In this study, the necessity of reorganization of the construction review system, which makes safety management mandatory regardless of scale, was examined for the efficient evaluation of building structures directly connected to the safety of the building. To this end, first, the expertise of each country's building permit examination was identified by comparing Korean and overseas building permit systems. Second, the problems were identified by comparing specific methods of examining and operating construction permits in Korea and Japan. Third, a survey was conducted for 91 experts who are actually engaged in construction-related work on the contents related to structural review and whether the reviewer was qualified in terms of building permits. Through this, a direction for improvement of the current architectural review system was suggested. As a result of the survey, the necessity of the building permit system was high, but a review was required for the length of the permit period. For a professional and unified architectural structure review, it is necessary to cultivate professional reviewers who have undergone unified examination education and qualification tests, and to clearly define and maintain the flow of examination. Based on improvement of the permit system and improvement of the review process, the review period will be shortened, and it is expected that a more advanced architectural structure review system will be established through mutual understanding and trust building.

Aesthetic preference of residents for interior finishing materials is an important factor to consider in the process of determining finishing materials, but the related research is limited. In addition, in the case of multi-family houses, designers cannot provide an alternative that meets the preference of residents because designers create an interior design by guessing the preferences of the residents. This study proposes a design support tool that collects and analyzes review data of Airbnb and provides designers with interior design cases preferred by residents. The proposed design support tool extracts user preferences and material information about Airbnb's interior design case through text mining and deep learning and recommends them to the designer. A case study was conducted on 858 rooms in Airbnb located in Seoul to verify the proposed design support tool. The results indicate that it was possible to provide similar cases preferred by a large number of users to the designer, and the designer could modify the design based on recommendations.

This study is to derive the evaluation factors of urban environment in the concentrated areas of foreigners in Korea. This is to analyze what urban and architectural characteristics are represented by country or culture. As for the evaluation elements, 3 intangible elements and 12 tangible elements were derived by using the Delphi method for 51 items by arranging the elements of urban and architectural evaluation and analysis mentioned in previous studies and various urban architecture guidelines. It is expected that it can be used in related policies and support projects by analyzing various foreign concentration areas using the derived elements, analyzing cities by country and culture, and architectural characteristics.

The spatial analysis of indoor and outdoor spaces in medical and dental hospital is necessary for the development of healing environment and architectural planning of healthcare system and hospital architecture in Korea. The purpose of this study is to provide basic information about spatial configuration of healing environment such as rest area and outside view in Dankook university hospital, cancer center, and dental hospital. Literature review and investigation on current status of healing environment in Dankook healthcare facilities have been conducted. The relationship between healthcare facilities and factors of healing environment has been analyzed. The result of this study can be summarized as followed. The first one is that factors of healing environment are rest area and direct access to rest area, and outdoor natural view from inside of healthcare facilities. The second one is that rest areas are located inside and outside of facility and roof garden in Dankook healthcare facilities. The outside view from Dankook university hospital and cancer center is mountain green view and the one from dental hospital is lake water view in university campus. The third one is that characteristics of spatial configuration on outdoor rest area is low integration in access road and high integration inside rest area of medical hospital, and two different types(high and low integration) of rest area in dental hospital. The fourth one is that continuous and dynamic walking road of medical hospital can be a new factor of healing environment formation. This is the research of spatial configuration in healthcare system for the healing environment and to be expanded to other hospitals in Korea.

This study aims to analyze the results of the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education's school space emotionalization projects between 2015 and 2018 and suggest future improvement measures. This could be used not only by the Gangwon Provincial Office of Education, but also by the Ministry of Education and other education offices. For research purposes, the current status and limitations of school space innovation projects were examined, and the second was analyzed factors by surveying the cases of projects in Gangwon-do. Third, the characteristics of each project entity and major policies were derived, and finally, the policy direction was presented.

