveyor could find in the process of manually surveying inside the building was derived, different from other actual measurement methods. This study was conducted as follows. First, we looked at the current status of records and prior research in the redevelopment areas. Second, the historical values and characteristics of the urban Hanok and the rice cake alleys in the Yeongcheon Redevelopment Area were analyzed. Third, the actual measurement of major buildings was conducted according to the recording method. Finally, the value of the building and the characteristics of the area were derived through the recording.

The study examined the planning and architectural transformation of the Seoul Central Masjid, the first existing mosque in Korea, and considered its meaning. Seoul Central Masjid was built during the period when there was a lack of information on Islamic architecture, and it was designed in the 1970s based on a superficial idea of what a masjid should be like. During the construction process, the building was completed in a form of omission and alteration, unlike the initial plan. After the construction, the building underwent several architectural transformations while using the space. The study examined what designs were adopted to realize Islamic architecture that was unprecedented in Korea at that time. Also, the condition of the Seoul Central Masjid which was realized through design alterations was to examine how it has changed while using since its construction. This study is further meant as a consideration of the multicultural space that has not been dealt with much in Korea so far.

In different types of arts, appropriation is understood as a creative method. The pure creations are rare and most of the creations are the appropriations in art. The study constructed a criticism model on architectural appropriation based on the aesthetics of appropriation. Previously the criticism flow chart of architectural appropriation was suggested for just the cases which the architects mentioned about borrowing ideas or inspiring projects. This study forced on the accused cases of plagiarism which the architects never mentioned about the idea of appropriation. Therefore the study suggested 3 different criticism approaches; excluding the commodified architectures, tectonic approach, and aesthetic approach. In addition to that, the structure of art criticism was applied in the new model which is the description, interpretation, and evaluation to explain the specific stage of each criticism. As a result, the study reconstructed criticism model on the architectural appropriation for the accused cases of plagiarism which the architects did not have mentioned on appropriation. The next study will use the new criticism model on the real cases on architectural plagiarism. Therefore the view of creation in architecture may change to accept the idea of aesthetics of appropriation.

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the lighting and ventilation performance of a 2-bay type of remodeling unit plan, and to propose lessons for improving environmental performance. For the data for analysis, three remodeling unit plans were applied. The methodology of the study adopted a method that allows lighting and ventilation to be quantitative. For the lighting analysis, a methodology to derive the LEED standard sDA index was applied, and the ventilation analysis was to analyze the natural ventilation performance in the complex and unit plan through the CFD analysis program as an AOA index. The results of the study are as follows. The lighting performance is expected to show similar lighting performance to the existing floor plan through the remodeling planning. In terms of ventilation, performance is expected to decrease in some areas, but performance is expected to improve through window planning adjustment.

General hospitals are used by many, including patients and visitors that are physically vulnerable to fine dust. Passive planning with the spatial structure of hospitals to cope with fine dust should be considered, in terms of public health, climate adaptation and sustainability. The purpose of this study is to compare the shape and volume of a lobby space that is advantageous in reducing the influx and influence of external fine dust in the main lobby space of a general hospital. In this study, ultrafine dust(PM2.5), which can adversely affect health, was targeted. Based on the morphological classification of lobby spaces in general hospitals in the preceding study, the spread of PM2.5 in lobby spaces was investigated through simulation. The lobby and the elevator hall through which fine dust can spread throughout the building were covered in the simulation. The results are as follow. If the other conditions are the same, the amount of PM2.5 reaching the elevator hall slightly decreased as the lobby area increased, and it significantly decreased as the height of the lobby increased. In the case of the same area and height of the lobby, when the X-axis length was longer than the Y-axis length, the amount of ultrafine dust reaching the elevator hall was less. It implies that the direction of the incoming air with dust and the spatial axis is closely related, and the follow-up study should be conducted including variables such as climatic conditions, direction of openings, and spatial axis.

The purpose of this study was to analyze actual use of Privately-owned public space in Pangyo New Town and to find out why it does not work properly in residential areas. Pangyo New Town intended to build a shared landscape by guiding Privately-owned public space outside the private land of detached houses to make up a walkable footpath and a shared spaces between neighbors. Contrary to the intention of the plan, it was occupied in various ways and privatized by needs of residents, and that it was not made up a shared space to protect privacy. there was a problem with the planning intentions in the private land. it was not successfully worked because of the uniform layout and narrow size designated by urban planning. It was also confirmed that residents were unable to use Privately-owned public space due to regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the need for a plan for Privately-owned public space planned for detached-housing areas.