The number of houses is increasing in low-rise residential areas in Seoul. The purpose of the present study was to contribute to the improvement of housing welfare and the quality of these houses by developing a decent housing evaluation index for small houses based on the Seoul Metropolitan Government's housing standards. The research method involved researching the literature then generating a survey tool related to housing, and a Delphi survey conducted in two rounds administered to architectural design expert is involved in housing. Ten documents including those on housing guidelines, standards, and design elements were selected in order to generate the survey tool, then a total of 180 items were extracted. These were categorized into facilities and structure standards including housing standards, spatial configuration, area, and measurements, and after combining similar items, and deleting and re-categorizing items, the survey tool contained 66 items. The expert Delphi survey was conducted on a non-contact basis via email over two rounds, and it was completed by 23 subjects. In the small houses evaluation index created based on the research results, exclusive spaces were divided into the front door, bedroom, living room, kitchen and dining room, bathroom, utility room, and balcony, and the index contained 40 items in total. Twenty-six areas were defined as communal spaces, including stairs, hallways, elevator halls, the lobby entrance, the 1 st floor pilotis, and outdoor spaces. The index specifies presented minimum regulations and standards for each type of exclusive space, using a measurement standard based on a centerline measurement prior to balcony expansion.

VMD is a marketing strategy at the final stage that adjusts the level of visual product planning so that all corporate activities are visible in a physical space, and it requires quantitative and objective establishment. Unlike other channels of marketing communication, however, there is no objective criterion for controlling visual product planning when deciding in-store merchandising according to VMD. In order to establish a VMD strategy, it is important to fundamentally clarify the interrelationships of the properties of products and space, and responses of customers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the level of VMD strategy by verifying the efficiency of merchandise presentation(MP), an implementation method of image-centered and product-centered VMD through the interrelationship between spatial configuration and behavior. This study is consists of three subdivisions. First, the VMD strategy of the target fashion retail store is analyzed by dividing it into VP(visual presentation), PP(point of sale presentation), and IP(Item Presentation) based on MP. Second, the spatial configuration of the target fashion retail stores is analyzed based on MP. Third, the usage behavior of the target fashion retail space is analyzed based on MP. As these results, the correlation between VMD, spatial configuration, and usage behavior is analyzed. Only significant results based on correlation analysis and regression in identical products and periods in two fashion retail stores are analyzed, and space for recognized images(VP) and sales space(PP, IP) are compared for objectively and quantitatively. As a conclusion, the image recognition space(VP) is more strategically placed than the sales space(PP, IP). The sales space, however, is more attractive to the customers due to the impact on accessibility and visibility in actual utilization. This quantitative analysis can be the basis for the spatial planning of the VMD strategy of fashion retail stores. It will enable a retail shopping environment in line with changes in the market by presenting the basis for the efficiency of the VMD strategy in fashion retail.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the architectural space of public libraries based on the concept defined in the changes in library policies and social paradigms. Through the literature survey, active information search and autonomous visit and stay are recognized as basic characteristics of the public library. Based on the previous finding, the study analyzed the area ratio, spatial configuration, and topological characteristics of 40 public libraries in South Korea, and the results are as follows. There is confirmed that the space ratio of the Public-use part and the Data-use part is higher than that of the public libraries of the previous generation, and the 'reading deck' and 'stairs in data use sector' are found as a new planning elements of the public library planning. In the integration value of individual spaces using spatial syntax, the public library with these elements is shown to be formed with the topological center of the whole building centered on the reading deck and the data use space.

This study examines the night-time walking environment before and after a government-led CPTED project implemented in a urban-rural campus town in Jochiwon-eup, Sejong City. The purpose of the study is to investigate gendered differences in perception of safety as students walk from their off-campus housing to the university. The research methods include questionnaire surveys of university students before and after the implementation of the CPTED project, and an analysis of streetlight illumination measurements after dark. The results are as follows. First, survey results reveal that students' awareness of the CPTED project as well as students' perception of safety were low, with twice as many female students feeling unsafe compared to male students. Second, students' preference of the brightest lit route resulted in more foot traffic relative to other routes. Female students showed greater preference and concentrated use relative to male students. While male students also preferred the brightest lit route, their paths were more varied compared to female students. Third, even though measurements of the illumination levels of streetlights were found to comply with CPTED guidelines, the failure to address blind spots, such as dark spaces between streetlights, under tree branches, and dark winding street corners, contributed to a low sense of safety while walking at night-time. To substantially increase sense of safety, especially among female student, brighter street lights need to be accompanied by a comprehensive effort to eliminate blind spots and dark corners.

This study attempted to find out how to look at the building, which is an element that composes the urban landscape, through the eye tracking technique. The purpose of this study was to examine how the gaze characteristic of the building changes when the shape of the building changes, such as an increase in the number of floors or the number of buildings. Actual experimenters were recruited, eye tracking experiments were conducted twice, and the results were analyzed using software and statistical techniques. As a result of the analysis, first, it was found that the overall visual attention to the opening areas such as window, door, and roof window was relatively high compared to other areas. Second, it was found that the greater the size of the house, the higher the attention paid to the opening area. When the number of floors increased, the visual attention of window and roof window increased, and even when the number of dongs increased, it was clearly observed that the visual attention of window and door increased. Third, as the number of houses increased, the tendency to focus on the building itself rather than the exterior space area increased.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the British fire-fighting laws and the fire-fighting plans for access to fire vehicles at Earl's Court in London. The research method is carried out in order as follows along with the main content. First, it reviews the laws and regulations related to fire-fighting road in the UK, compared with Korea, and then summarizes them. Secondly, the summary is set up the analysis frame for Earl's Court analysis and then based on this analysis item, the fire vehicle access route plan of Earl's Court is analyzed. The results of the study are as follows: first of all, Building Regulations and Building Regulations 2010, Statutory Guidance 2019 (Fire safety: Approved Document B) are related the provisions of fire-fighting roads in the UK. They are equipped in detail, and show the detailed accesses and road regulations according to each type of fire truck, access methods that vary depending on the type or size of buildings, and securing access roads for fire trucks. On the one hand, these points show the matters for which Korea's fire road regulations should be improved. Secondly, Earl's Court's analysis shows that the height and width plan of the building is made in cross section as well as the overall road leveling plan and the road itself, while keeping the fire road rules. The analysis of fire-fighting laws and the analysis of fire-fighting road planning by Earl's Court is more dense than Korean fire-fighting road laws.

This study was to investigate the architectural planning elements of circadian systems and visual comfort in daylighting design. The main attributes in the human-based daylighting design were categorized, based on the reviews of the articles published last 10 years. View directions and distance from windows among characteristics of the comparative analysis were weighted more in the circadian system and the visual comfort. Material reflectance, sizes of windows, orientations of windows and shading devices affect greatly on the daylighting design. Higher material reflectance is the most economical and effective way for the healthier circadian system. Installing shading devices is the easiest method for better visual comfort. Big skylights are effective for good views and circadian system, but their high glare may bring low visual comfort. The daylighting design is executed in the early phase of a building design process, but daylighting factors related with the circadian system and the visual comfort are hardly considered in the process. The variables are not matched to keep the circadian system and the visual comfort properly. The results show various evidences for the importance that circadian system and visual comfort for efficient daylighting environments should be integrated in the building design process.

The first aim of the study is to explore the similarity between the thought for the RCR Aquitectes with Heidegger's later thoughts on Fourfold. RCR Aquitectes' 'the Architecture of Equilibrium' in which the balance nature and the artificial can be described using Heidegger's concept of the simple oneness of the four. The second purpose of this paper is to investigate into the architecture of RCR Aquitectes by applying the idea of Fourfold to the Heideggerian thoughts of 'Building' and 'Dwelling' that respectively correspond to Fourfolding and Fourfold. RCR Aquitectes features 'poetic experience' with 'rising up of the earth', and through this 'poetic experience', it captures the forest in an architectural form. This is a equilibrium between nature and the man-made, i.e. forest and architecture. The architect's as the mortal can be learned by exploring RCR Aquitectes' architecture.