The purpose of this study is to identify effectiveness factors for crime prevention and residents' satisfaction through analysis of pre- and post-project crime and survey data in the CPTED(crime prevention through environmental design) pilot project area. According to the study, the five major crimes in the target area were reduced by 64.6%, and hot-spots were reduced by focusing on areas applied CPTED strategies. Especially, thefts decreased by more than 50% from 18.6 cases to 9.0 cases per year, and the fear of crimes related to vulnerable environments such as burglary and drunken disturbance was greatly reduced. The majority of respondents (83.0%) were aware of the CPTED applied to the region, and the satisfaction level of improving the environment vulnerable to crime was over 70%. In addition, crime rate and fear of crime were expected to decrease by more than 80 percent, and the continuation and expansion of the CPTED project was approved by more than 90 percent of the respondents. Among the CPTED strategies, the satisfaction and the expected effect of crime prevention of safety pathway, CCTV, emergency bell, children's parks and wall painting which applied the principles of surveillance, legibility and activity support were high. In conclusion, this study is meaningful in that it has identified the effectiveness of the CPTED project and the satisfaction level of residents through empirical analysis and has identified a valid crime prevention strategy.

In the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, a user-customized service recommendation system has been gaining attention in the terms of ultra-personalization, which collects and analyzes customer information in real time to increase satisfaction through reflecting the user's preference. In line with this global trend, various studies have been conducted to reflect the user's perspective through the analysis of housing preferences to support the housing decision-making process and improve service satisfaction. Unlike the previous studies that analyze the groups' housing preferences according to demographic and sociological characteristics, this study subdivided the analysis targets into the individuals to enable the derivation of housing preferences and the recommendation of customized housing alternatives. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the preferences of individual users by establishing an embedding-based residential recommendation system. Through this, it was intended to support a custom housing decision-making process from the individual user's point of view and to suggest one way to improve design quality as well as increase satisfaction in the architectural planning and design phase from the supplier's point of view.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the classification of Seoul's environmental lighting zone based on a high-resolution light pollution map of Seoul. This map was created through a data integration of night time images produced by VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) and ISS (International Space Station). This map provides a detailed space grid of light pollution which allows for a quantitative analysis of the light pollution in Seoul. There are four different environmental lighting zones in Seoul based on land use: Commercial/Industrial zones, Residential zones, Green zones and Protected natural areas. These zones have corresponding light emission standards by regulation in which the emission standards decrease in the order listed. Using the Grasshopper Image Sampler Algorithm of the light pollution map, this paper examines whether the current environmental lighting zone regulations agree with the current state of light pollution level. The result shows that a lot of residential areas of the 25 District of Seoul have the same or even higher light pollution level than commercial areas. This is because a lot of the residential areas have mix-used facilities where high levels of commercial activities occur at night, making the city at higher risk of light pollution. In lighting zone 3, residential zones, there is a clear pattern showing that 2nd class residential zones, 3rd class residential zones and mixed-use residential areas have higher light pollution levels than purely residential areas and 1st class residential zones. Between commercial zones and industrial zones which are both categorized as lighting zones 4, some industrial zones have lower light emission levels than residential zones at night depending on the type of business. Therefore, this research suggests lighting sub-zones for areas to have higher or lower light emission standards depending on its local land-use conditions and commercial activities for a more efficient way to manage and govern light pollution levels at night.

This study set out to identify the architectural features inherent in Nesting Boxes by Larry Bell, whose analysis had been poor in previous studies, and compare and analyze them with contemporary architecture by applying the object relations theory representing modern psychoanalysis of the 21st century to the gaze theory. The findings were as follows: first, 'Pacific Red II' one of his early Nesting Boxes, created several key Signifiants by repeating various eyes between six large-scale objects and the audience, thus expanding the conscious structure of human mind; second, the number of objects was reduced to two in 'Venice Fog II' that introduced sunlight. In 'Aspen Blues', the object inside the Nesting Boxes plays the role of projection as inner light in reaction to the introjection of sunlight; third, the Nesting Boxes since 'Pacific Red II' show the process of expanding from a single mother to other objects and moving away from a depressive position from the perspective of object relations theory; and finally, 'Kunsthaus Bregenz' by Peter Zumthor is at the stage of expanding the structure of human mind around an independent ego beyond a depressive position like 'Aspen Blues'.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changing process of interior space of Shanghai. To do this, we analyze the change of major facilities and land use by waterway, road, and district based on three time periods classified by major historical events in Shanghai. The results of the study are as follows. First of all, the process of modernization of the present area of Shanghai is a result of repeated improvements. The waterways for defense and trade are transformed from infrastructure for urban development to pharmaceutical facilities along with changes in time, and they are overcome through demolition and closure. Second, the past east - west waterway system is still valid as a modern transportation system. The traditional cotton textile industry using the east-west waterway from the inland to the Huangpu River has been transformed into a road connecting with the 16 ports of the Huangpu River in modern times. Now, it is being used as the main transportation system of Shanghai connecting Pudong area. Thirdly, the spatial structure of the interior area of Shanghai walled city by the waterway has different results due to the characteristics of land use and residential blocks.