The purpose of this study is to enhance accessibility to Hanok design by presenting a new BIM-based design methodology for New-Hanok that is highly practical for all users, ultimately achieving the dissemination and revitalization of Hanok. In this study, the 'Planning-Kan module' was proposed as the key library unit for the design methodology, which is a scaled-down concept of New-Hanok's 'Kan' referring only to the body structure, separated from the roof frame structure and room. The Planning-Kan module is provided in three types: 1st floor Kan module, Upper floor Kan module, and Attached-Kan module. This study analyzes the advantages of the new design methodology of Planning-Kan module by comparing to the previous methodologies. The Planning-Kan module itself offers a mid-low level of design difficulty while the whole design process of the Planning-Kan module provides a wide range of design freedom, which makes it the most efficient way of designing Hanok for all users. The significance of this study is as follows: Firstly, the study found the need to redefine the concept of 'Kan' and adopted the newly defined 'Planning-Kan' as the key library unit for the new design methodology, allowing users to approach the design process in a more user-friendly way. Secondly, the study sequentially provided the appropriate LOD for each design phase of Hanok, making it practical for the entire design process from the early design stage to the final. Thirdly, the study indicated that researchers should shift the center of the discussion from Hanok 'modeling' methodologies to Hanok 'design' methodologies to find ways to revive the Hanok construction industry.

This study focuses on analyzing the texts from the revolutionary period of Russia. The study tried to clarify the principle of the avant-garde theses like O. Brik's 'artist-proletarian' theory, and W. Benjamin's 'politicization of art', etc. From the context of the avant-garde theories like classic Marxism, Futurism and Productivism, this study has shown that the Russian Constructivist ideology had its own way of dealing with byt(way of life). Constructivism built up its own manifestos on the social state of art and architecture, which were insisted as substructures of byt. This study finally suggests a new way of studying the Russian avant-garde architecture via the ideological viewpoint.

This study investigated the material properties of mortars used in the construction materials of historical buildings during the Joseon Dynasty. Their mineral composition, chemical composition and physical properties were analyzed using polarizing microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Calcite was determined to be the main constituent mineral with soil minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica, indicating the mortars were manufactured using hydrated lime mixed with soil minerals. There were no differences in constituent minerals among the excavation sites or uses, but the chemical compositions could be classified into groups that appeared similar to each other. The samples showed various pore size distributions with in a range, which indicates that the minerals had various particle sizes. In addition, rice straws were identified, which is thought to reinforce the mortars against shrinkage or cracking.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the people's amount of willingness to pay (WTP) for public electric bicycle services and to evaluate the proper usage fee and financial value of E-public bicycles services. The city can use this information to consider the operation of these services. The major research results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, an analysis of the factors affecting the people's amount of willingness to pay for the introduction of public electric bicycle services in Seoul showed that among the socioeconomic characteristics of the individuals, age, gender, marital status, income level, housing type and Residential area affect the WTP. In addition, the correlation between the number of public bicycle use cases and the purpose and usage satisfaction, usage behaviors was also found to influence the WTP for public electric bicycle services. Second, the price at which the WTP was high for the introduction of public electric bicycles in Seoul was estimated to be approximately 329 won for five minutes for the basic fare of 1,000 won for 15 minutes. Therefore, based on the estimates of the users' willingness to pay, the E-public bicycles fare must be set at 70 percent of the rate to use Kakao T-bike services, which is a similar private shared bicycle service. The results of this study are useful as a basis for estimating the city's benefits of providing public electric bicycle services in the future by deriving the appropriate usage fees for E-public bicycles services using CVMs applied to public electric bicycle use in Seoul.

The aim of this study is to analyze the operating status of the Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) in New York City, USA and related cases in order to derive related implications. It was conducted based on a literature review, public data analysis, and case study. The paper looks at the administrative procedures, zoning plans, and spatial scope to understand the operation and management of the BIDs in New York City. It also closely examines examples of environmental improvements in the area. The BIDs in New York City have been operated successfully and produce tangible effects as an institutional means for managing urban space. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to laying the foundation for promoting area management.

After opening a port, the harbour cities in the southeast region of Korea had been fast developed. It is estimated that the urban area had expanded gradually by land reclamation and the coastline had also changed several times in early 20th century and yet no one can tell exactly how the current urban structure had been produced at that time. Due to lack of urban records from colonial period, maps are the very least materials in the hands to understand the early urbanization process. This study is a historical tracing for the most critical phase in korean urban history. Map overlay by time order is conducted to detect chronic changes. Cartometric Analysis enables mismatched types and distortions of maps to be corrected. The illustrated text and symbols are also studied based on their location on the map and the produced year. Lexical meanings and related news for the texts are researched as well. The two way approach of geographical analysis and carto-bibliographic study are proven to be mutual complementary to reconstruct the acceleration stage of modern urbanization.