This research analyzed the number of pedestrian traffic accidents before and after the pedestrian priority street project was introduced by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2013; the Project has since been implemented nationwide. Research has not been carried out much to analyze the effects of the introduction of pedestrian priority street projects, especially how much the reduction of pedestrian traffic accidents has been made, which is the most important goal of the pedestrian priority street project, and how the creation of pedestrian priority streets affects pedestrian traffic accidents. The Project uses the Traffic Authority's Traffic Accident Analysis System (TAAS) to identify the physical factors involved in reducing pedestrian traffic accidents, and the Poisson regression model to verify the Project's effectiveness and to prepare detailed improvement measures. Toward this end, the Seoul Metropolitan Government analyzed the factors affecting the number of pedestrian traffic accidents before and after the Project using the T-Test, and the number of pedestrian traffic accidents through Poisson regression analysis. The T-Test analysis showed statistically significant results, and the Poisson regression analysis showed that commercial areas, population density, floating population, road width, one-way traffic, crosswalk density, and closed-circuit television (CCTV) presence all were land-use characteristics that had an effect on pedestrian safety. These findings should be considered not only for pedestrian convenience or budget, but also for their effect on pedestrian safety when making land-use or installation decisions.

This study is an experimental attempt to explore alternatives based on urban form for the regeneration of spontaneous slope residential areas with alleys. For this purpose, the 3 hillside residential areas located behind Busan North Port, South Port, and Masan Port in Changwon are set up as the research site, the concept of 'major vertical alley' and 'alley block' was introduced, and the basic types of 'Tree-type' and 'Ladder-type' were established to derive a total of 12 detailed types according to the arrangement of alleys branching against a total of 354 alley blocks. And based on (1) analysis of the density of dwellings, (2) analysis of components of urban tissue that make up alleys, (3) analysis of alleyways, cul-de-sac alleys, and top alley-level, and (4) analysis of topographic analysis through means and range gradient, the spatial characteristics of each type of detail were analyzed to draw conclusions. This study is expected to be a basic study for the conservation of urban form and the search for the regeneration of the unplanned and informal settlements with alley.

This study aimed to draw implications by comparing and analyzing the FBR ordinance in the U.S., which is being implemented for the purpose of preserving regional characteristics, starting with the perception that the method of regulating franchise locations used in the Seoul District Unit Plan in coping with Gentrification has limitations. To this end, the background of the two systems, issues related to the implementation of the system, the definition, type, and method of regulation of targets regulated by each system were compared and analyzed, and how the actual commercial facility location regulation process would be. Since the FBR ordinance regulates Formula Business that sells standardized services and products that do not reflect regional characteristics, there is a difference in the definition of regulated targets from franchisees regulated in the district unit plan. In addition, as for the regulatory method, the FBR ordinance establishes not only regulated and unregulated areas, but also conditionally licensed areas to examine the suitability of the location and aesthetic compatibility of the business to be entered. so in district unit plan, more detailed regulatory method and procedure is needed because even the residents' council is not activated.

It is important to have detailed information on the number of occupants and their activities for appropriate building operation and control of HVAC systems. Indoor environment is affected by using thermal environmental devices, and the occupant's activities as well. Thus, this study focuses on the classification of occupant's activities using machine learning algorithms with indoor environmental data. We developed an occupant's status detection model by seasons(summer, winter, summer and winter) using classification algorithms. Data collection was performed in a Smart Living Testbed. This study categorized occupant's status into 7 activities; sleeping, resting, working, cooking, eating, exercising, or away. Two classification algorithms(KNN, Random Forest) were evaluated for the development of an occupant's behavior classification model. For Random Forest model using summer data, the accuracy of the occupant behavior detection model was 95.96% and for KNN, the accuracy was 94.75%. For models using winter data, the accuracy of Random Forest model was 98.91% and KNN was 98.90%. When we used summer and winter data together for the classification models, the accuracies of both models were 97.82% for Random Forest and 97.16% for KNN, respectively. However, cooking and rest showed lower accuracies compared to other activities.