This study analyzed the impact of the geometry of Urban Street Canyons (USCs) on citizens' thermal comfort in order to manage urban spaces in response to the deterioration of the urban thermal environment due to climate change. Aspect ratio, formed by the height of buildings and width of streets, and street orientation were selected as the geometric characteristics of USCs. PET at 1.5m height calculated by ENVI-met, the microclimate simulation software, was chosen to determine the parameter of thermal comfort. Using the decision tree analysis, USCs of the case study area were classified into 10 nodes according to the geometry and thermal perception of each USCs. In addition, PET by each node derived by segmentation was analyzed over time. As a result, thermal comfort was found to differ according to the shadow generation rate of the streets - the higher the shadow generation rate, the more comfortable the thermal environment. More specifically, first, the higher the aspect ratio is, the more thermal comfort is found. Second, the more parallel the street orientation is and according to the direction of sunlight, the less thermal comfort is determined. Third, the impact of street orientation is indicated clearly when the aspect ratio is between 1.471 to 2.209. These results can be applied to establishing urban form, framed by building and street or for redeveloping street spaces in consideration to the thermal environment.

As the demand for energy efficiency improvement in the residential sector increases, a reference model for the residential sector is needed as a fast and cost-effective means for improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings. Therefore, this study selects the energy performance variable of the reference model for energy consumption prediction of low-rise residential buildings and proposes the range of the variable. The variables were verified by comparing the energy consumption simulation results of the reference model and the national energy consumption statistics, and the results are as follows. (1) The energy variable was proposed as the building use and reference gross area, design variable, passive performance variable, user variable, and active performance variable. (2) The energy variable of the energy requirement is analyzed to have an influence of R2 = 0.819, which defined in this study is analyzed to be valid. (3) The trend of energy consumption and usage by variable range is analyzed as the same trend in the result value. (4) The error of the absolute value is analyzed as satisfying the criterion of CV (RMSE) ±30% of the error indicator.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the practicability of the electrical loss component (ELC) index proposed by ASHRAE standard 90.4 during the design phase of data centers in South Korea. For this purpose, we derived the main design components required for the calculation of ELC by reviewing the design document of electrical equipment and was conducted by the ELC method for two domestic data centers. The results were as follows : (1) The energy performance information in the design document was insufficient to calculate the ELC of the incoming electrical service segment at the front of the UPS. (2) The ELC value was affected by the efficiency of the voltage conversion rather than the distribution loss. (3) The effect of the load rating was underestimated when calculating the ELC based on the test report suggested by the manufacture. (4) If the actual energy efficiency of the equipment is secured in the design phase, the efficient design of power supply systems based on the ELC will be possible in the future.

In this study, the fire resistant panels using blast furnace slag and fiber(pp, steel, hybrid) was constructed and tested to prevent the spalling of high strength concrete. Structural performance of reinforced concrete beams with fire resistant panel was evaluated such as load-displacement, failure mode, maximum load carrying capacity, and ductility, after exposure to fire test. In Specimen BSS-F, maximum load carrying capacity was decreased by 21% in comparison with specimen BSS. It was also happened shear failure at the final tests. Test results showed that Specimen BSBPP-F series, BSBS-F series, and BSBPS-F series was increased the maximum load carrying capacity by 10~28% and the ductility capacity by 59~363% respectively in comparison with the Specimen BSS-F. Specimen with the fire resistant panel showed stable behavior and it was found that maximum load carrying capacity was increased.

In this study, we proposed the horizontal story shear strength distribution of buildings considering the predominant period characteristics of seismic waves. The horizontal story shear strength distribution was calculated through trial-and-error method based on damage distribution. As the result of study, the damage distribution trend of analysis model according to the predominant period of seismic wave and the fundamental natural period of the building was that as the predominant period of seismic wave increased, the damage concentrated on the lower floors, and as the fundamental natural period of the building increased, the damage concentrated on the top floor. Based on these results, the horizontal shear strength of buildings in which the damage distribution is uniform according to the predominant period of seismic wave and the fundamental natural period of the building was calculated. The calculated horizontal shear strength coefficient distribution showed a tendency to increase the coefficient of top floor and the curvature of coefficient distribution as the predominant period of seismic wave decreased. The optimum yield shear force coefficient distribution formula was calculated by multiple regression analysis of the calculated horizontal shear strength distribution as dependent variables, the predominant period of seismic wave and the fundamental natural period of the building as independent variables. The Damage distribution of analysis models designed with the optimum yield shear force coefficient distribution formula was controlled by the horizontal shear strength corresponding to the predominant period of seismic wave.