Workers working indoors in a building have a problem with health threats caused by secondary pollutants in the factory environment, as well as fine dust pollutants. Among them, paint over-spray factories with more than 7,000 small-scale paint and coding booths in korea emit polycarbonate and volatile pollutants. Therefore, in this study, to improve the indoor air quality in a small-scale paint over-spray factory, a pollutant removal system (FLCS-IAQ; Facility Life Care System Indoor Air Quality) for removing thinner and volatile organic compounds was proposed based on IoT sensor technology. As a result of conducting CFD simulation and VOCs removal test for chamber and AC unit installed inside the system for the technical suitability of the system, it was found that two pollutant particles such as VOCs are possible. As a result of removal of VOCs based on demonstration test, particle collection efficiency was the highest and 93% VOCs removal efficiency was shown when the ratio of paint aerosol and sorbent supply was set at 1:1. VOCs inlet concentration was 140 ppm and outlet concentration was about 10 ppm, and the average VOCs removal of about 93% was confirmed during the test. In the future, it is expected that additional research on the installation location and number depending on the scale of the paint over-spray factory will be possible, but it is also possible to expand the indoor air pollution pattern and ventilation equipment according to the working pattern, and also to the painting for the interior site.

This study aims to propose the proper Unified Glare Rating (UGR) levels of light-emitting diodes (LED) lighting in office spaces. It would be the basis data for the development of LED lighting for them. A literature review was investigated regarding the effects of background luminance, luminance, solid angle, and position index on office users' discomfort glare for fluorescent lighting and LED lighting in office spaces. The recommended UGR for the spaces is 19 or below and it was found that lighting that causes discomfort glare is located within the user's field of view or in the line of sight. Discomfort glare within field of view was categorized as ceiling lighting and discomfort glare in the line of sight was categorized as wall lighting. In the case of ceiling lighting, discomfort glare of UGR≤19 resulted for fluorescent lighting with luminance of 4000 cd/㎡ and LED lighting with luminance of 2800 cd/㎡. For wall lighting, discomfort glare of UGR≤19 resulted for fluorescent lighting with luminance of 2844 cd/㎡ and LED lighting with luminance of 1800 cd/㎡. The discomfort glares of office space ceiling and wall lightings were analyzed and found to be greater for LED lighting than for fluorescent lighting. Therefore, discomfort glare of UGR≤16 needs to be considered for LED lighting in office spaces.

In this study, experimental research was carried out to improve and evaluate the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame regions using panel zone reinforced frames in existing reinforced concrete structure. It was constructed and tested three specimens retrofitting the frame infilled and externally using retrofitting steel frame. Specimens, designed by retrofitting the frame of existing reinforced concrete structure, were showed the stable failure mode and increase of load-carrying capacity due to the effect of crack control at the times of initial loading and confinement of retrofitting materials during testing. Specimens SRF-ES, designed by the retrofitting of panel zone reinforced frames in reinforced concrete frame were increased its maximum load carrying capacity by 2.53 times and its energy dissipation capacity by 2.54 times in comparison with standard specimen SRF for a displacement ductility of 7.

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of protection of ground Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants (POL) storage, which is essential for supporting military operations. For a reliable evaluation of the degree of protection, an empirical explosion test must be conducted, but finite element analysis was performed due to limitations in time, space, and budget. As a result of finite element analysis, the maximum stress of 685.97 kPa was measured at the point where the FirePit wall meets the ground, and the maximum displacement of the wall was measured to be 0.353 mm. It was confirmed that the point rotation angle was 0.004°, so that the main wall of the POL storage could withstand the corresponding blast pressure. From these results, the protection capability of POL storage, which is essential in the battlefield area of the Korean military was verified, and it was confirmed that it could be used in future military operations.

Particle swam optimization (PSO) technique is introduced to produce the Pareto optimal solutions in structural optimization. Both cost and deflection of beam to be minimized are considered as the objective functions and the values of stress and deflection are adopted as constraints. The weighted sum method is introduced to transform the multi-objective function problem into the single objective function problem and new weight function is introduced. The penalty function method is used to enforce design constraints during optimization process. Two numerical examples are carried out to verify the capability of PSO in structural optimization with multi-objective functions. From numerical results, the present PSO is a very effective way of finding Pareto front. Finally, we provide the present numerical results as future reference solutions using PSO.

Although many studies have been conducted on some factors (i.e., tensile reinforcement ratio, shear span-to-depth ratio, concrete compressive strength, and beam width-to-depth ratio) affecting the shear strength of concrete, studies on the effect of the cross-sectional size on the shear strength have not been achieved. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to conduct a study on the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams according to beam effective depth and shear reinforcement spacing. Based on these experimental results, the authors intend to use them as basic data for shear design of reinforced concrete beams by comparing and analyzing theoretical values by standard equations such as KBC 2016 and ACI 318-19 as well as proposed equations. As a result, each series of No.2 specimens (SH1-2, SH2-2 and SH3-2) with S_max = 0.67d (d/s = 1.5) similar to S_max = 0.7d by the CSA standard is 1.00 to 1.41. It was found that the current standard for shear bars = d/2 may be somewhat relaxed, but additional studies are needed to reflect this in the Korean Building Code.