The seismic performance evaluation procedure according to Korea infrastructure safety corporation is classified as nonlinear static procedure and nonlinear dynamic procedure, if the structures were determined that the higher modes are significant, the nonlinear dynamic analysis is required to supplement the nonlinear static procedure such as Pushover analysis. The nonlinear dynamic analysis has a disadvantage in that it takes a lot of time for the analysis and complicated. Therefore, in this study, pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis were performed to analyze the dynamic behavior of vertical irregular structures considering higher mode effects. In addition, this study was determined whether if it is possible to modeling by replacing vertical irregular structures with regular structures using the story stiffness as a variable. The results of study were confirmed that the higher mode effect can be significant not only for high rise building or vertical irregular structures but also for regular structures. In addition, as a result of the study, it was confirmed that vertical irregular structures can be replaced with regular structures based on the story stiffness.

In this study, the flexural strength of Concrete slabs mixed Macro synthetic fibers were evaluated according to foreign standards and preceding research. The mechanical properties of concrete mixed with macro synthetic fibers were evaluated through material tests. The flexural strength and residual strength of the slab were calculated and evaluated for comparison by referring to foreign standards and previous studies. After comparative evaluation, the evaluation result was confirmed through a structural test, and the effect of macro synthetic fibers on the structural performance was analyzed. The contents were analyzed for neutral axis, flexural strength, ductility, and crack control performance. As a result of the experiment, the flexural strength of the slab was increased by reinforcing macro synthetic fibers. In addition, crack control performance and ductility were also increased.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the flexural behavior of prestressed half PC slab. For this purpose, construction load tests of pre-composite PC slabs and the flexural performance tests of composite PC slabs were conducted. The specimens were constructed in full scale size and bundled rebar were used for full scale load test. Construction load test was conducted over a full span using bundled bars and the flexural performance test was conducted by 4 points loading test. As a result of construction load test, it was confirmed that the deflection-span ratio is lower than the current structural design standard (KBC2016). Therefore, it was expected that construction will be possible without any support. The results of the flexural performance test showed that the maximum allowable deflection was satisfied under the service load and design load. In addition, no stiffness degradation was appeared until the time of the nominal flexural strength. Therefore, all of the test specimens in this study were considered that composite PC slab strength were higher than nominal flexural strength.

In this study, we developed a Shock Absorbing System(SAS) to prevent damage in the modular transportation stage, and verified its performance through the road vehicle test application of SAS. The SAS features ① a detachable system, ② a sufficient damping capability, ③ 3-axis vibration control, and ④ a low-frequency vibration isolation target. In order to analyze the performance of the SAS, we conducted road vehicle test under the same conditions before and after the SAS installation. As a result of the test, the vehicle with the SAS showed up to 65% of vibration reduction effect than the vehicle without the SAS. It was confirmed that this SAS system has excellent reduction performance in the vibration of the Z-axis and Y-axis in modular transportation. On the other hand, in future studies, it is necessary to improve the difficulty of installing SAS and inadequate reduction of X-axis vibration.

This study presents a method for expanding the prediction range of rebar price prediction using the short-term prediction method of deep learning. In general, the prediction range of a short-term prediction is dependent on the time interval of the data to be entered, so it can be expanded by adjusting the time interval of the data. However, as the range of forecasts increases, the size of the data decreases, which can lead to overfitting that cannot guarantee good results. The average accuracy of the forecasts is approximately 98.49% when the scope of the forecasts is extended from 1 month to 2 and 3 months with the proposed approach presented in this study. In addition, this approach could be used as a basis for expanding the predictive range of deep learning in a study that predicts prices with time series data including common building materials.